Grapefruit (Citrus paradiso) ndi msanga wobiriwira wokhazikika wa banja la Rutov. Malo obadwira chikhalidwe ndi Southeast Asia. Pazinthu zachilengedwe, imakula ku USA, Mexico, Argentina, Middle East ndi Pacific, mpaka kutalika kwa 5 mpaka 6. Mitundu ina ndi zimphona zenizeni zotalika pafupifupi 15 m.
Kodi mtengo wa mphesa umakula bwanji m'chipinda? (Ndi chithunzi)
Chikhalidwe cha "mafashoni" adayamba m'zaka zapitazi, pomwe "zakudya zamavinyo" zadyera zidayamba kutchuka. Kuyambira pamenepo, ntchito yake yolima nyumba ndi nyumba ndi alimi ena amateur yayamba.
M'nyumba zamkati zimamera mpaka 1.5-2 m masamba Masamba achikopa, chonyezimira, chobiriwira, chochuluka kuposa icho cha lalanje, 10-20 cm, kupindika pang'ono pansipa, pa petioles zazitali.
Imatha kuphuka ndi kubala zipatso mchipindacho. Limamasula mu masika, maluwa ndi akulu, oyera ndi pinki tint ndi fungo lamphamvu, osakwatiwa kapena wophatikizidwa burashi.
Zipatsozo ndizazikulu (300-400 g), peel zawo ndizowonda kwambiri (kuyambira 1 mpaka 1.2 cm). Amasiyanitsidwa ndi kukhalapo kwa zamkoma chokoma komanso yowutsa mudyo. Zipatso zimacha kumapeto kwa Okutobala - Novembala.
Ndikofunika kukulitsa ana achichepere m'chipindacho pazenera zenera. Zomera zazikulu zimakhala bwino kwambiri m'malo otetezeka, m'malo osungira kapena ofesi.
Mphesa zomwe zimapanga maluwa ndi zipatso zikuwoneka, zithunzi zomwe zili pansipa - ziwerengereni kuti mumve bwino za "mtengowu wobiriwira":
Kufotokozera zamitundu ya mphesa ndi mitundu: chithunzi ndi kufotokoza kwa mbewu
Kutengera mtundu wa zipatso zamkati, zipatso za mphesa zimagawidwa m'mitundu iyi: ofiira ndi achikasu (oyera) ndi mnofu wachikasu. Pafupifupi mitundu 20 ya zikhalidwe idapangidwa mkati mwawo, yomwe, kuphatikiza mtundu wa thupi ndi peel, imasiyananso ndi kuchuluka kwa mbewu zomwe zimakhala mkati. Palinso mitundu yomwe ilibe mafupa konse.
Mitundu yabwino kwambiri imawerengedwa:
Chipatso cha Mphesa "Rio Red".
"Lawi".
"Star Ruby."
Mphesa "Duncan".
Chipatso cha "Mphesa".
Chipatso cha Mphesa "Marichi".
Chipatso cha Mphesa "Ruby Red".
Lawi la Mphesa.
Chipatso cha "Mphesa".
"Oroblanco."
"Melogold".
Zinthu zitatu zoyambirira kutchulidwa ndizonthi za ku America. Adaziwotcha ku Texas pamtundu wofiyira, wokhala ndi dzina la 1929, lotchedwa "Ruby".
Duncan amatenga imodzi yakale kwambiri komanso yotchuka kwambiri pamsika. Mosiyana ndi zomwe zili pamwambazi, iye ndi nthumwi ya mphesa zoyera. Zosiyanasiyana ndizotchuka chifukwa cha zipatso zazikulu, zomwe zimatha kusiyanasiyana kuchokera kuzungulira mpaka kumapeto pa "mitengo". Amadziwika ndi sing'anga makulidwe okhala ndi mawonekedwe osalala. Kuguza kumakhala ndi kukoma kosangalatsa, kununkhira kosalekeza, komwe kumakhala ndi mbewu, kumagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga timadziti. Malinga ndi zipatso zakupsa, zipatsozi ndi m'gulu la zipatso zoyambira pang'ono. Mitengo imakhala yotchuka chifukwa cha kuthana kwambiri ndi chisanu komanso zipatso zambiri.
Makamaka amtundu "Wofiyira" wosiyanasiyana ndikusoweka kwa mbeu zamkati, mthunzi wake womwe umasiyanasiyana kuchokera ku pinki yowala kupita pofiyira.
Pakutha kwa nyengo, mtundu wake umatha kuzimiririka, kukhala wonyezimira. Kufotokozera kwa chipatso cha mphesa ichi kumathandizidwa ndi zithunzi zokongola - onani mawonekedwe ake ponseponse komanso mawonekedwe odulidwa.
Chipatso cha "Mphesa" - Chimodzi mwazomera zakale zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimakhala ndi zipatso zazing'onoting'ono zokhala ndi chikaso chowoneka ngati chikasu, chotsekemera, chofewa, chonunkhira, chophimbidwa ndi peel yachikasu ndi mawonekedwe osalala. Pali mbewu zochepa mkati. Kukoma kwa chipatso ndikumalunjika - kokoma ndi wowawasa, chifukwa chake kumagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga timadziti.
Chipatso cha mphesa "Ruby Red" Ili ndi khungu la mtundu wapadera - wachikasu, wokhala ndi utoto wamtambo wowala bwino. Khungu limakhala lolimba, losalala. Ma zamkati mkati mulibe mbewu, ndi utoto wofiirira, ndipo ndi wotchuka chifukwa cha kukoma kwake. Yang'anani chithunzichi - akuwonetsa momwe mtengo wokhala ndi zipatso za mphesa izi zikuwoneka:
Lawi la Mphesa - Woimilira wina wokhala ndi peel pigment. Pansi pake ndi utoto wachikaso, mawanga ndi ofiira. Mawonekedwe ake ndi osalala. Dongosolo limakhala ndi ubweya wofiirira wambiri, wokhathamira komanso shuga. Kulawa kowawa kwa zipatso monga mphesa kulibe, komwe mitundu iyi imakondedwa padziko lonse lapansi.
Mitundu yazipatso zoyera za chipatso choyera ndi msuzi wosalala, wachikaso wowoneka bwino, komanso peyala yofewa, yachikasu, yowutsa mudyo, yopanda zipatso. Chifukwa cha kutsekemera kwake, zipatsozi ndi zofunika kwambiri monga zokongoletsera za saladi zamtchire, zokhwasula-khwasula, zovala zaiwisi. Onani kuwoneka kwa zipatso zakupsa ndi Mtengo Wamphesa Woyera pazithunzi pansipa:
Oroblanco zimasiyana ndi zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zipatso zomwe zimakhala zazing'ono kwambiri kukula ndi kulemera. Nthawi yomweyo, peel yawo imakhala yowonda, ndipo thupi loyera limakhala lokoma kwambiri. Zosiyanasiyana ndizazikhalidwe zosadziwika.
"Melogold" - komanso mphesa zopanda mbewu mkati. Dziko lakwawo ndi United States, California. Zosafunikira pa kutentha poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina. Peel ndi yocheperako, kulemera ndi kukula kwa chipatso ndichabwino kwambiri. Mphesa "Melogold" ndi zipatso zamkati, zokoma kwambiri, ndi zipatso za pambuyo pake.
Mitundu ina yotchuka:
Mphesa "Duncan Foster" ("Duncan Fosteriana") - zipatso zokhala ndi thupi la pinki;
Thompson mphesa (C. paradise var. Tompsonii) - limamasula masika, zipatso zipsa mu Novembala - December.
Momwe mungakulire chipatso cha mphesa kuchokera pambewu ndi zodulidwa kunyumba
Njira zosavuta kwambiri komanso zofala kwambiri pofalitsa mitundu yambiri ya mphesa ndikukula kuchokera mu mbewu. Kuti muchite izi, muyenera kusankha zipatso zokhwima kwathunthu ndikuchotsa mbewu zamkati zomwe zili ndi mawonekedwe oyenera. Kuti mupeze zotsatira za 100%, ndikulimbikitsidwa kubzala mbewu zingapo nthawi imodzi, chifukwa si zonse zomwe zingakhale zotheka.
Simuyenera kuumitsa kaye mbewu: mutachotsa zamkati, mutha kuziyika nthawi yomweyo dothi lomwe limathiridwa m'maluwa ochepa (fupa lirilonse limakhala ndi chosungira). Potere, gawo lapansi lidzakhala dothi la maluwa ndi peat, lotengedwa mulingo wa 1: 1. Ndikulimbikitsidwanso kuti ndiziwonjezera mchenga wamtsinje.
Kuti tikule zipatso za mphesa kuchokera pamtunduwu, mbewu iyenera kuzama ndi masentimita awiri ndikuthira madzi pang'ono kutentha. Kenako duwa lophikalo liyenera kuphimbidwa ndi thumba la pulasitiki lowonekera ndikuyika chipinda chofunda komanso choyatsa.
Muyenera kutsegula mini-greenhouse kuti mpweya wabwino tsiku ndi tsiku, ndikuthiririra ngati dothi lomera. Mbande zomwe zikulamulidwa ndi malamulowa ziyenera kuwonekera pa 14-16th tsiku.
Maluwa awiri akangotulutsa masamba, amachotsa polyethylene, onetsetsani kuti kuwala kwa dzuwa sikugwera pachomera. Koma chipindacho chimayenera kukhala chotentha komanso chowala.
Kukula kwa mphesa zakunyumba kunyumba pogwiritsa ntchito njere kumatanthauza kuti ndikusintha mtengowo nkukhala chidebe chachikulu, ukangotalika mpaka 10 mpaka 13. Kuchita njirayi, muyenera kuonetsetsa kuti mizu yomwe sinakhwimebe imavulala.
Chipatso chaching'ono cha mphesa chobzala kuchokera kunyumba kunyumba chikuwonetsedwa pachithunzichi - yamikirani kukongola kwa mtengowo, womwe umapezeka mwakuwona malingaliro omwe ali pamwambapa:
Kufalikira kwa mitundu yopanda mbewu kumachitika ndi kudulidwa. Ndondomeko ikulimbikitsidwa mu Marichi - Epulo kapena Juni - Julayi. Ndikofunikira kudula zodula ndi kutalika kwa 8 mpaka 10 cm, pomwe pali masamba 6. Asanakulitse zipatso za mphesa kuchokera kumata odulira kunyumba, zopangirazo ziyenera kuyikidwa mumchenga wonyowa wa mitsinje ndikuphimbidwa ndi polyethylene pamwamba. Kuti mizu ichitike mwachangu, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti tizisinthasintha kutentha mu mini-wowonjezera kutentha pamtunda kuchokera +23 mpaka +25 ̊С. Pambuyo pakuwonekera kwa mizu (nthawi zambiri zimatenga pafupifupi masabata awiri), mutha kudzala zidutswazidutswa zosakaniza tsamba ndi malovu amtundu, humus ndi mchenga (2: 1: 1: 0.5), ndikuyika chosanjikiza pansi pa mphika. Kuwala, malo, kuthirira ndi mmera kumafunikira chimodzimodzi ngati mukuganiza zokulitsa chipatso cha mphesa kuchokera pambewu.
Kubwezeretsanso Katemera. Itha kumanikizidwa pa mbande za mphesa zomwe zakululidwa kunyumba. Kubala kumachitika chaka cha 4-5.
Njirayi imatha kuyambika kokha mchaka - mpaka chiyambi cha Meyi. Pakadali pano, kusuntha kwambiri kwa timadziti mu chomera ndi njira za kukula kumawonedwa. Magawo pa scion ndi chitsa ayenera kuchitidwa ndi chida chakuthwa, chilichonse chimagwirira ntchito yosalala komanso yachangu. Zigawo za cambial za scion ndi chitsa zimalumikizidwa ndi kulondola kwakukulu, ndipo chifukwa cha izi zigawozo ziyenera kukhala zofanana.
Mgwirizanowu umapanikizika mwamphamvu, wokutidwa ndi tepi yofewa yolimbikitsa.
Pakufunsa momwe mungakhalire mphesa wamphamvu komanso wathanzi, alimi odziwa ntchito amayankha: patsani scion yokhala ndi chinyezi chambiri. Kuti muchite izi, tikulimbikitsidwa kupukutira thumba pansi pa cholumikizira, kutsanulira ubweya wa thonje wonyowa kapena chidutswa cha sphagnum moss pafupi ndi katemera, ndikukhazikitsa thumba kuti scion ili mkati mwake. Kenako mwayi wokhala ndi katemera wopambana wa katemera udzachuluka kwambiri.
Momwe mungabzalire zipatso za mphesa mumphika watsopano
Zomera mpaka zaka 5-6 zimasinthidwa chaka chilichonse, mtsogolo - kamodzi pachaka 3-4. Njirayi ndiyofunikira ngati mizu itakhazikika dothi mumphika ndikuyamba kutuluka kuchokera kumabowo omwe ali pansi pa maluwa.
Chomera chachikulire chimafunikira kuwonjezera gawo lapansi mwatsopano pachaka. Pakujambulidwa, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito nthaka yachonde yokhala ndi chizindikiro chosagwirizana ndi acidity. Zabwino kwa mtengo wamphesa wamkati ndizoyenera ndipo gawo lomalizidwa "Ndimu". Mutha kukonza dothi lenileni kuchokera pa chinsalu ndi kuwaza nthaka, humus ndi mchenga (2: 1: 1: 0.5). Ndikofunikira kuti zodzaza ndi zinthu zonse zofunika kufufuza (boron, cobalt, manganese, zinki, ndi zina) ndi macrocell (nayitrogeni, potaziyamu, calcium, mkuwa, magnesium, sulfure, phosphorous). Ndikulimbikitsidwanso kuyika misomali ingapo mu gawo lapansi, chifukwa mbewu zam'malo otentha komanso zotentha zimafunika kukhalapo kwa chitsulo pansi. Mothandizidwa ndi acidic secretions kuchokera kumizu, ma macrocell amatha kuoneka bwino kuchokera kumisomali, chifukwa chomwa ndi mbewu.
Musanabzale mphesa m'maluwa atsopano, ndikofunikira kuyika ngalande kuchokera pa 5 mpaka 8 masentimita pansi pa beseni kuti madzi owonjezera asasunthike muzu ndikuyambitsa kuvunda kwake. Dengali limatha kukhala ndi miyala ing'onoing'ono, povu ya polystyrene, dongo lotukulidwa.
Pothira, njira yopatsirana imagwiritsidwa ntchito, momwe nthaka yomwe mizu singasokonekere, koma imasungidwa mumphika watsopano. Kusowa kwadzaza ndi gawo lapansi latsopano. Njira imeneyi imapweteketsa kwambiri chitsa chazomera.
Zovuta za Striking Strape: Kutsirira, kuphatikiza, ndi kudulira
Mphesa zimafunikira zenera lowala dzuwa. M'chilimwe, isanayambike chisanu, mbewuyo imatha kusungidwa m'munda, pakhonde, poyatsira malo. M'nyengo yozizira - m'chipinda chowala. Kutalika konse kwa masana mukamakula zipatso za mphesa zizikhala maola 10 mpaka 12.
Ndikwabwino kuyikapo maluwa pam'mawa kapena kumadzulo kwawindo. Ngati mphika uli pazenera lakumwera, ndiye kuti muyenera kusamalira shading yake masana. Pazenera loyang'ana kumpoto, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito phytolamp kukonza zowunikira zowonjezereka. M'dzinja ndi nthawi yachisanu, kuwunikira kowonjezereka kukufunika mulimonsemo, mosasamala kanthu komwe kali ndi choterocho ndi chomera.
M'nyengo yachilimwe komanso nyengo yotentha, makulitsidwe oyenera a chikhalidwecho ali mkati mwa + 20 ... +27 ° С; nthawi yozizira, kuzizira kumafunikira - kuyambira +4 mpaka +8 ° С. Timabzala zipatso m'mphepete mwake - ndipo zimakusangalatsani ndi maluwa ambiri ndi zipatso.
Zizindikiro zabwino za chinyezi cha mbewuyi ndizapakatikati: kuchokera pa 50 mpaka 60%. Kuti muwonjezere nyengo yotentha, tikulimbikitsidwa kupopera mbewuzo tsiku lililonse ndi utsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi ofewa firiji. Timaloleza kusamba ofunda kwa mtengo.
Kuthirira ndikofunikira nthawi zonse, nthawi yotentha - yochulukirapo, koma madzi osayenda sayenera kuloledwa, apo ayi nthaka idzakhala yotentha ndipo mizu yake imavunda. Chifukwa cha kuyanika kwa gawo lapansi, chikhalidwecho chitha kufa.
Kusamalira banja kwa mphesa kumapereka: ngati pali kutentha kwambiri kunja kwenera, kuthirira kuyenera kukhala tsiku ndi tsiku, koma ngati kutentha kumakhala koyenera, monga momwe dothi lakumiyilo limawuma. M'nyengo yozizira, kuthirira kwa kuthirira kumachepetsedwa kwambiri - nthaka imawuma pang'onopang'ono chifukwa cha kuzizira.
Pamagetsi, tengani madzi amtsinje kapena madzi osenda kwambiri. Ngati sizotheka kupeza madzi otere, ndiye kuti mutha kugwiritsa ntchito bomba lomwelo, koma liyenera kukhala loyosefedwa kapena lotetezedwa kwa masiku angapo.
Kukula mtengo wa mphesa kunyumba kumatanthauza kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza nthawi zonse. Zomera zimadyetsedwa kuyambira Epulo mpaka Seputembara, kawiri pamwezi, ndi feteleza wovuta kwa mbewu za zipatso. Ngati mtengowo umasungidwa nthawi yozizira m'chipinda chokhala ndi boma lotentha pang'ono, ndiye kuti kudyetsa kumayimitsidwa. Ngati matenthedwe apamwamba kuposa momwe analimbikitsira, kudyetsa kuyenera kuchitidwa, koma kamodzi masiku 30.
Onani chithunzichi ndi chithunzi cha zipatso za mphesa zomwe zimakhazikitsidwa kunyumba pansi pa zikhalidwe zakusungidwa ndi malamulo osamalira:
Ichi ndi gawo lofunikira pakusamalira mitengo. Nthawi zambiri chimachitika machitidwe - 2 atsopano amakula pamalo omwe adawombera. Ndikulimbikitsidwa nthawi yomweyo kuti muganize kuti mtengowo umafunikira kutalika liti. Chotsatira, osasiya zoposa 2 kapena 3 nthambi zonyamula katundu, pomwe korona amayikidwa. Ndikofunikira kuti mawonekedwe azomera azidulidwenso ndi kudulira chaka chilichonse. Kodi korona wa mphesa amakula bwanji, mawonekedwe, owerengera pachithunzichi pansipa - akuwonetsa bwino momwe angapangire:
Tizilombo ndi Matenda a Grapefruit
Nthawi zambiri, mbewuyi imadwala tizirombo monga:
- Mealybugs.
- Zosintha.
- Ma kangaude ofiira.
Zakuti m'modzi mwa iwo adagwa pamtengowo zikuwoneka ndiwowoneka tsamba lowonda, utoto wamafuta, bulauni, kutuwa kwamaso, kupindika kwa masamba amphepete m'mphepete mwa ma puncture kudera lawo lonse, chikasu cha masamba ndikugwa kwake.
Kuti muchepetse majeremusi, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zipatso za mphesa nthawi yomweyo. Pali njira zingapo zoyendetsera majeremusi - uku ndi imodzi mwazomwe mungagwiritse ntchito:
- Sopo (30 g ya sopo yochapira pa 10 l ya madzi).
- Mowa (kulowetsedwa kwa mankhwala a calendula).
- Mafuta (madontho awiri a rosemary ofunika mafuta pa 1 lita imodzi yamadzi).
Kugwiritsa ntchito chinthu chomwe mukufuna kuti mulowetse thonje ndikugwiritsira ntchito pochotsa tizilombo ku chomera. Ngati pali ambiri a iwo, ndibwino kupopera chisoti ndi chisankho chosankhidwa. Pakawonongeka kwambiri, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo (Actellik, Actara). Ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamalitsa malinga ndi malangizo omwe ali muphukusili. Mwina milungu ingapo, muyenera kukonzanso korona wamtundu wa mphesa, ngati tizirombo tosatulutsa kaye.
Mwa zina mwa matenda achikhalidwe, matenda omwe amafala kwambiri ndi ma virus komanso fungal mwachilengedwe:
- Kuzindikira kwa Gum.
- Atracnose.
- Kulimbana.
Zizindikiro za matenda a chingamu ndi kufa kwa kortex pansi pa thunthu ndi mawonekedwe amadzimadzi oyera achikasu pamwamba pake. Kuti muchotse matendawa, madera omwe ali ndi vuto la kotekisiyo ayenera kuchotsedwa ndi mpeni wakuthwa kuti apange minofu yamoyo, ndipo madera awa ayenera kulandira chithandizo pamtengo wokhala ndi var var.
Kuchiza matenda oyamba ndi nkhuyu zopangidwa ndi nyumba, monga kumenyera ndi atracnosis, kutha kuchitika mwa kuchitira korona ndi mankhwala monga Fitovir, kapena madzi odziwika a Bordeaux.
Malangizo osungira zipatso za mphesa kunyumba (ndi kanema)
Chomera chimakonda kwambiri zomwe zimamangidwa. Mukaphwanya malamulo okolola mphesa panyumba, chikhalidwecho chimatha kuvutika kwambiri ngakhale kufa.
Ngati nyengo yozizira imakhala yotentha kwambiri, kukula kwa mitengo sikutha. Pankhaniyi, akuyembekeza kukhumudwa kwakukulu ndikuwonjezeranso kakulidwe kanyengo kasupe-chirimwe, kusowa kwa mtundu ndipo, zipatso.
Ngati dothi ladzala madzi kapena lidakwiririka, mwina, mtundu, masamba kapena zipatso zimayamba kutha (kutengera gawo la chitukuko). Chifukwa cha kusuntha kwamizu, mizu ya bulauni imayamba ndipo masamba amagwa amayamba.
Kuperewera kwa feteleza kumachepetsa kukula kwa mitengo. Izi zitha kuweruzidwa powona momwe mphesa zamkati zimamera mwachangu nthawi yogwira. Komanso sikuli koyenera kuiwonjezera ndi kuvala pamwamba, apo ayi mbewuyo imayamba kusanduka yachikaso ndi kuzimiririka. Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa calcium munthaka, kuyamwa ndi mizu ya ma macro- ena ambiri ndi ma microelements atsekedwa.
Ngati chinyezi chakuchuluka ndichotsika kwambiri, mtengowo umayankha ndikuphwanya kwa zomwe zikupezeka ndi malupanga owuma tsamba.
Chikhalidwe cha mphesa zakunyumba, chomwe chinalandira chowotcha ndi dzuwa chifukwa cha cheza cholunjika pa korona, ndi motere: masamba a mbali yomwe idatembenukiridwa kuloza dzuwa adakutidwa ndi blotch yoyera.
Ndikofunikira kuganiziranso mfundo ina: Mtengo umakhudzidwa mobwerezabwereza ndikuyenda mosadukiza kuchokera kumalo amodzi kupita kwina komanso ngakhale kuzungulira. Zotsatira zake, mtundu wokugwa, thumba losunga mazira, gawo la masamba lingachitike.
Ogwira ntchito zamaluwa odziwa ntchito adzagawana zinsinsi za momwe angakulire "zobiriwira" wathanzi komanso wamphamvu yemwe amakonda kusangalala ndi zipatso zokoma.
