Wokhalamo chilimwe aliyense amadziwa momwe zimavutira ndikakhala, mosamala kwambiri, mbande zomwe zidabzalidwa, zimamera ndi mphukira zochezeka ndikuyamba kukula, ndiye popanda chifukwa masamba osamba adayamba kupindika, kutembenukira chikasu ndikugwa. Kwa oyamba kumene, izi ndizosautsa mtima, koma osati alimi omwe adziwa zambiri. Zowonadi, "popanda chifukwa, popanda chifukwa" - sizichitika. Palibe zifukwa zambiri zomwe masamba amtundu wa masamba amatha kuyamba kupindika. Munkhaniyi tidzafotokozera chifukwa chomwe izi zimachitikira ndi mbande zathu komanso momwe tingathane nazo.
Masamba opotozedwa pa mbande za tsabola.
Zifukwa zazikulu zomwe zimapangitsa kupotoza masamba a mbande ndi:
- Kukula kwa tsamba
- Kuperewera kapena kuchulukirapo m'nthaka ya nayitrogeni, phosphorous kapena potaziyamu;
- Kuchoka kolakwika;
- Kuwonekera kwa tizirombo;
- Zotsatira zamatenda osiyanasiyana.
Chotsatira - tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane zifukwa zomwe tsamba limapindika la masamba, ndikuyankhula za momwe tingapewere kupezeka kwa izi komanso zomwe tingachite ngati masamba atapindika kale.
Kukula kwa tsamba
Nthawi zambiri zimawonedwa mbande za tsabola, pang'ono - zina mbewu zina. Pakakhala kuti tsamba lamkati mwa tsamba limaphuka mwachangu kwambiri kuposa tsamba lokha, ndiye kuti izi zimatha kupangitsa kuti tsamba lizipindika. Zodabwitsazi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosakhalitsa, simungathe kuwononga mbewu ndikungodikira kwakanthawi. Tsamba lotuwa limayenera kuyamba kukula bwino ndikukula.
Zolephera kapena zochulukirapo m'nthaka ya nayitrogeni, phosphorous kapena potaziyamu
Mbande zimavomera kwambiri kufooka kwa phosphorous ndi potaziyamu m'nthaka. Ndi kuchepa kwa zinthuzi m'nthaka, masamba a masamba amatha kubowoka, kupindika ndipo, monga chotulukapo chake, amakhala ngati waulesi, ngati kuti akutaya turgor chifukwa chosowa chinyezi.
Nthawi zambiri pamakhala kusintha kwa masamba a masamba a mbande, amatha kukhala opepuka, kapena, ndikupeza mtundu wakuda ndi wofiirira. Kuchulukitsa kwa feteleza m'nthaka sikuyenda bwino, izi zimathandizanso kupotoza masamba masamba.
Kupewa ndi kuwongolera
Chifukwa chake, kuchepa ndi kuchuluka kwa feteleza m'nthaka kungasokoneze mbande. Kuti mumvetsetse chifukwa chomwe kupendekera kwa masamba mu feteleza, muyenera kufufuza kaye chinyezi, ndiye kuti ndi bwino kupenda masamba kuti asapatsidwe tizirombo kapena mawanga omwe amayamba chifukwa cha matenda oyamba ndi fungus. Ndipo ngati simukupeza chimodzi kapena chimzake, ndiye kuti mwina chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira kwagona mu kuchuluka kwa feteleza m'nthaka.
Kuchuluka kwawo ndizomwe zimachitika kawirikawiri. Potere, muyenera kuthira mbewu m'nthaka yabwino, yopanda feteleza wambiri, koma kuchepa kwa feteleza m'nthaka kumatha kuchotsedwa mosavuta - mwakugwiritsa ntchito.
Timazindikira kuti mbande, nthawi zambiri, zikusowa potaziyamu weniweni. Kuperewera kwa zinthuzi kumapangitsanso kupindika kwa masamba. Kuperewera kwa potaziyamu kutha kutha ndikuwonjezera potaziyamu sulfate yosungunuka m'madzi mu kuchuluka kwa 8-10 g pachidebe chilichonse cha 50-100 g yankho lililonse chomera kapena kuwonjezera phulusa, lomwe lili ndi pafupifupi 5% potaziyamu pakapangidwe kake, komanso mbande zingapo zofunika pakukula bwino kufufuza zinthu.
Kuti muthire phulusa lamatabwa, muyenera kumasula dothi mosamala, kenako ndikuinyowetsa (makamaka kuchokera pa mfuti yonyowetsa - kenaka kumaso), kenako ndikumwaza ndi dothi la phulusa la 2-3 mm.
Chisamaliro cholakwika
Ichi ndi chifukwa chovuta, chophatikiza, chimaphatikizaponso kusowa kwowunikira, kuchulukirapo kapena kusowa chinyezi m'nthaka, ndi kutentha kolakwika koyenera. Zifukwa zonsezi zimatha kubweretsa ku tsamba kuti tsamba limaphukira bwino ndipo mmera mosamalidwa mosayenera, mbande zimatha kufa.
Kuthirira mbande ndi gawo lofunikira pa chisamaliro.
Kupewa ndi kuwongolera
Ponena za kuthirira, dothi liyenera kusungidwa pang'ono ponyowa, kupewa kupukuta kwambiri kapena kuponderezedwa kwakumapeto kwa dothi lonyowa. Ndizotheka kumvetsetsa kuti dothi limadzaza madzi ngati muwona kuti masamba omwe ali pambewu atakulungidwa, ndipo masamba amatenga kusowa kwa chinyezi potaya turgor ndikupotoza masamba pansi.
Pokhala wopanda chinyezi, mbewuzo ziyenera kuthiriridwa madzi posachedwa, ndikuchulukirapo - ndikofunikira kuwonjezera kutentha kwa chipinda ndi 4-5 ° C, siyani kuthirira kwakanthawi ndikumasula nthaka tsiku ndi tsiku, ndikupangitsa kuti chinyezi chambiri chiziwuluka.
Kuwala kumakhalanso ndi gawo lofunikira m'moyo wa chomera, motero muyenera kuyesa kupatsa mbande zina zowunikira pang'ono kwa maola angapo m'mawa ndi madzulo, komanso nyengo yamitambo - masana.
Kutentha sikuyenera kukhala kokwezeka kwambiri kapena kotsika, nthawi zambiri atafesa mbewu amayesetsa kuti azitha kusunga kutentha pa + 24 ... + 25 ° С, zitamera kale (kotero kuti mbande zisatambasuke, koma kulimba) zitha kuchepetsedwa kukhala + 16 ... 18 ° С, koma patatha sabata - onjezerani ku + 21 ... + 22 ° С. Nthawi yomweyo, ndikofunikira kuchepetsa kutentha m'chipinda momwe mbande zimamera usiku ndi madigiri angapo.
Kuwonetsedwa kwa tizilombo
Nthawi zambiri mbande, ngakhale zokulirapo panyumba, zimagwidwa ndi tizirombo. Pa mbande, nsabwe za m'masamba ndi akangaude amapezeka nthawi zambiri. Anthuwa ali pafupifupi ponseponse ndipo amakhudza mbewu zambiri zobzalidwa chifukwa cha mbande, ndipo zitha kukhala zovulaza ngakhale m'mbuyomu zomwe zikukula.
Popeza nsabwe zonse ziwiri ndi kangaude zimayamwa tizirombo, chinthu choyamba chomwe chimawoneka pamasamba ndichizimba pamalo omwe tsamba limalowedwa, ndiye kuti tsamba limataya turgor ndi curls. Ngati nsabwe za m'maso zimatha kuwoneka mosavuta ndi diso lamaliseche, ndiye kuti kangaude siosavuta kuzindikira, nthawi zambiri imakhala kumunsi kwa tsamba.
Nsabwe pamasamba a mbande ya phwetekere.
Mukatembenuza tsamba, mutha kuwona kambuku, izi ndi zina mwazinthu zokhudzana ndi izi. Ikapezeka, palibe kukayika kuti mbewuyo idayambukiridwa ndi mite ya impso. Ndikawonongeka kwambiri ndi masamba a mbande, kuwonjezera pakupotoza masamba, amatha kutembenukira chikaso ndikugwa.
Kupewa ndi kuwongolera
Tizilombo sitingathe kungoyambitsa kupotoza masamba, komanso zimapangitsa kufa kwathunthu kapena pang'ono, chifukwa chake zimayenera kumenyedwa molimbika. Mukakulitsa mbande kunyumba, sikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito "chemistry", ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito wowerengeka azitsamba.
Chifukwa chake, tincture wa anyezi mankhusu angathandize kuthana ndi nsabwe za m'masamba ndi akangaude, komwe ndikofunikira kuthira kapu ya anyezi mankhwalawa ndi lita imodzi ya madzi otentha ndikulilola kuti liphulike kwa tsiku limodzi. Kenako yankho lake liyenera kusefedwa ndikugwiriridwa ndi mbeu masiku onse atatu mpaka tizirombo atazimiririka.
Mutha kukonzanso dothi, chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kukonzekera yankho la pinkish, lofooka, potaziyamu. Kuthirira ndi yankho lotere kuyenera kuchitika ngati chithandizo ndi anyezi mankhusu sanapereke chifukwa. Gwiritsani ntchito vutoli mosamala, osapitirira kamodzi pa sabata.
Zotsatira zamatenda osiyanasiyana
Nthawi zambiri, ichi ndi matenda oyamba ndi fungus, omwe amatha kuwonekera ndi chinyezi chambiri mu dothi komanso mlengalenga komanso kutentha pang'ono mu chipinda chomwe mbande zakula. Matendawa amadziwonekeranso mosiyanasiyana, koma nthawi zambiri ndimawoneka pamtunda, omwe amatha kusintha mtundu momwe fungus ikang'ambika ndi mawonekedwe.
Ntchito yofunikira ya matenda oyamba ndi fungus imabweretsa kuti tsamba limapindika, kusintha mtundu, kenako ndikuuma ndikufa. Matenda ofala kwambiri a mbande, amachititsa kupindika kwa masamba, ndi zowola.
Kupewa ndi kuwongolera
Tiyeni tiyambire ndi prophylaxis - kuti kachilombo koyambitsa matenda osagwirizana ndi mbande zanu, ndikofunikira nthawi ndi nthawi (kamodzi pa masiku khumi) kuchitira mbande ndi 1% Bordeaux zamadzimadzi, koma ngati zizindikiro za matenda zimawoneka, muyenera kuthira mbande ndi 2% ya Bordeaux madzi masiku asanu aliwonse .
Kuphatikiza pa Bordeaux madzi, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito kulowetsedwa koyenera komwe kumaphatikiza adyo ndi anyezi. Kuti mukonzekere, muyenera kuphwanya mitu ingapo ya anyezi ndi ma 4-5 adyo a adyo mu beseni ndikuwonjezera malita asanu a madzi kutentha kwa firiji, kumulola kuti atuluke kwa maola 24, kupsyinjika ndikuchiza mbewu zomwe zakhudzidwa ndi kulowetsedwa.
Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito yankho la nitrate, kuwachiritsa matenda omwe ali ndi matenda. Kukonzekera njira yabwino kwambiri, ndikofunikira kupukusa 150 g ya mchere wamchere mu malita khumi a madzi, mmera uwu uyenera kuthandizidwa ndi botolo lopopera mpaka litachira kamodzi masiku asanu.
Ndikofunika kuphatikiza chithandizo chilichonse ndi mpweya watsopano kulowa m'chipindacho, ndiko kuti, nthawi ndi nthawi mumalowa mu chipinda chomwe mbande zadzala ndi zitseko ndi mawindo.
Mukamatola mbande, yomwe idakhudzidwa ndi matenda oyamba ndi fungus, ndikofunikira kuwonjezera padothi losakanikirana ndi fumbi la fodya, laimu yodontha ndi phulusa la nkhuni, magalamu 5-7 a chinthu chilichonse pa kilogalamu ya dothi.
Ndi kugonjetsedwa pang'ono kwa mbande yokhala ndi matenda oyamba ndi fungus, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito Whey, yomwe ikhoza kuthiridwa masamba a masamba omwe akhudzidwa.
Tikukhulupirira kuti upangiri wathu wopewa komanso kuthana ndi kupindika kwa masamba kukuthandizani kukula mbande zabwino ndikuzisamutsira kumalo obiriwira kapena munda. Kodi mumatani ndi izi? Gawani zomwe zakuchitikirani pam ndemanga pa nkhaniyi.
