Phwetekere, kapena phwetekere, ndi chomera m'banja la nightshade wobadwira ku South America. Azungu adamdziwa pokhapokha kutsegulidwa kwa Dziko Latsopano ndi phwetekere "inakhala mizu", monga chilichonse chatsopano, ndizovuta komanso yayitali. Ngakhale izi, tsopano phwetekere ndi imodzi mwamasamba otchuka kwambiri ndi omwe amafunidwa padziko lapansi. Ndikosavuta kulingalira kamodzi mwa zakudya zamtundu uliwonse pomwe phwetekere sikanagwiritsidwa ntchito. Simungayerekeze ndi zakudya zina popanda phwetekere - ingokumbukirani mabulosi achi Ukraine, pizza ya ku Italy, tsabola waku Mexico, ketchup yaku America ndi zina zambiri.
Chofunikira pakupeza mbewu yochuluka komanso yapamwamba ndikubzala bwino kwa phwetekere pa mbande. Mbande zolimba ndi zaumoyo zokha zomwe zimamera mwachangu komanso pobiriwira, ndipo zipatso zazikulu ndi zokoma zimaphuka ndikugwirizana.
Kuti mbande ya phwetekere kunyumba ikhale yathanzi komanso yapamwamba, muyenera kutsatira malamulo osavuta, koma ofunika kwambiri:
- Kusunga nthawi yoyenera yofesa mbewu za phwetekere kwa mbande.
- Kusamalira kutentha kwa nyengo.
- Khola lamadzi lolimba.
- Kusankha kwanzeru nthaka.
- Kusankhidwa kwa mitundu yotseguka ndi malo obiriwira.
- Kubzala bwino phwetekere pansi.
Mukadzala liti tomato kwa mbande pomera nyengo?
Tomato amakhala m'mamawa, kucha kucha komanso mochedwa. Pakati pa mitundu itatuyi pali ena apakatikati omwe ali ndi kusiyana pakucha kwamasiku 5-15, koma kwenikweni gawoli ndi loyenera komanso lolondola.
- Mitundu ya phwetekere yoyambirira imakhala ndi nyengo yayifupi kwambiri yopanda kufesa mpaka maluwa, chifukwa chake imabweretsa zokolola zofunikira kwambiri komanso zofunikira kwambiri. Mbande za phwetekere zoyambirira zimaphika masamba abwino okoma, koma zimafunikira chidwi chochulukirapo komanso khama kuti zikule.
- Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zipatso yopima zipatso nthawi yayitali, ndiyabwino kwambiri komanso wathanzi. Nyengo yokulira ndi yayitali kuposa phwetekere woyamba.
- Tomato wamapeto amabala zipatso kuchokera hafu yachiwiri ya chilimwe mpaka kumapeto kwa nyengo yophukira; nyengo yotentha, tomato amakhala watsopano kutchire mpaka chisanu. Matomawa amakhala ndi nthawi yayitali kwambiri yobzala.
Nthawi zambiri, phwetekere yoyambirira ndimakoma kwambiri patebulo itatha nyengo yozizira yambiri, nthawi yapakatikati imayendera chakudya nthawi yonseyo, pambuyo pake imasungidwa ndikusintha.
Kodi ndibwino liti kubzala mbande za phwetekere?
Ndizoyambira zomwe ndizoyenera kwambiri kuti mbande za phwetekere zikhale bwino pazenera, chifukwa zimafunikira zofesedwa mbande kumayambiriro kwa kasupe kuti zibzalidwe m'nthaka mutatha kubzala.
Ngati kwambiri m'mawa kwambiri kubzala tomato pa mbande, imakula msanga ndikupanga, ndipo nyengo sizingalole kubzala pansi kapena pansi pa filimu. Mbande zoterezi zimatambalala, zimakhala zosalimba, zopyapyala komanso zowawa, sizizika mizu panthaka ndikubereka zipatso bwino.
Kubzala mochedwa - pezani mbande zochepa zomwe sizinakhalepo. Nthawi yodzala mbewu zimatengera nyengo yamaderawa komwe idakonzedwa kuti ikule mbande, nthawi zambiri zimatenga miyezi 1.5-2,5 kuti mbande za phwetekere zikhale.
Mwa mtundu wa kukula, tomato onse amagawidwa m'magulu awiri akulu:
- Kuzindikira (kufooka).
- Indeterminate (wamphamvu).
Pakulima m'malo obiriwira, mitundu yayitali komanso yamphamvu ya phwetekere nthawi zambiri imasankhidwa, chifukwa imabala zipatso zambiri m'malo otsekedwa ndikupereka mbewu zambiri.
Ngati mukukonzekera kubzala tomato panthaka, mutha kumera mbande zabwino za phwetekere kuchokera ku mitundu yochepa kukula, ali pachiwopsezo chotambasulira komanso kuchuluka. Zomera zotere zimapangidwa ngati tchire, cholimba, tosafunikira kumangiriza kwa trellis kapena mitengo.
Momwe mungabzala mbande za phwetekere m'chipinda?
Kuti mupeze mbande zabwino, muyenera kusankha mitengo yabwino yobzala, sankhani nthaka yoyenera ndi kuthekera kwake kuti mubzale, onetsetsani kutentha ndi kuthirira.
Kubzala, mbewu zokhala ndi thanzi labwino zimasankhidwa, zofunikira ndi zowonongeka zimatayidwa. Pali njira ziwiri zofesera mbewu - mumtundu umodzi womwe mumatulutsa kenaka ndikutulutsa makapu amodzi.
Popeza Tomato amalola kutola ndikumadzaza bwino, kuti musunge ndalama ndi malo, mutha kubzala tomato m'mabokosi kapena mumakina ena abwino. Pambuyo pake, mbande zimakhira pansi nthawi yoyamba, zikubzala patali kwambiri, kenako ndikuziika m'magulu awiriwo, pomwe mbande zimakhala mpaka kubzala pansi.
Pakukonzekera kwachiwiri, njere zimabzalidwa mumiphika kapena makapu, zofooka zochepa kenako zimangotulutsidwa. Njirayi ndi yodula kwambiri, kubzala kumatenga gawo lalikulu, mbande zambiri pamikhalidwe ya nyumba sizingakule.
Pafupifupi chilichonse chosawiritsa chingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zotengera mbande. Ogulitsa minda Amateur amagwiritsa ntchito bwino mabokosi amatabwa komanso makatoni okhala ndi pulasitiki wokutira, makapu apulasitiki kapena pepala, zotengera zonona zonona ndi yogati, mabokosi amadzi kapena matumba amkaka pazolinga izi. Pazopangira zogwiritsidwa ntchito, kuyeretsa mosamala zatsalira ndikofunikira, mwina kuola, kuphwanya pansi ndikuwononga mbande.
Mukamasankha momwe mungakulire mbande za phwetekere, muyenera kukumbukira kuti chomerachi chimafunikira kwambiri kutentha kwa chipinda, kuyatsa ndi kuthirira. Mpweya wonyowa umavulaza tomato, chifukwa chake, tikabzala mbande za phwetekere, ndikofunikira kuti mpweya wonse uzikhalamo, popewa kusintha kwakukulu ndi kutentha ndi zojambula zomwe zimakhala zovulaza pamerawu. Sikoyenera kupopera mbewu ndi madzi, chifukwa amadwala ndi kufa.
Tomato amafesedwa m'mathala kapena m'mabokosi, owazidwa pang'ono ndi chosakanizira chophatikiza ndi zinthu zowazidwa bwino, wokutidwa ndi filimu. Chinyezi chimafunika pokhapokha patumera, kenako filimuyo imachotsedwa.
Dothi la mbatata yamtundu wa phwetekere sayenera kukhala acidic kwambiri, ndiye kuti, peat yangwiro siyabwino kwenikweni pamtengowu. Kunyumba, ndikosavuta kuchotsa dothi lochotsa mbande kuchokera kumatenda ndi tizirombo ndi kuzizira. Kuti muchite izi, siyani thumba kapena bokosi pansi panja, pomwe chisanu chimapha mwachangu chilichonse chovulaza mbande. Tanki ya pansi iyenera kuphimbidwa kuchokera ku mpweya, womwe ungatsuke michere pansi.
Mbeu zathanzi zimaluma ndipo zimamera mwachangu ndipo pakatha masiku awiri 2-5 "malupu" akuwonekera kuchokera panthaka, kenako masamba athunthu a cotyledon. Pakadali pano, kutentha kwa chipinda sikuyenera kutsikira madigiri 25, kenako kumatsitsidwa pang'ono. Kutentha kochepa ndi koopsa ku mbewu iyi, kale madigiri 10 kuwonongeka kwakukulu kumayamba - iko kutembenukira chikasu, masamba ndi mazira atagwa, kukula kumayima.
Kuti mbande za phwetekere pazenera zikhale zolimba komanso zobiriwira, zimafunikira kuwala kwambiri. Ndikusowa kwa kuwala kwachilengedwe, kubzala pamafunika kuwunikira, nthawi zina kumafunika kuchitika nthawi yonseyo. Tomato ayenera kupereka madzi okwanira komanso osasinthasintha popanda kudulira madzi ndikuwuma, zomwe zimavulanso mbewu.
Kukula mbande za phwetekere kumayambira koyamba, ndipo maonekedwe awiri ngati masamba enieni, kukhathamanso kwachiwiri kumachitika. Pochita opaleshoni iyi, ana ovala pang'ono amawayika bwino masamba a cotyledon. Sikoyenera kuwononga kapena kutola cotyledons - ndi gwero lazinthu zomwe zimayamba kupanga. Pambuyo pake, amayamba kugwa okha ngati sadzafunikanso.
Pogwiritsa ntchito chopukutira, mutha kuchepetsa pang'ono mphamvu yotambasulira chomera m'mayambiriro ake - mwakukulitsa mmera ndikuwonjezera kuwala, mutha kupangitsa kuti mbande ikhale yolimba komanso yathanzi. Gawo la tsinde, lomwe litalowa pansi pamadzi likalowa pansi, limazika mizu ndipo limakulitsa mbewuzo. Kuti mbande zomwe zaphukira zimaphuka msanga komanso popanda kutaya, nthaka ikhale yotentha bwino, ndikuthirira ayenera kumayendera limodzi popanda kusefukira. Tikabzala mbande za phwetekere molondola, kenako pamapeto pake timapeza mbewu yolimba, masamba obiriwira owoneka bwino komanso owoneka bwino.
Nthawi zambiri pamabuka funso loti: kudyetsa mbande za phwetekere? Munthawi ya kukula, mbewu zimafunikira feteleza wambiri ndi prerogeninance wa nayitrogeni komanso zomwe zili zofunikira za kufufuza zinthu. Mbewu zachikulire zikufunika kwambiri potaziyamu, ndikusowa kwa chinthuchi, mbewuyo imakhala yothinitsidwa, yotambalala, yotembenuka ndikudwala.
Zomera zobiriwira bwino za phwetekere zimamera m'nthaka, ndikupanga chomera champhamvu chobiriwira, ndikuyamba kuphuka ndi kubala zipatso munthawi yomwe idakhazikitsidwa motere.
