Pepper

The herbaceous pachaka chomera capicum (Capsicum annuum) ndi nthumwi ya genus Capsicum wa banja la Solanaceae. Chikhalidwe chotere chimalimidwa kwambiri muulimi. Kwawo kwa tsabola ndi ku Central America, masamba oterowo adawoneka m'dera la Europe m'zaka za zana la 15 ndipo, ngakhale kuti chikhalidwe choterocho chimakhala chovuta komanso chokonda kutentha, chadziwika kwambiri pakati pa olima munda nthawi yayifupi. Mpaka pano, pali mitundu pafupifupi 2,000 ya capicum, ambiri a iwo akukhudzana ndi mitundu ya tsabola wokoma, ndipo ena onse ndiogwirizana ndi tsabola tsabola wowawa. Pansipa tikambirana za tsabola wokoma.

Zojambula tsabola

Tsabola wokoma, wotchedwanso belu - zipatso zamasamba pachaka, m'malo mwachilengedwe chotere ndi shrub yamuyaya. Petiole masamba osavuta ndi osakwatiwa kapena osakanikirana ndi zitsulo. Mtundu wa masamba amatengera mitundu ndi mitundu, ndipo pali mitundu yobiriwira yobiriwira. Maluwa akuluakulu a axil ndi amodzi kapena gawo la Magulu, corolla amapaka utoto wofiirira, woyera kapena wotuwa. Chipatsochi ndi mabulosi abodza abuluwiri, omwe ali ndi kulemera, mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwake, amatha kujambulidwa mu lalanje, ofiira, achikaso kapena bulauni.

Kukula tsabola kuchokera kumbewu

Kufesa

Tsabola wa mabeleki kumapeto kwenikweni nthawi zambiri amakula kudzera mbande. Kutengera nyengo, nyengo yofesa ikhoza kukhala yosiyana, koma mulimonse, mbewu siziyenera kufesedwa pasanathe masiku oyamba a Marichi.

Mbewu zachikhalidwe chotere ziyenera kukonzekereratu musanafese. Choyamba, amizidwa m'madzi otentha pang'ono (pafupifupi madigiri 50) kutupa, pomwe amakhala kwa maola 5 mpaka 6, pambuyo pake amaikidwa mu nsalu yothira ndikutsukidwa pamalo otentha (pafupifupi madigiri 20), pamenepo ayenera kukhala 2-3 masiku. Mbeu zosokedwa zingabzalidwe mu gawo lapansi. Mbeu zotere zimapereka mbande mwachangu kuposa zosakonzekera, kotero nthawi zambiri mbande zimawonekera patatha masiku awiri kapena atatu mutabzala mu osakaniza.

Mutha kukonza gawo lapansi pofesa ndi manja anu, chifukwa muyenera kulumikiza 1 tbsp. mchenga, 2 tbsp. m'munda humus, 1 tbsp. munda wamtunda, 1-2 tbsp. l phulusa, Dothi losakaniza izi limapangidwa mu microwave kapena uvuni ndikuyika otentha mumbale. Yesani pamwamba pa gawo ndikudikirira mpaka madigiri 40-45, kenako mbewuzo zimayenera kugawidwa mokomera, ndikuwona mtunda wa 50 mm pakati pawo. Ayenera kuyikidwa m'manda ndi 15-20 mm okha. Komabe, akatswiri amalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito miphika ya peat pofesa, chifukwa chikhalidwechi sichimakonda kutola. Ntchito yofesa ikamalizidwa, gawo lapansi m'matanki liyenera kupukutidwa bwino, ndipo pamwamba pake ayenera kuphimbidwa ndi galasi kapena polyethylene, pambuyo pake amasinthidwa kupita kumalo otentha (kuchokera pafupifupi mpaka 21 mpaka madigiri 22).

Kusamalira Mbewu

M'pofunika kuyang'anira mbande za mbewu zotere chimodzimodzi mbande zachikhalidwe china chilichonse. Mphukira woyamba utawonekera, tsabola amafunika kupereka zotsatirazi kutentha: usiku - kuchokera madigiri 10 mpaka 15, komanso masana - kuchokera 26 mpaka 28 madigiri. Patsani mbewu ndi madzi okwanira kuti gawo lapansi muzotumphuka limakhala lonyowa nthawi zonse, kumbukirani kuti kusayenda kwamadzi munthaka ya dothi kumapangitsa kukula kwa mwendo wakuda. Kuyanika kwa zosakaniza za dothi sikuyenera kuloledwa chimodzimodzi. Pothirira, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito madzi ofunda oyenda bwino (pafupifupi madigiri 30). Ngati madzi ozizira agwiritsidwa ntchito pazolinga izi, mbewuyo imafooka, kudwala kenako ndikufa.

Mbewu za tsabola zimafunikira chinyezi chachikulu, pankhaniyi, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti zizipukuta mwadongosolo kuchokera mfuti yoluka. Kuphatikiza apo, chipinda chomwe tsabola chimakhalamo ndi mpweya wabwino, koma mbande ziyenera kutetezedwa kuti zisakonzekere. Ndikofunikanso kukumbukira kuti ovala ngati amenewa amafunika nthawi yayitali masana (kuyambira 7 a.m. mpaka 21 p.m.), potengera izi, ngati kuli koyenera, ayenera kukonza zowunikira zowonjezera.

Kutola mbande

Kubzala mbande kumachitika pamene awona mapangidwe awiri awiri enieni a masamba. Tsabola wokula mumiphika wa peat safuna kutola. Ndipo muyenera kuthyola mbande zomwe zimamera paliponse, chifukwa amagwiritsa ntchito miphika yolimba masentimita 8x8 kukula, mutabzala mbewu munthaka, ziyenera kuyikidwa m'manda a cotyledon. Mbande zokhazikika ziyenera kuyamba kukula ndikukula mwachangu. Asanayambe kufalitsa tsabola dothi lotseguka, ayenera kulimbitsidwa. Kuti muchite izi, tsiku lililonse, mbewu zimayenera kusinthidwa kumsewu, pomwe nthawi ya njirayi iyenera kuwonjezeka pang'onopang'ono. Kumbukirani kuti nthawi yakuuma, mbewu siziyenera kuwezedwa, komanso zotetezedwa ku chisanu (kutentha kwa mpweya sikuyenera kukhala kosakwana madigiri 13).

Pakulima mmera, muyenera kudyetsedwa kamodzi kapena kawiri musanagulire kumunda. Chovala choyambirira chapamwamba chimakonzedwa theka la mwezi pambuyo pa madzi, kapena pakupanga kwa masamba awiri azowona azomera. Chovala chachiwiri chapamwamba chimachitika masiku 15 pambuyo pa woyamba kapena panthawi yopanga mbande za masamba awiri enieni. Tsabola amalimbikitsidwa kudyetsedwa ndi feteleza amadzimadzi. Ndikofunika kugwiritsa ntchito Rastvorin, Fertika Lux, Agricola kapena Krepysh podyetsa mbande.

Kukula tsabola pawindo

Tsabola wa masamba amatha kubzala pawindo lanu, koma chifukwa chake muyenera kukonzekera: mbewu za mitundu yodzipukuta tokha, phytolamp, dothi losakanikirana bwino, komanso kusankha malo omwe amayatsidwa ndi dzuwa kwa maola osachepera 3-4 patsiku. Maluwa atayamba tchire m'miphika, ndikofunika kuwagwedeza kamodzi patsiku, izi zimapangitsa kukhazikika kwa zipatso. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha zipatso zomwe zimamera pachitsamba, chotsani mphamvu zambiri pamalowo, potengera izi, muyenera kusankha mazira 5 kapena 6 okha, ndikugwetsa zotsalazo.

Zipatso zobzala mumphika zimathandizira kufooka kwa gawo lapansi, mogwirizana ndi izi, tchire zotere ziyenera kudyetsedwa nthawi zonse. Izi zimachitika kamodzi pakatha masiku 15 mpaka 20, chifukwa cha izi, zosakaniza za dothi zimathiriridwa ndi yankho la Kukula (malita 2 a madzi, kapu imodzi ya mankhwala) kapena 1 tsp imawonjezeredwa ndi chosanjikiza chapamwamba cha dothi. kugwala.

Tsabola wokhwima pawindo ndiwosakhazikika, motero, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti nthawi imodzi m'miyezi iwiri iwonjezere mphamvu ya vermicompost (bola kuchuluka kwa mphika kumalola) kapena ngati pakufunika kuthandizira mbewuyo kukhala chidebe chachikulu. Kuti chitsamba chikule ndi kubereka bwino, chaka chilichonse kumapeto kwa chaka sichifunikira kudulira kwakukulu. Ngati zonse zachitika molondola, ndiye kuti mmera umodzi umabala zipatso kwa zaka zingapo.

Kubzala kunja kwa tsabola

Nthawi yobzala

Mbewu za tsabola zikamakula ndikukula, ziyenera kukhazikika. Kufika kwake poyera kumachitika pakapangidwa masamba oyambilira, pambuyo poti mpweya mumsewu umawotha mpaka madigiri 15-17. Monga lamulo, mbande zimabzalidwa panthaka kuyambira masiku otsiriza a Meyi mpaka theka lachiwiri la June.

Pepper Primer

Nthaka yopanda acidic ndiyabwino pamtengowo. Kukonzekeretsa malo oti mubzale kuyenera kuchitika miyezi 12 lisanafike tsiku lodzala. Nthawi yomweyo, mbewu zimatha kulimidwa m'derali zomwe zimakhazikitsidwa bwino ndi tsabola, mwachitsanzo: zukini, anyezi, manyowa obiriwira, nkhaka, kaloti kapena dzungu. Ndipo pamalo omwe mbewu zoyandikana nazo kale zidalimidwa, mwachitsanzo, mbatata, tsabola, biringanya, tomato kapena physalis, tsabola wokoma silingathe kubzala. Kubzala tsabola mu kasupe chaka chimodzi izi zisanachitike, 5 kg yazinthu feteleza pa 1 mita imodzi ya nthaka ziyenera kuwonjezeredwa ku dothi pansi pa omwe adalipo kale pakukumba. M'dzinja, nthawi yokolola ikakolola, malowo amakumbidwa, pomwe 50 magalamu a potashi ndi feteleza wa phosphorous amawonjezeredwa pa 1 mita imodzi.

M'chaka chodzala mbande za tsabola mu kasupe, 40 magalamu a ammonium nitrate pa 1 lalikulu mita amawonjezeredwa kumtunda. Pakadutsa masiku 5 musanalowetse mbande dothi lotseguka, malowo amayenera kukhetsedwa ndi njira yothetsera majeremusi, kuti akonzeke, 10 l madzi ayenera kuphatikizidwa ndi 1 tbsp. l sulfate yamkuwa.

Malamulo akumalo

Mtunda pakati pa mabowo pakubedi uyenera kuchokera pa 0,4 mpaka 0,5 m, ndipo mzerewo utalikirane uzikhala wamtali 0,6. Kuya kwa dzenje lobzala kuyenera kukhala kotero kuti mutabzala, khosi lake la mizu limatulutsa ndi mawonekedwe a mundawo. M'dzenje lililonse muyenera kuthira 1 tbsp. l feteleza wathunthu wama mineral, yemwe ayenera kukhala ndi potaziyamu, nayitrogeni ndi phosphorous. Feteleza ayenera kusakanikirana ndi dothi pansi pa dzenje lobzala.

Tsabola wokhazikitsidwa mumiphika wa peat uyenera kumizidwa m'mabowo limodzi ndi chotengera. Pakakulitsa mbande m'bokosi, chodzala chimachotsedwamo, ndikuyesera kuti dothi lawonongeke, kenako limayikidwa m'maenje obzala. Bowo liyenera kudzazidwa ndi zosakaniza zama michere mu ½ gawo. Tsabola wobzala amafunika kuthirira wambiri, pomwe 10 l lamadzi limatengedwa ku tchire 3. Madziwo atalowetsedwa mu dothi, dzenjelo liyenera kudzazidwa ndi dothi mpaka pamwamba. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti mudzazidwe pamtunda ndi mulch (peat). Ngati usiku mumsewu matenthedwe a mpweya ndi pansi pa madigiri 13, ndiye kuti mbande zomwe zikaikidwa pachitunda zidzafunika pogona.

Kukula tsabola mu wowonjezera kutentha

Pali mitundu ya tsabola wokoma wopangidwira kubzala m'nthaka yotseguka, ndipo pali zina zomwe zimatha kulimidwa mu malo obiriwira, mwachitsanzo, mitundu: Arnes, Accord, Alyonushka, Vesper, Bonus, Atlant, Pinocchio, Orange Wonder, Tenderness, Swallow, Usiku ndi ena

Choyamba, kufesa mbewu za mbande. Zomera zomwe zakulirazo zizikhala zolimba pathanolo kapena khonde, kenako ndikuyenera kuziika pantengidwe. Momwe mungabzalire mbeu ndikakulitsa mbande zalongosoledwa pamwambapa. Kubzala mbande mu dothi la wowonjezera kutentha kumachitika pambuyo pa kutalika kwa mbewu kufikira masentimita 25, pomwe zaka zawo zikuyenera kukhala osachepera masiku 55. Komanso, mbewuzo ziyenera kupanga thunthu lobiriwira komanso masamba 12-14, pomwe masamba ochotsa masamba ayenera kukhala atapangidwa kale. Mutha kubzala tsabola wowotchera nyereti yokhayo pokhapokha dothi lomwe layamba kale kutentha mpaka madigiri 15. Ichi ndichifukwa chake nthawi zambiri nthawi yofikira imagwera theka lachiwiri la Meyi.

Asanadzalemo mbande, feteleza ayenera kuonjezedwa kumtunda wowonjezera kutentha: 40 magalamu a phosphorous ndi 30 gramu ya feteleza wa potashi amatengedwa pa 1 mita imodzi ya chiwembu. Kenako dothi liyenera kuthiriridwa bwino. Kutengera mitundu, mtunda wotsatirawu uyenera kuonedwa pakati pa tchire: kwa mitundu yakukula kwambiri - pafupifupi masentimita 15, kwa yayitali-yayitali masentimita 25, komanso kwa yayitali-osati masentimita 35. Kutalikirana kwa mzerewu kumatha kutalika kuchoka pa 0,35 mpaka 0,6 m. Mbewu zikafesedwa, dothi lomwe lili m'maenjewo liyenera kukumbukiridwa ndikuwaphimba ndi mulch (peat).

Pepper Care

Kuti tikule tsabola wokoma m'dothi lotseguka, tchire liyenera kuthiriridwa, kudyetsedwa, kumangirizidwa nthawi, ndipo nthaka ndiyofunika kumasula nthawi zonse ndikuchotsa udzu. Kuti tchire lipereke zipatso zambiri, ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti zichotse duwa lakale pakati pa nthambi yoyamba. Komanso, mbewuyo imadzabala bwino kwambiri ngati itapangidwa m'miyala iwiri kapena itatu, ndipo chifukwa cha izi muyenera kudula mitengo yowonjezera yotsala (masamba ofananira nawo) munthawi. Mapangidwe tchire angachitike mu nyengo yonyowa ndi yowuma. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti zipatso zosaposa 20-25 siziyenera kusiyidwa pachitsamba chimodzi. Pakakulidwa mitundu yayitali mukabzala mmera, khomani limayikidwa pafupi ndi chitsamba chilichonse chomwe chomeracho chimangirizidwa, ngati kuli kofunikira.

Tsabola amapukutidwa ndi mungu wochokera, zomwe ngati zingafunike zimatha kukopeka ndi tsambalo. Kuti izi zitheke, mankhwalawa amayenera kuthandizidwa kuchokera ku mankhwala osakaniza ndi shuga wa shuga - kuti akonzekere, magalamu 100 a shuga granated ndi 2 magalamu a boric acid ayenera kusungunuka mu madzi okwanira 1 litre. Muyeneranso kuganizira kuti tsabola utamasula, sungagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi mankhwala oopsa chifukwa izi zitha kupangitsa kuti tizilombo toyambitsa mungu tizilombo tife.

Momwe mungamwere

Tsabola wobzalidwa dothi lotseguka poyambilira umatha kukhala wowoneka ngati waulesi, koma palibe chodandaula. Chofunikira kwambiri pakadali pano ndikupewa kusayenda kwamadzi munthaka, chifukwa izi zimatha kuwononga kwambiri tchire. Tchire lisanaphuke, adzafunikira kuthirira kosowa (nthawi 1 m'masiku 7). Pakapangidwe zipatso, kuchuluka kwa kuthilira kumayenera kuwonjezeka mpaka 2 m'masiku 7, pomwe malita 6 amadzi ayenera kumwedwa pa mita imodzi ya mraba ya mundawo. Tsabola akathiriridwa, dothi lozungulira mozungulira liyenera kumasulidwa mosamala, osayesa kuvulaza mizu yawo.

Chikhalidwe choterechi chimathiriridwa ndi madzi ofunda okwanira kuchokera kumadzi othira madzi ndikumwaza. Ngati tsabola alibe madzi okwanira, ndiye chifukwa cha izi, kutsika pang'onopang'ono kumatha kuonedwa, komanso kutsika kwa mazira ndi maluwa. Pofuna kuchepetsa kuthirira, nthaka ya dothi iyenera kuphimbidwa ndi dothi la mulch (udzu wovunda), womwe ukulu wake ukuyenera kukhala mainchesi 10.

Feteleza

Mukukula kwa tsabola dothi lotseguka, ndikofunikira kumudyetsa kawiri ndi yankho la zitosi za nkhuku (1:10). Ngakhale tchire lifunika kuvala pamwamba pamtengowo, chifukwa njira iyi ya nitrophoska imagwiritsidwa ntchito (kwa malita 10 a madzi 1 tbsp. Zinthu).

Ngati tsabola alibe potaziyamu wokwanira, ndiye kuti masamba ake ndi masamba owuma amawonekera m'mphepete, koma kumbukirani kuti ndizoletsedwa kuzidyetsa ndi potaziyamu chloride, chifukwa chikhalidwe ichi chimachita molakwika kwambiri ndi chlorine. Ngati m'nthaka mulibe nayitrogeni, masamba ake amakhala opanda mphamvu, ndiye kuti amatenga tinthu tambiri ndipo amatha kuzimiririka. Ndipo nthaka ikadzala ndi nayitrogeni, kukhetsa kwamaluwa ndi thumba losunga mazira kumawonedwa tchire. Ngati phosphorous yaying'ono m'nthaka, ndiye kuti masamba akunja amapota utoto wofiirira, ndipo mbale zake zimadzuka ndikusuntha kutsutsa. Chifukwa cha kusowa kwa magnesium, masamba amtchire amapeza mtundu wa nsangalabwi. Onaninso tchire pafupipafupi ndipo zikaonekeratu kuti mbewuyo ikusowa chinthu chimodzi, chidyetsani pogwiritsa ntchito feteleza wofunikira.

Kukonza

Panthawi yakucha zipatso, osavomerezeka kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala othandizira kuthana ndi matenda osiyanasiyana, chifukwa zinthu zovulaza zomwe zili momwemo zimatha kudziunjikira mu tsabola. Ngati musamalira mbewuyi molondola ndikutsatira malamulo onse agrotechnical, ndiye kuti mwina tchire silitha kudwala, ndipo tizirombo tina tosiyanasiyana sangathe. Komabe, mavuto atabuka, ndiye njira zonse zofunika kuzigwirira ntchito munthawi yake.

Matenda ndi tizirombo ta tsabola wokhala ndi mayina amajambula

Matenda

Tsabola wa penti ungakhudze: verticillosis (wilting), bronze (mawonedwe owoneka), phytoplasmosis, fusarium, blight mochedwa, vertex ndi grey rot, mwendo wakuda.

Verticillosis

Verticillosis ndimatenda oyamba omwe ali ndi mitundu itatu: wobiriwira, wodera komanso wamtundu. Nthawi yomweyo, chilichonse mwazidziwitso izi zimadziwonetsera mosiyanasiyana. Popeza ndibwino kupewa mankhwala ogwiritsira ntchito tsabola, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti tizitsatira njira zodzitetezera: mu nthawi yophukira, malowa amayenera kutsukidwa ndi zotsalira zomwe zimatenthedwa, ndikuyenera kulima, mitundu yosagwirizana ndi matendawa iyenera kusankha.

Phytoplasmosis

Ngati tchire limakhudzidwa ndi phytoplasmosis (colar), ndiye kuti zowola zimawonekera pamizu yawo, timadzi tating'onoting'ono timayamba kukula, zipatso zimayamba kuchepa, komanso zimakhala zopanda pake komanso zopendekera masamba, kupindika, kuumitsa ndi kutulutsa masamba ndikuwona, pamapeto pake, chomera chimafa. Onyamula matendawa ndi ozungulira. Kuti tichotse phytoplasmosis, tchire zimafunikira kuthiridwa ndi yankho la Acara pomabzala mbande panthaka 20 patatha masiku 20, panthaka yachitukuko iyi, mankhwala ophera tizilombo sawononga mbewu. Kuphatikiza apo, muyenera kumasula nthaka mwadongosolo, komanso kuchotsa maudzu onse munthawi yake.

Fusarium

Tsabola ukawonongeka ndimatenda oyamba ngati fusarium, chikasu chake chimawonedwa, monga, masamba amasintha mtundu wake kukhala wachikasu owopsa. Tchire tofesa timayenera kukumbidwa ndikuwotcha, mbewu zotsalazo ziyenera kusamalidwa bwino, chifukwa adzafunika kuthirira moyenera, komwe kumachitika m'mawa, ndikofunikanso kuchotsa udzu wonse munthawi. Tsamba lomwe lili ndi kachilombo ka ma blight pathojeni silingagwiritsidwe ntchito kukulitsa tsabola kamodzi chaka chimodzi.

Mochedwa

Nthendayi yofala kwambiri ndi fungal imachedwa, yomwe imakhudzanso tomato ndi tsabola. Mu tchire matenda, malo olimba amabala zipatsozo, zomwe zimagwira mnofu. Tchire zotere ziyenera kuthiridwa mchere ndi yankho la Zaslon, Oksikhoma kapena Barrier, koma tchire lisanaphuke. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti mitundu ya haibridi yolimbana ndi matenda.

Mwendo wakuda

Mwendo wakuda, monga lamulo, uli ndi mbande ya tsabola. Mu tchire, muzu wa tsinde umakhudzidwa, kukula kwa matenda otere kumathandizidwa ndi kufesa kwambiri wandiweyani komanso osatsatira malamulo okula mbande, monga, zomwe zimakhala pamtunda wamlengalenga komanso pansi. Matendawa akamakula, tsinde limakhala lofewa ndipo mbewuyo imafa. Kuti tipewe matenda oterewa, kutulutsa mbande sikuyenera kuloledwa, kuyenera kutengedwa munthawi yake, ndipo chinyezi chofunikira mu greenhouse chiyenera kusungidwa. Ngati mbewu zomwe zakhudzidwa zindikiridwa, zimayenera kutulutsidwa ndikuwotcha pomwepo, gawo la pansi liyenera kumasulidwa, kupukutidwa ndi kuwaza ndi phulusa lamatabwa. Kenako mbande imafunika kuthandizidwa ndi yankho la Barrier (1 litre lamadzi mumafuna zipewa zitatu za chinthu).

Vertex zowola

Kukula kwa apical zowola kumachitika chifukwa chakuti mbewu zimasowa chinyezi. Tsabola wakhudzidwa wopezeka pamwamba pa zipatso amawoneka wakuda kapena wamtambo. Nthawi zina, kukula kwa matendawa kumayamba chifukwa dothi limakhala ndi calcium yambiri komanso nayitrogeni. Tchire lomwe lakhudzidwa liyenera kuwonongedwa, ndikutsalira ndi calcium nitrate.

Gray zowola

Tsabola ungakhudzidwe ndi zowola imvi nthawi iliyonse ya chitukuko. Chitsamba chodwala chimayamba kudabwitsika komanso kuduwa kwa imvi. Monga lamulo, kukula kwamphamvu kwa matenda otere kumawonedwa pakunyowa. Zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi chitsamba, komanso zipatso, ziyenera kuwonongeka, ndiye kuti tsabola amathandizidwa ndikukonzekera fungicidal. Izi zimachitika pokhapokha ngati mbewu sizikhudzidwa kwambiri.

Kugawika patali

Tsabola umathanso kuwona, kapena kuti mkuwa, pomwe mawanga a bulauni amawoneka pambale, zomwe pamapeto pake zimakhala zofiirira kapena zamkuwa. Zambiri mwa izi zimawoneka pafupi ndi masamba a masamba. Popita nthawi, pamwamba pa chitsamba limawuma, pomwe zipatso zomwe zili pamalo a tsindezi zimakutidwa ndi mphete za bulauni, zobiriwira kapena zachikasu. Kuti tisunge zokolola, ndikofunikira kusankha zipatso zonse zakupsa komanso kusiya kuthirira zonse. Pofuna kuchiritsa tchire lomwe limayambitsa matenda, amafunika kuthira mankhwala ndi Fundazole, koma sitiyenera kuiwala za zovuta za fungicides zomwe amabweretsa ku tchire akuluakulu.

Tizilombo

Ma spider nthata, mavu, nsabwe za m'masamba kapena ma waya amatha kukhazikika pamtchire la mbewu.

Slug

Kuti tsabola sakhala ndi vuto la slugs, pamwamba pamalowo ayenera kuphimbidwa ndi tsabola wowawa, tsinde kapena ufa wa mpiru. Mutha kupanga misampha, chifukwa m'malo angapo pamalo omwe muyenera kutsuka zakumwa zakumwa zakuda, zimakopa tizirombo, tomwe timatha kusonkhanitsidwa ndikuwonongeka. Ndikofunikanso kukumbukira kuti masiku otentha ndikofunikira kumasula nthaka pakati pa mizere mpaka kuya kwa 40 mpaka 50 mm.

Wireworms

Mawayilesi ndi mphutsi za mbocracker. Amakhala pansi zaka 5 ndipo amaziluma kumizu yamtchire. Kuti tichotse masamba a tizilombo, m'dzinja ndikofunikira kukumba, ndipo kasupe, musanadzalemo mbande za tsabola pamenepo, ndikofunikira kupanga nyambo zingapo. Kuti muchite izi, pamalo pamalo osiyanasiyana, muyenera kuyika zidutswa za zokoma za mizu, osayiwala kuyika zilembo pamasamba. Nyambo zotere zimakopa ma wayaworm bwino. Pakangotha masiku awiri kapena atatu, mbewu za mizu ziyenera kukumbidwa ndikuzunza tizirombo, zomwe kenako zimawonongedwa.

Spider nthata

Spider nthata kukhazikika pa tsabola nthawi yachisanu, pomwe iwo amakhala m'malo olakwika a masamba, ndikudya chakudya cham'madzi. Kuti muchepetse nkhusuyo, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito makonzedwe opangidwa ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, koma ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito chinthu chomwe chidakonzedwa ndi manja anu, chifukwa, thirani 1 tbsp mu ndowa 1 yamadzi. anyezi wosenda kapena adyo, ndikuwonjezera 1 tbsp. l zopopera masamba kapena sopo wamadzimadzi, komanso masamba odulidwa a dandelion. Pambuyo osakaniza atathira, ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza tchire tsabola.

Ma nsabwe

Kuwononga nsabwe za m'masamba, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito kulowetsedwa kwapadera kupopera tsabola, pokonzekera komwe ndikofunikira kuphatikiza ndowa 1 yamadzi otentha ndi 1 tbsp. fodya fumbi kapena phulusa. Ngakhale mbewu zitha kuthiridwa mankhwala ndi Celtan kapena Karbofos, zomwe zikuwumba mwachangu mankhwala opangira tiziromboti, kukonzekera yankho, muyenera kuphatikiza ndowa 1 yamadzi ndi 1 tbsp. l zinthu.

Kutolere ndi tsabola

Mu tsabola, mitundu iwiri ya yakucha imasiyanitsidwa, ndiyo: luso ndi kwachilengedwenso (zokhudza thupi). Zipatsozo zikakhala pagulu laukadaulo, nthawi zambiri zimapakidwa utoto wamitundu yosiyanasiyana kuchokera pakuda bii mpaka utoto. Pakukhwima kwachilengedwe, zipatso zake zimakhala zofiirira, zofiirira, zachikasu kapena zofiirira; mukakolola, zimayenera kudyedwa kapena kusungidwa mwachangu, chifukwa zimawonongeka msanga. Ngati mukusonkhanitsa zipatsozo pamlingo wokhwima bwino, ndiye kuti mutha kupitilizabe masabata 8. Kusiyana kwa nthawi pakati paukadaulo wamakono ndi wachilengedwe kuchokera 3 milungu inayi.

Kuti mumvetsetse ngati zipatsozo zakonzeka kutolera kapena ayi, muyenera kuzikankhira mopepuka, ngati mumva kusweka, ndiye kuti tsabola ungatulutsidwe. Ogwira ntchito zamaluwa aluso amatuta tsabola nthawi yomweyo amatuta tomato ndi biringanya. Monga lamulo, zipatso zoyambirira zimayamba kukolola mu theka loyamba la Ogasiti. Kututa kumatha kupitilira mpaka chisanu. Nthawi zambiri, zipatso zakupsa zimatulutsidwa kamodzi masiku asanu ndi awiri. Tsabola wodulidwa ndi phesi ndiosungika bwino. Nthawi yakula, zipatso zimakololedwa katatu. Musanayambe kuzizira, muyenera kutola mbewu zonse. Zipatso zimayenera kusanjidwa kukula ndi kukhwima, kenako zimayenera kusiyidwa kuti zipse.

Asanasunge tsabola posungira, ayenera kufupikitsa tsinde, kutalika kwa gawo lotsalalo kuyenera kukhala kuyambira 10 mpaka 15 mm. Mutha kusunga tsabola lokhala ndi mpanda wokhazikika pokhapokha ngati palibe zowonongeka pamakina. Zipatso zokhala ndi mipanda yolimba ndizosungidwa mufiriji. Kusunga mitundu yomwe ili ndi makoma a juicy, matumba a polyethylene angagwiritsidwe ntchito, makulidwe awo ayenera kukhala osachepera maikolofoni a 120, ngati ali ndi nembanemba yokhala ndi perforation pakhoma lam'mbali. Kuti tsabola ukhale bwino, aliyense wa iwo ayenera wokutidwa pepala.

Kuti zisungidwe, zipatsozo zimatha kuyikidwa m'mabokosi akuya kwambiri kwa mizere 1 kapena 2, muthumba kapena pashelefu chapansi, chinyezi cha mpweya chomwe chiyenera kukhala kuchokera 80 mpaka 90 peresenti, ndipo kutentha - kuyambira 8 mpaka 10 madigiri. Zipatso zotere zimasiyanitsidwa ndikuti zimatenga fungo lina mwachangu kwambiri, onetsetsani kuti palibe chomwe chikuwonongeka kapena nkhungu posungira. Ngati zonse zachitika molondola, ndiye kuti zipatso zimatha kukhalabe zatsopano kwa masabata 6-8. Tsabola zimathanso kusungidwa mufiriji, momwe kutentha kwa madigiri 9 mpaka 10 amasungidwa pafupifupi masabata anayi. Mutha kuchotsa ma testes kuchokera tsabola wotsukidwa, kenako zipatsozo zimayikidwira imodzi ndikuzisunga mufiriji. Tsabola zomwe sizoyenera kusungika zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza, mwachitsanzo, masaladi onunkhira bwino a chisanu, marinade kapena kuvala kwa borsch amakonzedwa kuchokera kwa iwo.

Mitundu ndi mitundu ya tsabola

Zakhala zikunenedwa pamwambapa kuti tsabola wamasamba amagawidwa kukhala wowawa komanso okoma. Mu tsabola wokoma, mitundu yotsatirayi imasiyanitsidwa:

tsabola wa belu;
tsabola wooneka ngati masamba;
tsabola wowoneka ngati belu;
tsabola wa masamba a phwetekere;
tsabola wa cylindrical masamba.

Komanso, mitundu yonse ya tsabola wokoma imagawidwa kukhala mitundu kuti ikulidwe mu wowonjezera kutentha, m'malo otseguka komanso muli (ali obzala pawindo kapena khonde, pomwe tchire limapereka zipatso nthawi zonse).

Komanso, mitundu imagawidwa ndi kucha:

kupsa koyambirira m'masiku 80-100 (mitundu - Health, Dobrynya Nikitich, White White, Swallow; hybrids - Atlantic, Orange Miracle, Montero, Cardinal, Denis);
kukhwima kwapakati kumafika pakukhwima masiku 115-130 (mitundu - Prometheus, Ilya Muromets, Korenovsky, Belozerka; ma hybrids - Maxim ndi Vitamini);
Mitundu yakucha-yakucha yakucha m'masiku 140 kapena kuposerapo (Golden Medal ndi Nochka hybrid ndi otchuka).

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti mbewu zomwe zimatulutsidwa kuchokera ku zipatso za hybrid sizitha kukhalabe ndi mtundu wina wa mbewu ya kholo. Ichi ndichifukwa chake mbewu za haibridi zimayenera kugula chaka chilichonse. Ubwino wa ma hybrids ndikuti ndiwololera, zipatso zambiri komanso zokoma, komanso kukana kwambiri matenda.

Komabe, mitundu yonse imagawidwa malinga ndi mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwa chipatsocho, ndipo izi zimayenera kukumbukiridwa posankha mbewu. Chowonadi ndi chakuti zipatso zazikulu zopanda mpanda, zomwe mawonekedwe ake ndi ozungulira kapena ozungulira, ndizoyenererana kuti zitheke, pomwe pokonzekera masalamu tikulimbikitsidwa kuti mugwiritse ntchito mitundu yopanda khoma yopanda tsabola wokulirapo. Zipatso mawonekedwe zimagawidwa cuboid, chowulungika, cylindrical, elongated, conical komanso spherical. Palinso tsabola wokhala ndi thovu kapena malo osalala.

Ndipo mitundu imasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wa tsabola mu gawo la kusasitsa kwachilengedwe:

tsabola wofiyira m'mitundu - Alyosha Popovich, Njovu Yofiira, Swallow, Ilya Muromets, Winnie the Pooh ndi ma hybrids - Zarya, Latino ndi Red Baron;
tsabola wachikasu mumitundu - Katyusha, maluwa okongola, komanso ma hybrids - Raisa, Isabella, Indalo.

Ndizosangalatsanso kudziwa kuti wosakanizira Maxim wokhala ndi luso lakapangidwe amakhala ndi zipatso zofiirira, komanso mwachilengedwe - ofiira amdima. Mu Cardinal hybrid, tsabola amakhala ndi utoto wofiirira; mumitundu yosiyanasiyana ya Bonasi, zipatso zimatha kupakidwa utoto osiyanasiyana kuchokera kufiira wakuda mpaka njovu; Chanterelle wosakanizidwa ndi mitundu yomwe Apricot amakonda ali ndi zipatso zambiri za lalanje.

Mitundu yomwe imadziwika kwambiri ndi:

Mafuta

Mitundu yoyambirirayi imakhala ndi zipatso zokongola za utoto wofiirira. Amalemera pafupifupi 0,3 kg. Kutalika kwa tchire lozungulira kuchokera pa 0,5 mpaka 0,6 m, kumatha kukula zipatso 8 kapena 9.

Spade yofiira

Kutalika kwa tchire ndi pafupifupi 0.7 m, amatha kukula mpaka tsabola wofiyira wofiyira 15, ali ndi kulemera pafupifupi magalamu 150, ndipo makulidwe awo khoma amakhala pafupifupi 0.8 cm.

California chozizwitsa

Mtundu wam'mawa kwambiri wakhala akudziwika kwanthawi yayitali, umapsa pafupifupi masiku 75 kuyambira nthawi yodzala mbande mu dothi lotseguka. Tchire limafika kutalika kwa mamilimita 0.8. Zipatso zokhala ndi mipanda yolimba ndi mtundu wofiirira, zimalemera pafupifupi magalamu 250.

Belo wachikasu

Mitundu iyi ndi yoyambirira kucha komanso yogonjetsedwa ndi matenda onse, imakhwima masiku 65-70 okha. Mabasi kutalika amafikira 0,7-0.8 m, tsabola wachikaso wachikasu wa mawonekedwe a cuboid kutalika komanso m'mimba mwake amatha kufikira masentimita 12, khoma lakutali kuchokera ku 0.8 mpaka 1 cm.

Nyenyezi Yophatikiza yaku East

Unyinji wa zipatso zokutidwa ndi makoma ndi magalamu 150-350, mitundu yambiri ndiyabwino kucha. Zipatso zimatha kukhala ndi utoto wofiirira, chokoleti, choyera kapena chagolide.