Kwa zaka mazana angapo zapitazi, mphesa zomwe zakulitsidwa kwa zaka masauzande ambiri zasintha kwambiri. Mitundu yambiri yatsopano yawoneka kuti imapereka zipatso nthawi zonse ngakhale kumadera omwe anali asanamvepo zipatso zam'mvinyo. Obereketsa sanabereka mitundu yokhayi yozizira kwambiri, komanso mitundu yomwe siyikhudzidwa kwambiri ndi matenda owopsa a mbewu, omwe amatulutsa mabulashi akuluakulu komanso zipatso zabwino kwambiri zomwe sizikhala ndi mbeu iliyonse. Ndipo komabe, opanga vinyo amadziwa kuti mutha kupeza kubwezeretsa kuchokera kuchitsamba ngakhale mitundu yobala zipatso kwambiri komanso yopanda phindu pogula ntchito yambiri ndi luso polima ndi kusamalira mphesa.
Yoyamba, mbewu zikafesedwa m'nthaka, zopereka pa kukolola kwamtsogolo ndikupanga chitsamba cha mphesa, kuyambira chaka choyamba cha moyo wa mbewuyo, komanso mawonekedwe a korona wa mbewuyo, kuti ikule zipatso.
Ndi njira yabwino, pofika chaka chachinayi, chitsamba chimayamba kuoneka komaliza, koma izi sizitanthauza kuti ntchito ya wopanga vinyoyo yamalizidwa.
Kupangidwa kwa mphesa
Kusankhidwa kwa mawonekedwe a chitsamba cha mpesa, komwe kumapangitsa maonekedwe ake, kapangidwe kake ndi kuchuluka kwa mphukira zatsopano ndi msipu wobiriwira, zimatengera nyengo ya kukula, chonde cha nthaka komanso mawonekedwe a mbewuyo.
Zotsatira zoyenera kupanga chitsamba cha mphesa ndi:
- pafupipafupi ndipo, malinga ndi mawonekedwe a mitundu, kukolola kochuluka;
- kuwonjezeka koyenera kumapeto kwa nyengo yakukula;
- chomera chomwe chimalekerera nyengo yachisanu popanda mavuto ndipo sichimadwala matenda wamba a mphesa ndi tizirombo tina m'deralo;
- kupereka mbande za mphesa posamalira mosavuta;
- Kuthandizira kudulira ndi kuthilira mpesa, kupangitsanso kusinthidwa kwa zinthu zomwe zilipo.
Akaganiza kulima mphesa, alimi ena ochita kupanga maluwa amatenga thukuta, osaganizira kwambiri kudulira chitsamba. Komabe, pali mitundu yambiri yosankha komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe imakulolani kuti mupeze zotsatira zabwino pazikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana zaulimi. Mothandizidwa ndi kudulira kwa masika, chitsamba cha mphesa chimapangidwa ndi tsinde la mitunda yosiyanasiyana kapena popanda iwo.
Nthawi zambiri, alimi amakhatikiza mbande zamphesa:
- pezani mawonekedwe opanda malaya osatha, koma ndi gawo lakumaso la tsinde, lomwe chifukwa chodulira ndi maso a 1-2 kapena mphete, mphukira zatsopano zimakula;
- chosemedwa mawonekedwe ndi manja ang'onoting'ono kutalika kuchokera pa tsinde, kupuma pamtengo;
- mawonekedwe okhala ndi zolumikizira zazipatso molunjika mbali imodzi kapena ziwiri, kukula konse komwe kumagawidwa pamzere wokhazikika;
- Fomu la cordon ndi chingwe chimodzi kapena zingapo zosatha zomwe zipatso zimalumikiza kapena nthambi zimagawika. Njirayi ndi yabwino polima ndi kusamalira mphesa, imapereka zokolola zochuluka, koma ndizofala kwambiri kumadera omwe kumatentha, kumene mpesa sufuna pogona nyengo yachisanu;
- mawonekedwe okonda ndi theka-fan, kutengera trellis ndikukhala ndi mikono yambiri yazitali ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana.
Ndizosankha zosiyanasiyana zakuphatikiza zomwe zimalandilidwa kwambiri ndi omwe amapanga vinyo ku Russia, chifukwa chitsamba cha mpesa ndichosavuta kusamalira.
Chitsamba chimatha kusinthidwa ngati chikufuna, ndipo trellis ikakonzedwa, mbewuzo zimalandira mpweya wokwanira, kuwala ndi zakudya, kupereka zokolola zambiri, zimachotsedwa ndikukhazikika nthawi yachisanu. Gawo lalikulu la ntchito pakupanga chitsamba cha mphesa limachitika mu nthawi ya masika, nthawi yotentha imaphukira kwambiri komanso kumakulirakulirakulira, garter ndi njira zina zimachitika pofuna kupititsa zipatso ndi cholinga chomera.
Mphesa trellis
Popeza mphesa ndi mpesa wolimba, nthawi zambiri, kuti umalime ndi kusamalidwa mosavuta, thandizo lodalirika ndi labwino limafunikira. Kupezeka kwa nyumba zoterezi ndikofunikira pa mawonekedwe osakhazikika a korona ndikulima mitundu yolimba, komanso mukamagwiritsa ntchito mphesa pochotsa ma canopies, arbor ndi nyumba zina.
Makoma, mitengo yoikika, mitengo ndi mitengo yomwe ikukula pafupi ndi tchire itha kukhala chothandizira pa mpesa, koma kuyika trellis yapadera ya mphesa ndi njira yabwino kwambiri.
M'maluwa amateur, mitundu iwiri ya zomangamanga ndizofala kwambiri.
- vertical trellis, pomwe mphukira za mphesa zimapezeka mu ndege imodzi;
- wokhala ndi trellis, pomwe mphukira zimasanjika mu ndege ziwiri mbali imodzi.
M'magawo onse awiri, mizati yachipangizocho ndi mitengo yodalirika, pakati pawo imatambasuka mizere yolimba ya waya wolimba, yomwe imayenera kupirira osati kulemera kwa mphukira, komanso kukula kwa maburashi omwe adatsanulira. Ndege imodzi yotsekera mphesa ndizosavuta kukhazikitsa komanso yotsika mtengo, koma kupeza zokolola zochuluka kuthengo, mtundu wa ndege ziwiri ndiosavuta, ndikupatsa malo ambiri othandizira mphukira ndi kupsinjika kulemera kwa mtengo.
Kuti achepetse kulima ndi kusamalira mphesa, pakati pa ma trellises pali mipata yokwanira yochotsera tchire ndikuyikhazika panthawi yozizira, komanso kupatsanso masanja mauni okwanira, ndipo mizere sinadutse. Ndikwabwino ngati trellis ya mphesa idzapezeka kumpoto mpaka kumwera. Poterepa, kutalika kwa kapangidwe kamasankhidwa kutengera kukula kwa wophatikiza vinyo, mawonekedwe a mitundu ndi mawonekedwe osankhidwa a chitsamba.
Momwe mungamangirire mphesa
Mphesa zikamakula nthawi yakula, mphukira zimamangidwa kangapo pamizere yopingasa ya trellis kapena okhazikika pamitundu ina yothandizira. Pankhaniyi, garter, pomwe mphukira zimagawidwa mofananamo mu ndege imodzi kapena ziwiri, zimathandizira kuthetsa mavuto angapo:
- Chomera chimaperekedwa ndi kuwala kopambana ndi mawonekedwe amlengalenga.
- Kudulira kosavuta ndi kusintha kwa mtundu wobiriwira unyinji ndi tchire.
- Imathandizira kuphatikiza mphesa zapamwamba pamtunda, komanso kukhazikitsa "kudulira kobiriwira".
- Mphukira zopezeka bwino zimakula bwino.
- Chiwopsezo chotenga matenda a mphesa ndi kuwonongeka kwa tizilombo timachepa.
- Wofesa mbewu woyambira ayenera kudziwa kuti ndi liti ndipo angatani kuti amange mphesa.
Nthawi yoyamba muyenera kukonza momwe mphukira zikakhalira pafupifupi 40-50 masentimita ndikufika pamzere wapansi pa trellis. Kenako, ikamakula, zimayambira zimamangidwa motsatana ndi mizere yonse.
Ngati chovala chowongolera, ndibwino kutenga zopota zamtundu kapena zovala, twine kapena twine, kutanthauza kuti osakakamiza kapena kutsina mphukira zomwe zikulira. Ndizoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito chida chapadera chomata mmera wa mphesa womwe umakonza mphukira ndi pulasitiki. Pa trellises, pomwe waya amatambasulidwa m'mizere iwiri yolingana, mphukira zimangoyambitsa mpata, ndipo masharubu oyambira amakhazikika pakulimbikitsidwa kwakanthawi. Ngati mphesa zobzalidwa pa gazebo kapena pa denga, pomwe zimaperekedwa kwaulere, zimasamaliridwa, ndiye kuti mphukira zotere siziyenera kumangidwa.
Msipu
M'miyezi yotentha, kukula ndi kusamalira mphesa sizitengera kudulira kwa mphukira zosatha, koma simungathe kuchita popanda kuchotsa mbali zina zobiriwira za mbewu. Kutengera mitundu ya mphesa, katundu amene chitsamba, komanso momwe mbewu zimakhalira, kuchokera ku masamba ophukira chaka chino, mbewu zimatha kutulutsa mphukira zachiwiri. Ngati simumachotsa ana opeza, amachotsa michere yofunika kwambiri pachaka chamtsogolo ndikuchotsa chitsamba chonse. Kuchulukana kwa tchire kumakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu chotukula matenda a mphesa monga thonje ndi thonje. Chifukwa chake, sikoyenera kudikirira kukula kwa mphukira zonenepa.
Ngati zigawo zazifupi ndi chilimwe kudyetsa mphesa kumakhala kuchotsera kwathunthu kwa mphukira poyambira kukula, kumwera, makamaka mukamakula mitundu yoyambira, timatanthazi timafupikitsa kuti tipeze zipatso zowonjezerapo zipatso nthawi yophukira.
Ndipo nthawi zina, mwachitsanzo, pamene mpesa uli ndi chisanu kapena matalala, msipu suchitika ayi. Stepsons m'malo mwa kusowa wobiriwira misa pachitsamba ndi kuthandiza kuyambiranso kukula kwa chitsamba.
Njira zopewera komanso kupatsa chakudya kwa mphesa
Kupeza kukolola kwa mphesa kwapamwamba kwambiri komanso kosasunthika sikungatheke popanda kupereka mbewuzo ndi kuchuluka kwa zakudya. Kukula pa trellis kumapatsa mwayi wolimi wogwiritsa ntchito mphesa, gwero labwino la zakudya ndi mchere.
Chofunikira kwambiri pakubzala mitengo ya mphesa chapamwamba ndi:
- asanakhale ndi maluwa;
- pa nthawi yomwe zipatso zimayambira;
- masiku angapo asanakolole.
Pakudyetsa mbande za mphesa ndi tchire akuluakulu zimagwiritsa ntchito yankho lomwe lili ndi 5% superphosphate, 0,5% ammonium sulfate ndi 1% yamchere wa potaziyamu. Zipatsozo zikayamba kucha, mpesa sufunikiranso nayitrogeni, koma micronutrients monga zinc ndi boron ukhoza kuwonjezeredwa pakuvala kwapamwamba.
Pambuyo pa maluwa, tchire limathandizidwa ndi yankho la 1% ya boric acid kuphatikiza fungus yomwe imalepheretsa kukula kwa downy mildew, matenda omwe amapezeka pamtunda wambiri ndipo amakhala ndi vuto osati pakubzala kwamtsogolo, komanso chomera chonse cha mphesa. Chovala chomaliza cha mphesa chomaliza chikhoza kuchitika potsatira kulowetsedwa kwa phulusa. Kubweretsa mavalidwe oterowo, komanso kupopera mbewu tchire ndi fungicides ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kumachitika madzulo, kutentha kumatsika, dzuwa silingawotche masamba ndi inflorescence kapena nyengo yotentha. Kutsalira kwakutali kwa ndalama kumakhalabe kwamtundu wobiriwira, ndizowonjezera zomwe zimachitika.
Momwe mungayendetsere mphesa mvula ikagwa, pomwe fungicides ndi kufufuza zinthu zimatsukidwa?
Mvula ikayamba kugwa, chithandizo chimabwerezedwanso posachedwa, kulabadira kupopera tchire ndi Ridomil, makamaka panthawi yomwe maluwa atha kumalizidwa kale, ndipo zikuwoneka kuti pherezi zimayamba.
Matenda owopsa a mphesa ndi oidium, omwe nthawi zambiri amakula nyengo yotentha komanso yotentha. Njira yoyamba yothandizira kupewa matendawa imachitika mchaka. Ngati kuwala koyera kumapezeka pa mphukira, masamba ndi zipatso, poyambira njira yothandiza yothetsera ufa wa powdery kudzakhala kuphatikiza mphesa ndi koloko ndi potaziyamu permanganate mwanjira yofiyira pang'ono yapinki.
Nthawi yomweyo, musaiwale kuti kutha kwa zovala zapamwamba ndi zida zotchinjiriza kuli kokwanira kwambiri ngati malamulo onse okulira ndi kusamalira mphesa akatsatiridwa, namsongole ndi mphukira zowonjezera zimachotsedwa pa nthawi, mpweya ndi zakudya zimapezeka kwa mphukira zonse.
