Maamondi ndi zitsamba kapena mitengo yaying'ono mpaka 10 m kutalika (kutengera mitundu) ndi mizu yamphamvu yofikira 4-5 m mozama. Korona wa mtengowo umatha kukhala wozungulira, piramidi, wophulika ngakhale kulira.
Maamondi (Prunus dulcism'mbuyomu - Prunus amygdalus kapena Amygdalus communis) - chomera subgenus Almonds (Amygdalus) mtundu Plum. Maamondi nthawi zambiri amasankhidwa ngati mtedza, ngakhale kuti mwachilengedwe amati chipatso chamwala.
Maamondi amalimidwa kwambiri m'maiko okhala ndi nyengo yotentha, ndipo gawo la USSR yakale limalimidwa ku Central Asia, Transcaucasia, Crimea, kumadera a Danube ndi madera akumwera.
Mtengo wa maamondi (Prunus dulcis)Kulongosola kwa Almond
Pali mitundu iwiri ya mitengo ya amondi wamba - yowawa (yamtchire) ndikulimidwa okoma. Mbeu (pakati) yowawa imakhala ndi 4% amygdalin, yomwe imawalawa ndiwofatsa komanso kununkhira "kwamtundu wa amondi"; m'mitundu, chikhalidwe chake chimakhala chokoma ndi khungu. Pankhani yathanzi, mtengo wa amondi sutsika mkate, mkaka ndi nyama limodzi. Kutengera ndi mitundu komanso malo okukula, mumakhala ndimafuta a mafuta a 54-62%, mapuloteni 22-34%, mashuga 4-7%, mavitamini B1, B2, etc. Mafuta a almond samawotcha. Chifukwa cha katundu wawo, mtedza ungathe kusungidwa ndikudyedwa kwa zaka zambiri.
Maluwa a almond ndi akulu, oyera kapena ofiira (maimondi okongoletsa amatha kukhala ochulukirapo), onunkhira. Mitengo ya maluwa a amondi (Marichi-Epulo) imapindulitsidwanso ngati mbewu zoyamba za uchi, ndikupatsa mpaka 40 makilogalamu a uchi pa hekitala iliyonse.
Mitengo ya almond imayamba kubala zipatso mchaka cha 4-5 mutabzala, ndikukula zipatso mu chaka cha 10-12. Zokolola zapakatikati, kutengera mitundu, zimachokera ku 6 mpaka 12 makilogalamu a mtedza wamtengo, ndipo moyo wa mtengowo ndi zaka 60-100.
Zipatso Zosapsa zaondiond © Fir0002 / FlagstaffotosChipatso cha amondi ndi drupe yemwe amawoneka ngati chipatso chobiriwira, ali ndi penescent pericarp, akusweka pambuyo pakucha (mu Ogasiti-Sepemba) kukhala masamba awiri m'mphepete mwa msoko, kumasula mwalawo.
Malinga ndi kuuma kwa chipolopolo, zipatso za ma amondi, kutengera mitundu, zimatha kukhala zolimba, zokhazikika - komanso zofewa. Chingwe chocheperako chimakhala champhamvu kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ngati zomwe zili mkati mwa mtedza ndizoposa 40%, ndiye kuti kulimba kwake kwa chipolopolo kumatsika kuchoka pachimake chofewa kupita pamapepala, omwe amawonongedwa ndi zala zokha.
M'mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe, kernel ya almond imafanana ndi kernel ya apricot, koma yokulirapo - unyinji wake imachokera ku 0,9 mpaka 2.2 g.
Maamondi akukulira
Maamondi ndiwofotoza, osagwa chilala, osapirira kutentha, osakhazikika nthawi yozizira: amalephera kuzizira kwa mphindi 25 ° C, koma zipatso za masika ndizophera maluwa.
Pakubzala ma alimondi, munthu ayenera kusankha zigawo zokwezeka zamitengo yayikulu kapena malo ena otetezedwa, otetezedwa ku chiwongolero champhamvu cha kumpoto chakumadzulo, kumpoto ndi kumpoto chakumawa. Kwa ma amondi, malo owonetsera masewera otambasuka omwe atsegulidwa kumwera amakonda.
Chipatso ndi mbewu ("nati" ya amondi). © NovaDothi. Maamondi amakula bwino ndipo amabala zipatso pamakung'a ndi ma loams, komanso pazachilendo wamba, kaboni kabati komanso kabichi kamatayala. Zapamwamba za laimu m'nthaka kapena panthaka zimasonyeza kuyenerera kwake kumunda wa amondi. Zonsezi ziyenera kukhala zouma bwino, dothi lonyowa komanso la saline sizoyenera kwenikweni.
Kubzala ma almond
Kubzala kumachitika ndi chaka chilichonse mbande yophukira kapena kumayambiriro kwa masika malingana ndi chiwembu 7 × 5 kapena 7 × 4 ndikukula pang'ono kwa malo a katemera. Mitundu yonse ya maimondi imafunikira kupukutira pamtanda, motero mitundu yayikuluyi iyenera kubzalidwe ndi mungu mungu, kusinthanitsa (mukadzala zipatso) mizere 4-5 yamitundu yayikulu ndi mzere umodzi wa owongolera. Mwanjira ina, kuti mtengo wa amondi ubereke chipatso utamasulidwa, mitengo ya mitundu itatu iyenera kukula pafupi. Maamondi ndi mtundu womwe umanyamula mungu kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, musanayambe maluwa m'mundamo, ndikofunika kuti muike ming'oma 3-4 pa hekitala iliyonse.
Kufalikira kwa maamondi
Kubalana ma amondi makamaka kumachulukitsa - mwa kuphukira (inoculation), komanso ndi mbewu. Zomera zake ndi mbande za maamondi owawa kapena okoma, mapichesi, ma plums kapena ma plums, omwe amabzalidwa ali ndi zaka ziwiri.
Mtengo wa almond. © Manfred HeydeMapangidwe a almond
Mukangobzala mu nthawi ya masika, mbande za pachaka za almond zimafupikitsidwa kutalika kwa 80-120 cm, ndikupanga tsinde 60-80 masentimita, ndipo mawonekedwe a korona 30 cm cm. Nthambi zonse pa tsinde zimadulidwa kukhala mphete, ndipo pamalire a korona amafupikitsidwa ndi maso a 2-3 . Pa mphukira zokulira, 3-4 za amphamvu kwambiri zatsalira (nthambi za mafupa a dongosolo loyamba). Kwa zaka 3-4, korona amapangidwa monga mtundu wa mbale, wofanana ndi pichesi.
Kudulira mitengo ya amondi kwa zaka 4-5 mutabzala kufota - chotsani nthambi zomwe zimakulitsa korona, mphukira yamafuta ndi mpikisano. Zimamera pachaka zazitali kuposa masentimita 60 zimafupikitsidwa, ndipo nthambi za mafupa osakwanira zaka 4-5 zimabwezeretsedwa kukhala nkhuni wazaka zitatu.
Mitengo ya amondi yakale kapena yowonongeka imatha kubwezeretsedwanso mukatha kuthana ndi kukalamba. Mitengo ikapanda kukonzedwa kwa nthawi yayitali, ndiye kuti nthambi zambiri zamafuta zimakhazikika pa iwo, nthambi za mafupa zidzakulitsidwa kwambiri, ndipo zipatso zake sizidzakhala zopanda moyo.
Chisamaliro cha Almond
Pazomera zakumera kwa maimondi, dothi liyenera kusungidwa pansi nthunzi yakuda, kumasulidwa nthawi zonse, ndikuthiriridwa ngati nkotheka. Chakumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira, feteleza uyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito - manyowa (manyowa, kompositi, zitosi za mbalame), phosphoric ndi mchere wa potaziyamu. Ma feteleza okhala ndi nayitrogeni amayenera kuyikidwa pamaso pa June, koma osati pambuyo pake.
