Poyang'ana kuchuluka ndi kukula kwa thumba losunga mazira, omasulira nthawi zina amaiwala momwe mbewu zimakhalira, kudumpha nthawi yomwe matendawa amatenga matenda owopsa monga mbewu zowona ndi zovuta, mitundu yonse ya zowola, ndi matenda ena. Zowonongeka zazikulu pazomera zimayambitsidwa ndi Fusarium ndi Anthracnose.
Chifukwa chake, kuwona mavwende ovunda a vwende, muyenera kuimba mlandu kusasamala kwanu ndi bowa wa pathogenic, mabakiteriya ndi mavairasi omwe amayambitsa matenda ambiri a chomera ichi.
Kuuma kosangalatsa kwa mavwende
Kulowera muzu la mizu ngakhale kuwonongeka pang'ono kwa minofu, bowa wa Fusarium yemwe amakhala wopanda vuto amafalikira ndikufalikira m'chomera chonsecho. Chivwende chodwala matendawa chimazirala ndikutha chifukwa:
- minofu yake yotseka;
- kuchuluka kwa poizoni wobisika.
Ndizosadabwitsa kuti kufalikira kwa matenda a chivwende, monga pachithunzichi, kumayambira ndi mizu ndi gawo lotsika la ulashi, chifukwa mafangayi ali m'nthaka komanso zinyalala za mbewu zomwe zatsalira pamtunda zimatha kukhala ndi moyo zaka zopitilira 4-5.
Monga muyezo wowongolera ndi kupewa mutakolola, ziwalo zouma zouma zimasonkhanitsidwa ndikuwonongeka, dothi limatayidwa mankhwala, ndipo ndibwinonso kuisintha m'malo obiriwira. Kugonjetsedwa kwa chivwende ndi matenda amtunduwu kumapangitsa kuti:
- kufooketsa mbewu;
- kuthirira kwamadzi m'nthaka;
- kusasamalira malamulo otembenuza mbewu;
- nthaka yozizira mpaka 16-18 ° C.
Zizindikiro zoyipa za kukhalapo kwa matendawa zimatha kuoneka kale pakakulira mbande. Mphukira zazing'ono zokhala ndi mizu yofooka zimakhudzidwa mwachangu ndi fungal matenda omwe amapezeka pansi. Ngati chithandizo cha mbewu sichikuchitika munthawi yake komanso kuti kachilombo koyambitsa kachilomboka sikanakanidwe, matendawa amathanso kulowa pa vwende.
Amadziwika kuti matendawa samapezeka kawirikawiri m'madothi oyatsidwa bwino, ndikumasulira zitulu ndi mbewu zomwe zimalandira umuna wa potaziyamu, kuphatikizapo foliar.
Anthracnose - matenda owopsa a mavwende
Matenda a mavwende, omwe amapezeka paliponse, kupatula kumwera kwa dzikolo, amakhudza mavwende onse. Mawonekedwe akasooka kapena achikasu osapangika mawonekedwe amawoneka panthaka yobiriwira yazomera. Masamba awa akamakula, masamba amawuma ndikugwa, timitengo timafooka ndikusweka mosavuta. Ndipo thumba losunga mazira lomwe limakhudzidwa ndi anthracnosis limakhala lopunduka, kukula kwake kumachepera kapena kusiya kwathunthu. Zotsatira zake, mbewu zododometsa ndi mavwende owola amatha kuwoneka pa vwende.
Kutentha kwa mpweya, kusowa kwa mpweya wabwino komanso kuwala, komanso chinyezi chambiri cha dothi - izi ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zikuthandizira kukula kwa matendawa. Ngati kuli kotheka kukhazikitsa boma la ulimi wothirira ndikupereka kubzala ndi mpweya, anthracnose amasiya kufalikira.
Gwero la matendawa - fungus ya pathogenic imangosungidwa pokhapokha pouma yazomera zomwe zatsalira pansi, komanso mbewu. Nthawi yakula, kachilomboka kamafalikira nthawi ya mvula ndi mphepo, kuthilira molondola, komanso tizilombo.
Watermelon Muzu Mzere
Zoyipa zakufalikira kwa gululi la matenda m'mavwende ndizinthu zoyipa zomwe zimakhudza mizu, kenako chomera chonse. Mutha kuzindikira matendawa mwakuwoneka mawanga a bulauni pamunsi pa tsinde ndi muzu, ndipo muzu wowola ndi woopsa kwambiri kwa mbande. Choyamba, masamba amasanduka achikasu ndikufota pa mbewu zazing'ono, kenako kufa kwa mbande kumawonedwa.
Kuchokera masamba otsika ndi magawo a tsinde, kuvunda kwa mizu kumayambira mumera akuluakulu. Kutha kwa mizu kumayamba ndi mizu yaying'ono, pang'onopang'ono kugwira mizu yayikulu yomwe imadyetsa chomera.
Kukula kwa zowola muzu, komanso matenda ena ofanana ndi mavwende, kumathandizidwa ndi kuthirira kosasinthika kapena kovutirapo, kuvala kwamasewera komanso nthaka yochepa komanso kutentha kwa mpweya. Ngati malo okhala ndi vwende atapangidwa pa vwende, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tating'onoting'ono timayamba kutulutsa ndikutsalira pamalimba.
Kuti muchepetse chiwopsezo cha kakulidwe ka zowola, ndikofunikira kuti musamangogwira chakudya pafupipafupi, kupewa kuchulukitsa mabedi ndi kumasula dothi pansi pamiyendo, komanso kuchotsa udzu ndi mbewu zouma zonse.
Ndi kulima koyambirira kwa ma gourds, kusinthasintha kwa kutentha kwa bowa sikungaloledwa. Mbewu zimakutidwa ndi kanema kapena zinthu zosakongoletsedwa, zimateteza ku kutentha kochepa ndikuwotentha kwambiri.
Wowonera bakiteriya
Matenda a mavwende amadziwika kuti ndi amodzi mwazodziwika bwino osati pachomera ichi, komanso m'matumbo ena. Zizindikiro zoyambirira za matendawa zimapezeka kale pamasamba a cotyledon. Koma ngati mawanga pano ndi ozungulira kapena osasinthika, ndiye kuti masamba enieni amawoneka ndi matupi okha ndipo ali kale ndi mawonekedwe owoneka. Ulusi womwe umakhala mkati mwa banga umayamba kusanduka wofiirira, kenako umawuma ndikumauma.
Ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa zipatsozo, malo omwe akuwoneka otuwa amakula nthawi yayitali, amakhala ndi mawonekedwe amafuta ambiri. Tiziwalo tating'onoting'ono totere timasinthika mpaka pakati pa mwana wosabadwayo, chifukwa chake, mavwende amakhala opunduka ndikuwonongeka kwathunthu. Ngakhale mawonetseredwe ang'onoang'ono amatendawa pamavwende, monga chithunzi, zimapangitsa kuti zipatso zisamayende bwino, zomwe zimavunda pakapita nthawi yochepa.
Matendawa amapitilira zinyalala zam'mera, kumtunda kwa dothi, komanso pamndandanda, magawo a malo obisalamo ndi zida zosungiramo mavwende.
Ngati vwende likhala lonyowa kapena mame litagwa, madontho amadzimadzi omwe amadzaza ndi mabakiteriya amawonekera m'malo owonongeka ndi zowola. Zotsatira zake, gwero la matenda ndi tizilombo, chinyezi ndi zida zimatengedwera kuzomera zoyandikana ndi zitunda. Kulowetsedwa kwa mabacteria kumachitika kudzera mu zowonongeka pamitengo, masamba ndi ovary.
M'masiku ochepa okha a 5-7, mabakiteriya amapereka mbadwo wotsatira ndipo ali okonzeka kufalitsa mbewu zatsopano. Chifukwa chake, ndikuchokera pakuwonongeka kwa mabakiteriya kuti 30 mpaka 50% yazokolola ndi mbewu zitha kufa.
Powdery mildew pa gourds
Kufundira kwamtundu kapena waimvi pamtunda wa masamba amtunduwu kumatha kuwonetsa kuti mbewuyo ili ndi vuto la mtunduwu. Ili ndiye gawo loyamba la matenda a chivwende. Kenako masamba ofesedwa mwamphamvu amayamba kufooka, kufooka ndikuuma, ndipo pamalo pachilondacho, pofika nthawi yophukira mutha kuwona madontho akuda - matupi ophukira a bowa, okonzeka kuphukira kuti agwire mbewu zaumoyo.
Poda yokhala ndi ufa wouma sichikhudzidwa kawirikawiri, koma kuwonongeka kwa matendawa ndi kwakukulu. Zomera zobzikika ndi bowa zimayamba kusayenda bwino, ndikupanga thumba losunga mazira, ndipo zipatso sizipeza kukoma komanso kutsekemera koyenera.
M'nyengo yotentha, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timapereka mibadwo ingapo, kutsalira nyengo yachisanu pamitengo yazomera.
Kutentha kwabwino kotenthetsera kutentha ndi 20-25 ° C, komanso kunja kwa malire awa, wothandizila wa causative wa matendawa amatha kuthana ndi nkhokwe, ufa wa Powoy umawonedwa ngakhale munthawi zowuma, koma pamaso pa mame ochulukirapo.
Powdery mildew pa mavwende
Powdery mildew imapezeka pamasamba monga malo owonekera kapena ozunguliridwa, okhala ndi imvi kapena lilac zolembedwa zokhala ndi ma bowa kumbuyo kwa tsamba.
Zomwe zimayambukirazo zimasanduka zofiirira, zouma ndi kufa, ndipo zina zotsalira za matendawa, monga chithunzichi, zimakhalabe m'malo opanda dothi kwa zaka ziwiri mpaka zitatu, zimatsalira ngakhale chisanu ndi thandi.
Mukukula, kuchuluka kwa peronosporosis kumachitika ndi zida, makamaka nthawi zambiri matendawa amadziwika ndi chinyezi komanso nyengo yabwino.
Zola zowola
Matendawa omwe amayamba chifukwa cha bowa wam'madzi amapezeka pazomera zambiri zobzalidwa, zimakhala zake, pomwe nthendayo itawonongeka, imayamba kukhala yamadzi kenako youma. M'malo omwe fungus imayambitsidwa, mycelium yoyera imawonetsedwa. The causative wothandizira yoyera yoyera imasungidwa m'nthaka youma kwa zaka zosachepera ziwiri, ndipo nthawi yotentha zimayambira kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana.
Nthaka yabwino yodzutsidwanso bowa imachepetsedwa kufika 12-15 ° C kutentha, mpweya wambiri, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito madzi ozizira mukathirira. Nthawi zambiri, mbewu zofowoka zimavutika ndi zowola zoyera. Mutha kuchepetsa chiwopsezo cha matenda ndi kuwonongeka kwa mbewu potsatira malamulo a sayansi ya ulimi ndi kasinthasintha wa mbewu, ndikuchotsa zinyalala zonse za mbewu pansi pa zomerazo komanso kumapeto kwa nyengo yokulira.
Kufufuza kochepa kovunda koyera pamisempha kumatha kutsukidwa bwino, ndikuthira ndi malasha kapena choko.
Gray zowola
Mbali yodziwika bwino ya matendawa ndi ma imvi, yotsatana ndi kupangika kwa spore, zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi kuwola, minofu ikakhala yamadzi.
M'nthaka, bowa wa mavwende amatenga zaka 2. Malo abwino kwambiri oyambira kukula kwa imvi zowola zimapangidwa ndi kutsika kwa kutentha kwa mpweya wa 16-18 ° C.
Matenda a Watermelon a Mose
Pa mavwende ndi ma gourds, ndizotheka kukhala ndi mitundu iwiri ya matenda amisala, omwe, malinga ndi mawonekedwe ndi mtundu wa pathogen, amasiyana kwambiri wina ndi mnzake.
Mtundu wamba wa nkhaka womwe umakhudza mbewu zonse za maungu nthawi zambiri umamera pamitengo ya achikulire ndipo umawoneka bwino pamasamba ndi tinthu tosiyanasiyana tokhala wobiriwira ndi wachikaso. Komanso, pamwamba pa mapepala a pepala nthawi zambiri pamakhala kupunduka, kumakhala kotupa m'malo ena.
Komabe, matenda a chivwende omwe awonetsedwa mu chithunzi samawonetsedwa mwa izi. Zomera zoperewera zimakulirakulira, masamba akucheperachepera, ma internode amafupika. Gawo loyambirira la matendawa limakhudza nsonga za mphukira, mawonekedwe amadzionetsera makamaka pakupanga zipatso, masamba akamwalira kwathunthu pamunsi pamiyendo, kenako maula amawonda, maluwa amagwa, zipatso zimapeza utoto wamtundu, zimasokonekera ndipo sizimakula.
Matenda amtundu wamtunduwu amadziwika kwambiri m'malo otentha a dzikolo, mwachitsanzo, ku Crimea, Kuban ndi Caucasus. Mukukula, kachilombo koyambitsa matenda amatha kufalitsa ndi ma aphid; nthawi yozizira, tizilomboti timasungidwa pa mbewu za ma gourds, komanso pamizu ya perennials, kuphatikizapo namsongole.
Ngati mbewuyo ili ndi kachilombo koyambitsa zobiriwira zobiriwira, matumba a bulangeti amaonekera pamasamba, koma masamba obiriwira okongola nthawi zambiri samapangidwa. Matendawa nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo obisalamo. Mitengo yobiriwira imatha kufalikira pomwe mbali zowonongeka za chomera zikakumana ndi athanzi. Izi zimachitika pang'onopang'ono podulira, kupindika maluwa osafunikira kapena zipatso. Kachilombo komwe kamayambitsa matendawa kamabisala pamizere ndi zinyalala zam'mera, komanso kumtunda kwa dothi lakumtunda.
Mutha kuchepetsa chiopsezo chokhala ndi matenda owopsa a mavwende:
- kugwiritsa ntchito njere zotsimikiziridwa, zotetezedwa kubzala;
- kugwiritsa ntchito zosakanizika ndi nthaka posakaniza kufesa ndi kusunga malamulo otembenuza mbewu;
- kubzala mbande zathanzi zokha;
- kuwona njira zamalimi, kuphatikiza malamulo a kuthirira ndi kuteteza mbewu ku kutentha kochepa;
- kuwononga namsongole, makamaka mbewu yaminda;
- kuchotsa nthawi yabwino vwende;
- kuwonongera aphid pamalowa.
Madzi a matenda a watermelon
Popeza causative othandizira a matendawa amavuto pazinthu zina zakumera, namsongole, malo, dothi ndi nthangala zitha kupitilizabe mpaka zaka zingapo, kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira zolimbana ndi matenda kumadalira kupewa.
Zotsalira kuchokera kumadera omwe matenda a mavwende amawonetsedwa ayenera kuwotchedwa kapena kutumizidwa kompositi, zomwe zimatenga zaka zosachepera ziwiri kuti zitheke kutentha. Nthawi yomweyo, manyowa ngati amenewa amaphatikizidwa nthawi zonse ndi kukumbidwa. Nthaka yomwe idachotsedwa mu nthawi yophukira imakumba pang'onopang'ono pa fosholo ndikupanga fumbi.
Zipatso ngakhale zowonongeka pang'ono ndi mavwende owola siziyenera kusungidwa komanso kulumikizana ndi athanzi. Zipatso zomwe zimapangidwira chakudya ndikupeza mbewu zimayesedwa pafupipafupi, kutaya mahwende okhala ndi zofunkha.
Popeza causative othandizira a matenda owopsa amakhalabe pa nthangala za mavwende nthawi yozizira, mwachitsanzo, downy ndi powdery mildew, bacteriosis ndi anthracnose, komanso mtundu wamtundu wa viral, ndikofunikira kuti mutenge mbewu zokha kuchokera ku zipatso zathanzi pakufesa. Pofuna kupewa matenda a mavwende a fungal ndi bakiteriya, mbewu zimasungunuka.
Pofesa mavwende, sankhani zowunikira, zopumira zomwe poyamba izi zisanachitike, mavwende, nkhaka ndi ena oimira mbewu zamungu sanakulidwe osachepera zaka 3-4. Tisaiwale za njira zopewera monga:
- kumasula dothi kolondola pafupipafupi;
- kubzala zakudya, kupatsa tchire osati zakudya zoyambira zokha, komanso ma microelement;
- m'mawa ndi madzulo kuthirira osakhudza masamba ndi madzi otenthetsedwa mpaka 22-25 ° C;
- Kusamalira kutentha kosakhazikika kwa mpweya ndi dothi.
Pazizindikiro zoyambirira za khansa yodontha komanso mabakiteriya, ma gour amayamwa katatu, pambuyo pa masabata 1-1.5, ndi 90% mkuwa wa chloride. Sulufule ya Colloidal, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthirira pamtunda wa magalamu 50 pa malita 10 amadzi, itithandizira pakuwonetsedwa kwa powdery mildew kwa anthu, nyama ndi njuchi. Mafuta amayimitsidwa kukonzekera tsiku lisanafike nthawi yokolola, yomwe iyenera kutsukidwa musanadye.
Mu mbande ndi malo okumbira omwe mavwende amakula, ndikofunikira kuti musinthe dothi nthawi zonse mpaka 20 cm kapena kuti muchotse mankhwala osokoneza bongo pogwiritsa ntchito zosakaniza zina zamkuwa.
