Nkhaka ndi chikhalidwe chotchuka cha dzungu, chomera chamtchire chamchaka chilichonse chimakula bwino poyera komanso m'malo otetezeka. Ziphuphu zakula bwino ndi anthu kwa zaka zoposa 6,000; amachokera kumapiri a Himalaya ndipo amatchulidwa m'Baibulo. Ngakhale idachokera kale, nkhaka idakali gawo la zakudya zamayiko ambiri ndipo zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino kukonza zakudya zambiri zokoma ndi zathanzi.
Chifukwa chakudya chomwe masamba ali nacho, amakhala ndi anthu ambiri omwe amawakonda padziko lonse lapansi: mulibe mapuloteni, zakudya ndi mafuta, koma ali ndi potaziyamu yambiri, yomwe ingafunikire thanzi la mtima ndi impso, mavitamini, kuphatikiza carotene, komanso kuchuluka kwa zinthu zina. . Kuyambira kale, nkhaka zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chomera mankhwala, komanso zodzola.
Zambiri za kukula mbande zamkhaka
Kuti tikule bwino mbande zamakaka kunyumba, ndikofunikira kutsatira malamulo angapo:
- Kusankhidwa kwa dothi.
- Nthawi yodzala nkhaka za mbande.
- Mawonekedwe opepuka.
- Mitundu yotentha.
- Kubzala mbande za nkhaka mu wowonjezera kutentha.
Wokula bwino komanso wokonzekera kubzala mbande zamatchuke ayenera kukhala ndi masamba ochepa, tsamba lalifupi lolimba, mtundu wobiriwira wobiriwira, mizu yolimba (ngati kuthekera kwa mbande kumawonekera, ziyenera kuwonekeratu kuti mtanda wonse wa nthaka udali ndi mizu).
Kuti tikule mbande zamatchu kuti zikhale wowonjezera kutentha, ndikofunikira kusankha zina zotchedwa parthenocarpic, kapena mitundu yodzipukutira tokha yomwe safuna thandizo la njuchi ndi tizilombo tina. Ngati mbande zakonzedwa kuti zitheke, njuchi mungu wochokera mumtengawu ndiyonso yabwino.
Mbewu zomwe zimagulitsidwa zimabwera pamitundu yosiyanasiyana - wamba, yokonzedwa ndi granular.
- Mbewu zachikhalidwe zimayenera kuwerengedwa ndi kutayidwa zisanabzalidwe: Nthawi yomweyo zolumala ndi zing'onozing'ono zimasankhidwa nthawi yomweyo, ndipo zotsalazo zimamizidwa mu yankho lamphamvu la mchere wa patebulo - mbewu zotumphukazo sizoyenera, ndipo zonse zidzatsika. Amasankhidwa, kutsukidwa bwino ndi madzi oyera ndikuwuma kapena kukonzedwa kuti afesere.
- Mbeu zochitidwa zakonzedwa kuti zibzalidwe, nthawi zambiri zimalimbikitsidwa kuti zibzalidwe panthaka pokhapokha, chifukwa zimakutidwa ndi tinthu tating'ono ta antifungal ndi antimicrobial. Mbeu za granular, kuwonjezera pa zoteteza, zimaphimbidwanso ndi michere yomwe imapereka chiyambi chabwino ku mbewu zosakhwima.
- Mbeu zoyesedwa kuti zimere zimafuna chinyontho ndi kutentha. Ngati zinthu ziwiri izi sizikwaniritsidwa, nthanga zomwe zidasokonekera zitha kufa. Nthawi zambiri amakhala atakulungidwa mu nsalu yonyowa ndipo amayikidwa pamalo okhala ndi kutentha kwambiri (pafupifupi madigiri 30). Mbewu zomwe zimapanga msana waung'ono ziyenera kubzalidwa nthawi yomweyo.
Nkhani yofunika yopeza mbande zabwino za nkhaka kunyumba ndi nthawi yodzala nkhaka za mbande.
Izi zikachitika molawirira, mbande zimamera, zimatambalala, ndipo zimasalala. Mbande zotere sizingatheke kupanga chomera champhamvu komanso chopatsa thanzi.
Ngati kubzala nkhaka kwa mbande kuachedwetsa, mbewuzo zimakhala zochepa kwambiri komanso zopanda mphamvu, kuzika mizu m'nthaka kumatenga nthawi yambiri ndipo mbewuyo idzachedwa.
Nthawi yoyenera kubzala mbewu za nkhaka za mbande ndi masiku 20-25 lisanachitike tsiku lomwe linakonzedwa kuti lisagwe mu dothi kapena wowonjezera kutentha.
Kusankhidwa kwa dothi la mbande zamkaka
Kuti mbewu ikule ndi kupanga zipatso zambiri, ndikofunikira kubzala mbewu za nkhaka m'nthaka, zofanana ndi kapangidwe kamakemikali ndi makina omwe mbewuyo imapitilirabe moyo. Poterepa, mizu ya nkhaka yachichepere imakhala yosavuta kukula m'malo atsopano ndikupezananso kutsika.
Masamba oyamba a cotyledon akangowonekera, mbande za nkhaka ziyenera kuikidwa pamalo ozizira komanso owoneka bwino. Izi ndizofunikira kuti gawo la tsinde pansi pa cotyledons lisatambasuke, ndikupanga mbande yofooka, yosalimba. Kuwala kumafunikira kwambiri, koma kuwunika mwachindunji kuyenera kupewedwa - amatha kuwotcha masamba achidule komanso ofewa. Tenthetsani mbande ndi madzi ofunda, othiridwa mu theka loyambirira la tsiku m'masiku opanda dzuwa kapena m'malo otetezedwa ndi dzuwa.
Ziphuphu zimakonda mpweya wonyowa, koma osalekerera "kuchoka" usiku ndi masamba onyowa - motere, mbewu zimafalitsa matenda oyamba ndi fungus.
Kuphwanya kutentha kwa boma, monga kutentha kwambiri ndi kuchepa kwa nthawi yayitali kwa mbande, makamaka kuphatikiza ndi chinyezi chamlengalenga ndi nthaka, zimayambitsa matenda "amiyendo yakuda". Ndi mawonekedwe onyansa awa, malo akuda amawonekera pansi pa tsinde la chomera, pafupi ndi nthaka yomwe, ndikupangitsa khungu kufa ndi kufa kwa gawo lonse lobiriwira. Sizingatheke kupulumutsa mbewu yomwe yakhudzidwa, iyenera kuchotsedwa mwachangu ndikuwonongeka limodzi ndi nthaka - ndiye gwero la nthendayo. Mbewu zotsala ziyenera kuthandizidwa ndi fungicides.
Mulingo woyenera kwambiri wopezeka ndi mbande zamkaka:
- Soddy kapena humus land.
- Peat.
- Mchenga.
- Mapa (onjezani pansi pa thanki kuti muthetse chinyontho). Dongo lomwe limakulitsidwa, vermiculite, husk la mpendadzuwa ndi zinthu zina za adsorbent zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ngalande.
Kubzala mbewu moyenera
Mbeu zakakonzedwa kapena zopangiridwa ziyenera kubzalidwa mumzimbani, popeza nkhaka sizilekerera kuwonongeka kwa mizu pakuzika. Mbeu zotere zimazika nthawi yayitali, kudwala ndipo zimatha kufa. Ngakhale chomera chokhazikika chimakhala chopanda zipatso zambiri kuposa kubzala mugalasi ndikubzala ndi dothi lonse lapansi.
Ndikofunikira kubzala nkhaka kwa mbande za mbewu ziwiri mu thanki imodzi yobzala kuti zitsimikizire kuchuluka kwa mbewu. Mutakhwimitsa nthangala ndikukula masamba a cotyledon, chomera chofooka chimayenera kuchotsedwa, apo ayi mbewu zonse zamatchumizo zimafooka chifukwa cha mpikisano wamadzi, kuwala ndi michere. Simungathe kukoka kapena kutulutsa chomera - chimatha kukoka mizu yofowoka ya mmera womwe udatsala nawo ndikuwawononga. Njira yosavuta ndikudula pang'onopang'ono kapena kudula pansi, mbali yotsalayo imayamba kuwola pang'onopang'ono popanda chomera chachiwiri. Tsopano mmera ukhala waukulu ndipo udzapeza michere yambiri.
Zoyenera kuchita ngati mbande zamkhaka zokulitsidwa?
Mbande zokhala ndi maapozi abwinobwino ndizofala nthawi zambiri zikakula kunyumba. Kuti izi zisachitike, muyenera kusintha njira ziwiri zokulira mbande zamatango - kutentha ndi kuwala.
Kutentha kwa mpweya kuyenera kuchepetsedwa mpaka madigiri 15, ndipo mbande zikuyenera kuwunikiridwa, ngati kuli kuwala pang'ono, izi ziyenera kuchitidwa kuzungulira nthawi.
Pamawindo owala, ndikokwanira kukhazikitsa magalasi am'mbali ndi apamwamba omwe amawalitsa kuwala kwa mbande. Nthawi zina zimakhala zokwanira kupanga makapu ndi nkhaka kutali ndi wina ndi mnzake, makamaka ngati ali ndi masamba akulu akulu omwe amabisala wina ndi mzake.
Ngati mbande ndizitali kwambiri, zitha kuthandizidwa mukadzala pansi. Chomera chotere chimayikidwa mosamala ndi mosamala m'miyala ya cotyledons kapena pang'onopang'ono owazidwa ndi nthaka yotentha ndi yolimba. Chofunikira kwambiri kuti mbewu yabwino ikhale ndi moyo ndikuyibzala m'nthaka yolungidwa bwino, yosasungunuka.
Ngati kunali koyenera kuwabzala m'nthaka yozizira, dziko lapansi mozungulira choterocho limakutidwa ndi filimu yakuda yopanda mafuta yomwe imatenga kutentha kwa dzuwa ndikuwonjezera chinyezi chowonjezera. Poterepa, gawo la tsinde lomwe linavumbulidwa pansi silidzawola, koma limapatsa mizu ina ndikuthandizira mmera wopanda mphamvu. Pakapita kanthawi, imadzakhala mbewu yolimba komanso zobiriwira monga wina aliyense.
Mbande za nkhaka mwachangu zimayamba kuphukira, ngakhale mumbale zoyamba masamba amapangidwa kale. Izi sizikukoka mtundu wa mbande zamathanzi wathanzi, koma zimatha kutenga mphamvu zazing'ono kuchokera kwa ofooka.
Kwa mbande zotere, ndibwino kuti muchotse maluwa oyamba ndikupatsa mbewu ija mizu muzu, kukonza bwino thanzi ndikukhazikitsa chitsamba cholimba.
Mtengowu umabala zipatso mochedwa kupitilira zina, koma udzapeza nthawi yotaika ndipo udzakhala wofanana pakukolola kwa mbeu zina zonse. Wobzalidwa ndi masamba kapena maluwa, mbande zofooka kapena zazitali zimadwala kwa nthawi yayitali, zimatha kuponya masamba komanso thumba losunga mazira, ndipo chifukwa chake zimadzabala zipatso zochepa.
Nthambi za nkhaka zobzalidwa panthaka kapena mu wowonjezera kutentha ndizofunikira kwambiri chinyezi cha mpweya kuposa mbewu zina, koma sizingathe kulekerera ngati madzi atuluka usiku. Pakadali pano, mbande zimatenga matendawa pang'onopang'ono, pomwe m'minda yonse kapena "anthu" onsewa amatha kufa.
Chifukwa chake, nkhaka zimathiridwa m'mawa ndi madzi ofunda, kuyesera kuti masamba asakhale onyowa mpaka madzulo. Ngati ndi kotheka, mbewu zimapoperedwa, koma kuti ikhale ndi nthawi youma usiku.
Ziphuphu ndi imodzi mwazomera zabwino kwambiri zam'munda, zomwe, mosasamala pang'ono komanso mwachidwi, amathokoza eni ake ndi zokolola zambiri komanso zokoma.
Werengani za kukula kwa nkhaka mu wowonjezera kutentha m'nkhani yathu yotsatira.
