Mchiritsi wa herbaceous ana (Melilotus) ndi woimira banja lankhondo. Melilotus ndi mtengo wofunika wocheperako komanso wopanda chakudya, pomwe chikhalidwecho chidakhalapo kwazaka zoposa 2000. Mitundu ina yamtunduwu imakula ngati mbewu zomwe zili ndi mankhwala. Chomera chotchuka chotchedwa burkun, udzu wapansi ndi clover wokoma. Mwachilengedwe, clover imapezeka ku Asia ndi Europe; imakonda kulima malo owoneka ngati dothi, malo okuya komanso malo osungirako. Udzu wotere umakhala ndi fungo linalake.
Mawonekedwe a clover
Kutalika kwa tsinde la nthambi ku clover kumatha kusiyana ndi 0,5 mpaka 2 metres. Muzu ndi ndodo. Ma plates a masamba ndi atatu (omwe ali ofanana ndi clover), amakhala ndi timapepala ta serated. Mabulashi omasuka apamwamba amakhala ndi maluwa ang'onoang'ono achikasu kapena oyera. Chipatsochi ndi nyemba yamaliseche, yomwe ili ndi mawonekedwe ozunguliridwa, ndipo imafikira kutalika kwa 30 mamilimita. Mbewu zimagwira ntchito kwakanthawi, kapena, kwazaka 14.
Lokoma clover wakula ngati manyowa obiriwira chifukwa amathandizira kukonza kapangidwe ka nthaka ndikuwadzaza ndi zinthu monga nayitrogeni. Amadzalanso chomera ngati chakudya, chifukwa chimapanga zakudya zopatsa thanzi, zomwe zimakhala ndi mavitamini ambiri. Izi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi nyambo ndikupanga mkaka. Komanso, therere ili, lomwe limakhala ndi fungo labwino la msipu watsopano, limagwiritsidwa ntchito kupangira sopo wonunkhira bwino, kununkhira fodya, ndipo mumsika wamafuta limagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonza fungo. Chomera ndi chimodzi mwazomera zomera zabwino kwambiri. Kuchokera timadzi tating'ono tomwe tidatola maluwa ngati zachikhalidwe chotere, uchi woyera wa amber umapezeka, womwe umanunkhira bwino kwambiri ndi vanila.
Kulima khwawa
Kunja kwakunja
Pali mitundu yochepa chabe yamtundu wa clover yomwe imalimidwa, pomwe wotchuka kwambiri pakati pa wamaluwa ndi clover yoyera, komanso clover wachikasu. Chikhalidwe ichi chimafalikira, monga lamulo, mwa njira ya mbewu (yopanga). Lokoma clover sikuti akufunikira kwambiri pakapangidwe dothi. Chomera chamtundu wa herbaceous chimakula bwino pa chernozem, solonetz, pang'ono podzolic ndi dothi la carbonate. Koma siyofunika kubzalidwe m'nthaka yachilengedwe, kapenanso m'malo otetezeka pomwe pansi pamadzi pali nthaka yokwanira.
Melilot ali ndi kuthekera kophatikiza nayitrogeni, komanso kuphatikiza michere kuchokera munthaka yosungunuka pang'ono, chifukwa chake imatha kumera ndikukula bwino ngakhale pa dothi losauka kapena louma. Mukamasankha malo oti mubzale, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti chifukwa cha miyendo yambiri, chikhalidwechi chili ndi chithunzi chachikulu kwambiri, motero malowa ayenera kukhala otseguka komanso dzuwa.
Asanafike, malowo ayenera kukonzedwa mosamala. Kuti muchite izi, pangani kufunika kwake kukumba ndikuyambitsa phosphate komanso feteleza wa potashi, kotero magalamu 50 a superphosphate ndi magalamu 20 a mchere wa potaziyamu amatengedwa pa mita imodzi.
Mbewu za mbewu iyi ndi mwala wolimba, womwe umasokoneza mawonekedwe a mbande. Chifukwa chake, masiku 20-30 asanabzale, ayenera kuyang'anitsidwa. Kuti muchite izi, muyenera kudutsa njere kawiri kapena katatu kudutsa mu clover. Pazifukwa izi, mutha kugwiritsanso ntchito zida zapadera zapadera.
Kufesa mbewu panthaka ndikulimbikitsidwa mu Epulo kapena Meyi. Kuti muchite izi, m'mbuyomu osati poyambira kwambiri pamapangidwa dothi lonyowa, pomwe mtunda pakati pawo uyenera kuchokera pa 0.45 mpaka 0.6 metres. Pambuyo pofesa mbewu panthaka, poyambira pamafunika kuwaza dothi losafunikira, pambuyo pake pamalowo pang'onopang'ono. Ogwira ntchito zamaluwa aluso amalangiza kufesa mbewu zomwe sizinayang'anitsidwe ndi nyengo yozizira, kapena m'malo mwake, mu February kapena Januwale, zimabalalika pamtunda kapena pachikuto cha chipale chofewa. Mvula yomwe imachitika nthawi ya masika, komanso madzi osungunuka, amathandizira kufewetsa mbewu yolimba, chifukwa cha izi mbande imawonekera panthaka ngakhale kutentha kutakwera mpaka madigiri 2-4. M'madera akumwera, kufesa mbewu za clover panthaka, monga lamulo, kumachitika mu Ogasiti.
Kusamalira clover m'munda
Mbewu zikafesedwa m'mundamo nthawi yophukira, mbande zoyambirira zimatuluka patatha pafupifupi theka la mwezi. Panthawi yopanga masamba owerengeka enieni, kuwonda kwa mbewu ndikofunikira, ndipo kudula kumachitikanso, ndikuchotsa udzu wonse, ndikumasula dothi lapansi mosamala pakati pa mizere. Mtunda wolimbikitsidwa womwe uyenera kusiyidwa pakati pa tchire mzere ndi mamita 0.3, koma izi sizikugwira ntchito ku nkhaniyi mbewu iyi ikakula ngati siderata.
Lokoma clover amadziwika ndi kukana kwambiri pachilala; motere, kuthirira mwadongosolo kotere sikofunikira. Komabe, iyenera kudyetsedwa munthawi yake, chifukwa feteleza wa phosphorous ndi potaziyamu amabweretsedwa m'nthaka.
M'chaka choyamba cha kukula, palibe zipatso zimapangidwa pa tchire la clover, izi ndichifukwa chakuti ali ndi chitukuko chambiri komanso kukula kwa mizu. Popeza khosi mizu ya clover nthawi yozizira ili panthaka lotseguka, potere, ndikuyamba kwa nyengo ya masika, ndikofunikira kuwonetsetsa kuti malowo samadzaza madzi osungunuka nthawi yophimba matalala. Pak maluwa, chikhalidwechi chimakopa njuchi zambiri zomwe zimatengera timadzi tokoma. Zimapanga uchi wabwino kwambiri, womwe umasiyanitsidwa ndi kulawa kwambiri komanso machitidwe ochiritsa.
Matenda ndi tizirombo
Melilot, monga pafupifupi mbewu zonse, amatenga matenda osiyanasiyana, ndipo tizirombo tina tosiyanasiyana tomwe timawononga chomera timatha kukhalamo. Nthawi zambiri, mbewuyi imakhudzanso powdery mildew, ascochitosis, peronosporosis, muzu bacteriosis, septoria ndi chikasu mosaic. Monga lamulo, tchire limakhudzidwa ndi matenda oyamba ndi fungus pokhapokha nthawi zomwe kulima kwawo kumachitika munthawi zomwe sizoyenera chikhalidwe. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuchiza matenda omwe ali ndi matenda atangofika kumene ndi njira yothetsera mafangayi, mwachitsanzo, Fundazole, Maxim, Bordeaux madzi, Abiga-Peak, etc. Ngati chotsekerachi chimawonongeka ndi zokongoletsera, tchire lake liyenera kuchotsedwa mu dothi posachedwa ndipo liyenera kuwonongeka kuti matendawa asapitilire kufalikira m'mbali yonse ya dimba. Chowonadi ndi chakuti matenda ngati awa masiku ano samachiritsidwa.
Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono monga ma nsikidzi ndi mitundu yambiri: tsamba, nodule ndi ma alfalfa zazikulu zazikulu; clover ndi bristle nodule weevils; Palomena ndiwobiriwira; kabichi, kugwiriridwa, udzu, nyemba ndi nsabwe za mpiru; mlimi wam'deralo ndi camptopus kumalire; kachidutswa kofiyira; prickly stenodema; wolamulira, mabulosi ndi alonda a kasupe. Pofuna kuthana ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, akatswiri amalangizidwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opha tizilombo, mwachitsanzo, monga: Actellik, Aktaru, Karbofos kapena njira zina zomwe zimasiyana mofananamo. Pofuna kupewa, ndikofunikira kutsatira malamulo osinthasintha mbewu, musaiwale kudula malowa munthawi yake, ndipo musakhale aulesi pokonza dothi ndi mbewu musanafesere. Komanso, kasupe ndi nthawi yophukira, pofuna kupewa, malowa ayenera kuthandizidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Ngati zonse zachitika molondola, tizirombo titha kudutsana ndi clover ndipo sangathe kuvulaza.
Osangokhala katswiri komanso wokonza dimba yemwe angayambitse chikhalidwe chakecho m'munda wake. Ngati mutsatira malamulo onse aukadaulo wa zaulimi pachikhalidwe ichi ndikuwasamalira moyenera, ndiye kuti zovuta ndi clover siziyenera konse.
Kusonkhanitsa ndi kusungiramo zotsekemera za clover
Kukolola clover, akatswiri amalangiza kuti apange maluwa ake. Kuti tichite izi, pogwiritsa ntchito lumo kapena chofunda, ndikofunikira kudula mphukira zam'mbali, komanso mtundu wa apical. Zida zopangira mankhwala ziyenera kulumikizidwa osati m'miyala yayikulu kwambiri, yomwe imayenera kupachikidwa padenga m'chipinda chouma komanso chotseguka bwino, kuti ziume bwino. Pazifukwa izi, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito chowumitsira magetsi, pomwe chiyenera kuyikidwa kutentha kwa madigiri 40 kapena kupitirira apo. Mphukira zikauma, adzafunika kupukutidwa bwino. Kenako unyolo wazinthu zopangira mankhwala uyenera kuzunguliridwa, pogwiritsa ntchito waya wopangidwa ndi ichi, womwe ungachotse zigawo zikuluzikulu zofunika kutaya kunja. Mankhwala okhala ndi masamba, mphukira zazing'ono, zipatso ndi maluwa okoma a clover, omwe ali ndi fungo la coumarin ndi kukoma kowawa kwambiri. Kusunga chotsekera chouma chouma, zotengera zomata bwino zopangidwa ndi zoumba kapena galasi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito Chida chotsekemera cha mankhwala chosungira chimayenera kuchotsedwa m'malo amdima ndi owuma.
Mitundu ndi mitundu ya clover wokoma wokhala ndi zithunzi ndi mayina
Pakati wamaluwa, mitundu iwiri yokha ya clover wokoma ndi yomwe imadziwika kwambiri. Malongosoledwe atsatanetsatane adzaperekedwa pansipa. Mitundu ina yamitundu yawo, yomwe nthawi zambiri imabzalidwa m'minda yolimidwa m'magawo osiyanasiyana, ifotokozedwanso.
Chovala choyera (Melilotus albus), kapena burkun, mfuti, mfuti, munthu wamwamuna
Kutalika kwa chomera chamtunduwu kumasiyana makilogalamu 0.3 mpaka 1.5. Chikhalidwe cha msipu ndi chidebe chomwechi chili ndi timapepala ta cirrus, stipule, tokhala ndi maonekedwe owala, komanso ma inflillcence a axillary, omwe amakhala ndi maluwa amtundu woyera wa mtundu wa njenjete. Chomera cha uchi chimasiyana ndi ena chifukwa chimapanga timadzi tating'ono ngakhale nthawi yayitali, pomwe njuchi zimawulukira, chifukwa zimakopa fungo labwino la udzu. Kuthengo, chikhalidwe ichi chimapezeka ku Belarus, Kazakhstan, Siberia, Ukraine, Moldova, Central Asia ndi Caucasus. Amakonda kumera pamalo otsetsereka, m'mphepete mwa minda ndi misewu, m'mipata komanso malo opanda anthu ambiri. Wamaluwa amalima mitundu yotsatira ya melilot yoyera:
- Chakudya. Chomera chodziyimira ichi chimakhudzana ndi ecotype ya ku Siberia. Kutalika kwa tchire kumatha kusiyana ndi 1.1 mpaka 1.2 mita. Mphukira zapakati pake zimakhala zoyipa. Mtundu wautali, wopyapyala wa genemose umakhala ndi maluwa akulu oyera. Mitundu iyi imagwirizana kwambiri ndi chilala, chisanu, komanso yolekeretsa mchere, ndipo siziopa matenda aliwonse ndi tizilombo tina zovulaza, ndiye kuti sipakhala mavuto ndi kulimidwa kwake.
- Hoarfrost. Chomera chimakhala ndi chitsamba chabwino. Mphukira za Bare, zomwe zimakhala ndi kukwiya kwapakatikati, zimapakidwa zobiriwira. Ma bare ternate masamba okhala ndi mtundu wobiriwira, komanso m'mphepete pang'ono. Mtundu wa maluwa obiriwira, otakasuka a mtundu wa maluwa umayenda bwino ndipo umakhala ndi maluwa oyera. Nyemba zimapangidwa mosiyanasiyana. Mtengowu umagwirizana kwambiri ndi Powewy mildew, koma umatha kuwonongeka ndi Weevils.
- Chermassan. Kutalika kwa chomera chokhacho ndi pafupifupi masentimita 200. Mphukira zake ndizoyipa, ndipo palibe chilichonse chozindikira. Kutalika kwa ma inflorescence apakatikati ndi pafupifupi masentimita 18, amaphatikizapo maluwa oyera. Nyemba zakuda zakuda zili ndi mawonekedwe.
- Steppe. Mitundu yakucha yakucha iyi imagwirizana kwambiri ndi chilala komanso kubereka. Mphukira zowongoka zowonekera kumtunda ndizovala zazifupi, ndipo m'munsi zilibe. Kutalika kwa tsinde kumatha kusintha kuchokera pa 1.45 mpaka 1.7 metres. Zingwe zokutidwa zokumbukira zamagawo atatu zimakhala ndi m'mphepete mozungulira. Amabowola khungu, ndipo pamtambapo pali wokutira wofiirira. Axillary inflorescence ndi lotayirira. Chipatsochi ndi nyemba ziwiri kapena zamtundu umodzi zamtundu wamtundu wina, zomwe zimapakidwa pamithunzi ya udzu wachikasu.
- Volzhanin. Izi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kulolerana kwamchere, zipatso komanso kukana chilala. Ndi kugonjetsedwa ndi powdery mildew ndipo sitiopa kubwerera posachedwa madigiri. Tchire ndiwokhazikika, losalepheretsa. Kutalika kwa kukhwima kwapakati pa nthambi zophukira kumatha kusiyanasiyana kuyambira 1,65 mpaka 2.5 metres. Zipatso ndi nyemba za m'modzi kapena ziwiri zamtundu wakuda wamtundu wakuda. Mbewu zachikasu ndizopopera.
Komanso, wamaluwa nthawi zambiri amalima zotsatirazi zamtunduwu wa clover wokoma, monga: Lucernoid 6, Middle Volga, Volga, Ob Giant, Om, Sayansky, Sretensky, Meshchersky 99, Rybinsky, Nemyugyunsky, Bulat, Diomid, etc.
Melilotus chikasu (Melilotus officinalis), kapena mankhwala melilot, kapena mankhwala melilot
Anthu nthawi zambiri amatcha mtunduwu nthawi zambiri burkova, vargun, hops zasendle, tchire lakuthengo, nyansi, hare chill, gooey, godson ndi mole udzu. Kuthengo, mtundu uwu wa clover wokoma umapezeka ku Belarus, Western Siberia, Ukraine, Central Asia ndi Caucasus. Chokochoko choterocho chimakonda kumera pakati pa zitsamba, m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, m'minda yaying'ono, m'minda ndi misewu, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje. Chipatso ichi, chomwe ndi cha mitundu iwiri, chimakhala ndi tsinde, chomwe chimakhala ndi nthambi zochuluka kwambiri. Kutalika kwa tsinde mwachindunji kumasiyana kuchokera pa sentimita 150 mpaka 200, m'munsi mwake mumakhala lign. Masamba a masamba obiriwira omwe ali ndi masamba ataliitali ndi petioles komanso masamba amtundu wa serrate-amaso amtundu wa dentate wokhala ndi mawonekedwe a oblong-ovate. Multiplowered racemose inflorescence, ofika mamilimita 50 mpaka 70 kutalika, ali ndi maluwa achikasu. Zipatso zamtunduwu wotsekemera ndi nyemba zopindika, zomwe ndi zofiirira. Mkati mwa nyemba muli mbewu zosenda bwino, zopakidwa utoto-wachikasu kapena chikasu, zimacha bwino mu Ogasiti kapena Seputembala. Odziwika kwambiri pakati pamaluwa ndi mitundu yotere ya manyowa achikasu, monga:
- Sarbas. Zosiyanazo ndizaka chapakatikati, zimadziwika ndi zokolola zambiri, komanso kukana chilala ndi chisanu. Mu kasupe, izi zosiyanasiyana zakhala zikukula komanso kukula. Udzuwo ukadzula, umamera mwachangu. Chovala choterocho chimakonda kugonjetsedwa ndi ufa wa nyemba, ndipo tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe amawononga mbewu samakhazikika pamenepo.
- Koldyban. Mitundu iyi imagwirizana ndi chilala. Tchire la munthu wovundikira chotere limafooka. Mphukira zimakhala zopandaukali, ndipo kutalika kwake kumatha kusiyana kuchokera pa 0.8 mpaka mita 1.2. Mbewu zimakhala ndi kukula kochepa. Mitundu iyi ndi imodzi mwazomera zomera zabwino kwambiri.
- Ishim molawirira. Chomera chosagwira chisanu chimadziwika ndi kulolera kwamchere komanso kulekerera chilala. Ndizachilendo ndipo zimakhala ndi zokolola zambiri. Udzu wotere umagonjetsedwa ndi powdery mildew, komanso kwa tizirombo tina tonse tomwe timawononga mbewu. Kachilumba kamene kamakhazikika kameneka kamafika pamtunda wamamita 0,8, kuthengo kwake ndi kwakukulu.
- Kokhetau. Chomera chokomera chilalachi komanso chopatsa mchere chokhala ndi chisanu chimatha kupereka zipatso zambiri zobiriwira. Kuchokera mu timadzi tokoma, uchi umapezeka, wodziwika ndi mtundu wapamwamba kwambiri.
- Omsk. Chomera chomwe chikukula kumenechi, maluwa amapaka utoto wachikaso. Nyemba zokhala ndi masamba awiri ndizofanana kukula kwake.
Katundu wa clover wokoma: kuvulaza ndikupindula
Zothandiza zimatha lokoma clover
Kupanga kwa herbaceous chomera cha Melilotus officinalis kumaphatikizapo cymarin, tannins ndi zinthu zonga mafuta, mafuta ofunikira, ma flavonoids, ascorbic acid, carotene, tocopherol, mashuga, ntchofu ndi glycosides, pakugawanika kwawo, coumarin amapezeka, komwe ndi fungo lonunkhira bwino. .
Zoti mbewu iyi ili ndi mankhwala zadziwika kwa anthu kalekale, m'masiku akale. Izi zitsamba ali ndi expectorant, antihypertensive, odana ndi yotupa, antibacterial, anticoagulant, fibrinolytic, emollient, diaphoretic, carminative, anticonvulsant, machiritso a bala ndi sedative. Kukonzekera komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha mankhwala okomoka, amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda a chifuwa, matenda oopsa, kudzimbidwa, kupindika, migraine, kusowa tulo, matenda amkati, kufooka kwa mafupa, kuwonjezeka kwa manjenje, komanso kuyamwa Ntchito mabala a purulent, kutupa kwa ziwalo zoberekera mwa akazi, zotupa ndi zithupsa.
Uchi, womwe umapezeka kuchokera ku timadzi tonunkhira, umakhalanso ndi mankhwala. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa matenda am'mapapo kupuma thirakiti, kusowa tulo, mitsempha, kuthamanga kwa magazi, kupweteka m'mutu, komanso matenda a mafupa ndi mitsempha ya varicose. Uchi wokoma komanso wabwino kwambiri umapangitsanso kukomoka. Uchi woterewu umakhalabe ndi mankhwala ochepetsa mphamvu komanso okodzetsa.
Yemwe wapangidwira clover
Melilot, komanso kukonzekera konse komwe kumapangidwa pamaziko ake, sikungagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi amayi apakati, komanso anthu omwe akudwala matenda a impso. Ndikofunika kwambiri kukumbukira kuti kapangidwe kazomera izi kamaphatikizidwa ndi zinthu zakupha, pankhaniyi, mulingo woyenera uyenera kuyang'aniridwa. Ngati chovala chotsekemera chikugwiritsidwa ntchito pamiyeso yayikulu kwambiri, ndiye kuti chimakhudza minofu yosalala, komanso chimathandizira kulepheretsa kwamanjenje. Ngati mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwanthawi yayitali, ndiye kugona, nseru, kupweteka m'mutu, vertigo, ndi kusanza kumatha. Nthawi zina, pamakhala kukokoloka kwamkati, kuwonongeka kwa chiwindi, komanso ziwalo zamkati zamanjenje. Pankhani imeneyi, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa kuyenera kuyikidwa ndi adokotala okha, omwe ayenera kusankha mlingo woyenera. Ndipo musaiwale kutsatira mosamalitsa.
