M'zaka zaposachedwa, chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa matenda a zipatso zamiyala, wamaluwa ayang'anizana kwambiri ndi zipatso komanso chifukwa chodulira mitengo yobzala kumene. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti malo omwe ali pakati pa mitu yoyaka ndi matenda a chitumbuwa ndikulimbana nawo, zithunzi ndi mafotokozedwe azovuta zowopsa zithandiza eni nyumba kuti azindikire vutoli, kuthana nalo ndikukhazikitsa kupewa.
Mpaka pakati pa zaka zapitazi, zipatso zamtengo wapatali zomwe zimabzala zipatso m'minda yonse ya USSR wakale sizinakhale ndi adani oopsa. Ndipo mitundu yakale, yotsimikiziridwa imakonda kusangalatsa anthu am'mudzimo, osati wamkulu komanso wokoma kwambiri, koma zipatso zambiri. Koma popeza ma 60s, m'madera ambiri, mitengo yamatchuthi inali kukulira pafupifupi masamba pakati pa chilimwe, ndipo zipatso zochepa komanso zochepa zinamangidwa kwa iwo. Umu ndi momwe coccomycosis wobwera kumpoto kwa Europe kukhala. Zaka makumi atatu pambuyo pake, olima masamba a ku Russia adadziwana ndi mdani wina woopsa wa mbewu zamwala - moniliosis. Masiku ano, matendawa ndiwofunikira, koma osati adani okha a zipatso za zipatso ku Russia. Mitengo ndi mbewu zikuwopsezedwa ndi nkhanambo, kuwona mawanga, kutumbudza ndi mavuto ena.
Kudera lomwe kufalikira kwambiri kwa matenda ndi zipatso za chitumbuwa, kuli alimi a North-West a dziko lino, dera lomwe siliri la Chernozem ndi madera ena ozungulira. Potetezedwa pang'ono, kubzala zipatso kwamitunda yotentha ndi kotentha, mwachitsanzo, Caucasus, dera la Volga, Kuban ndi kumwera kwa dera la Black Earth. Koma apa, popanda chisamaliro choyenera, chisamaliro ndi kupewa, pali kuthekera kwakukulu kwa matenda azomera.
Coccomycosis: kufotokoza kwa matenda a chitumbuwa okhala ndi zithunzi
Zowonongeka zazikulu pazomera zimachitika chifukwa cha fungal matenda a chitumbuwa. Chimodzi mwa zoopsa komanso zachinyengo kwambiri ndi cococycosis. Kufalikira kwa matendawa kumathandizidwa ndi nthawi yayitali yonyowa pamene mpweya uziwonjezeka mpaka 20-24 ° C. Mikhalidwe yotere imathandizira kuti phula lothandizira, bowa wa Coccomyces hiemalis, limakula momasuka, limachulukana ndikuwononga mbewu.
Matendawa amawonekera m'chilimwe, ndipo zizindikiro zake zimadziwika kwambiri pa masamba:
- Ma fomu akhungu loyera kapena ofiira kutsogolo kwa masamba.
- Pang'onopang'ono, zimakula, zimakhala pakati pouma, ndipo kumbuyo kwa pepalali kuli malo okhala ndi zokutira pinki.
- Amakhudzidwa ndi coccomycosis, masamba amafa ndipo amagwa kale theka lachiwiri la chilimwe, kusiya nthambi pafupifupi zamaliseche.
Poyerekeza ndi zizindikiro zakunja zokha, cococycosis imatha kudziwidwa ngati matenda a masamba a chitumbuwa. Koma malingaliro awa ndi olakwika! Chifukwa cha kutaya koyamba kwa gawo lobiriwira korona, mitengo ya chitumbuwa imafooka ndipo simakonzekera nyengo yachisanu. Zotsatira zake, gawo la mphukira limawonongeka mchaka, zowonongeka zimawululidwa pamtengo ndi nthambi za chigoba.
Kale mchaka choyamba atadwala, chitumbuwa chimachepetsa zokolola, mtundu wa pilaf umachepa. Ngati simukuchita nawo nkhondo yolimbana ndi matendawa, chitumbuwa, monga chithunzi, chimafa m'zaka zingapo zikubwerazi.
Kugwa msanga mkati mwa chilimwe kuyenera kuchenjeza mwamunayo. Masamba onse agwa amasonkhanitsidwa ndikuwonongeka, ndipo mbewu zimathandizidwa ndi madzi a Bordeaux, yankho la sulfate yachitsulo kapena fungicides ya systemic. Kukonzanso kumachitika mogwirizana ndi malangizo atatha masiku 7-14 m'munda woyamba.
Njira zikuluzikulu zothanirana ndi matenda oyamba ndi fungus amatanthauza kuwononga tizilomboti komanso kupewa kufalikira kwa mitengo yabwino.
Monga prophylaxis pamalo opezeka chiopsezo, komanso nyengo yonyowa, zomwe zimathandizira kufalikira kwa cococycosis, yamatcheri amalavulira mu kasupe, ngakhale maluwa atatseguka, ndipo kumapeto kwa kukula kwa maluwa.
Pankhaniyi, muyenera kukumbukira za kuwonongeka kwa ndalama zothira. Zipatso zomwe zatsalira panthambi zimachotsedwa, manja, ziwalo zopumira zimatetezedwa ndi magolovu komanso kupuma. Kuti mankhwalawa akhale othandiza monga momwe angathere, ayenera kugwera masamba owuma ndikugwira ntchito mosasokoneza kwa maola awiri ndi atatu. Chifukwa chake, ndibwino kusankha phokoso kapena phokoso m'mawa kapena madzulo mukakonza, pakakhala kuti palibe chowopsa.
Cherry moniliosis: chithunzi cha matenda ndi kulimbana nacho
Moniliosis kapena kuwotcha kwanyengo kumadziwika kale kwa alimi pakati Russia, Kuban, Chernozemye, ndi madera akumwera kwa Siberia ndi Urals. M'madera ena, pafupifupi mitengo yonse ya mitengo yamatcheri imayambukiridwa ndi fungus yovulaza, kuphatikiza apo, matenda oyamba ndi chitumbuwa choyambitsidwa ndi Monilia cinerea ndi owopsa ku mbewu zina za zipatso.
Matendawa amatenga matenda nthawi yayitali, pomwe mavuwa amalowerera ndikukula ndikuwoneka pestle ndikuyenda patali patali. Komabe, pozindikira matenda a chitumbuwa mu nthawi ya masika, nthawi zonse wamaluwa amatenga chizindikiro chake pazotsatira za kuzizira kapena kusapeza bwino ndi mankhwala.
Zowonadi, nthambi, maluwa ndi masamba achinyamata kuyanika pansi pa fungus kufalitsa zikuwoneka kuti zawotchedwa. Ndipo zotupa za moniliosis kuchokera kumbali zimawoneka ngati malo akulu olimba m'makona a mitengo yabwino posachedwa.
Matenda achitetezo amachitika kudzera m'mazipatso pomwe zipatso za bowa zimakhwima. Kunja, zipatsozo zimawoneka zouma, zopukutidwa, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakutidwa ndi utoto wonyezimira. Amagwira zolimba nthambi, ndipo ngati sizichotsedwa, amalimbikira mpaka kuphukira, kukhala gawo latsopano la matenda.
Nyengo yamvula komanso nyengo yotentha, kudulira korona kosasokoneza komanso kusokonezeka kwa ukadaulo waulimi kumathandizira kuipitsidwa. Ngati kupewa ndi kuchiza matenda a chitumbuwa sikunaperekedwe mwachidwi, patadutsa zaka zochepa mitengo imafota ndikufa.
Kuti muchepetse kuchuluka kwa matenda oyambitsidwa ndi matenda, onetsetsani kuti:
- yeretsani masamba agwa, ndi nthaka pansi pa mitengo kumasula mosamala;
- kudula, kulanda gawo lamatanda athanzi, ndikuwononga nthambi zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi moniliosis;
- chotsani ndikuotcha zipatso zotsalazo.
Chapakatikati, masamba asanatseguke, mabowo a chitumbuwa amawazidwa ndi madzi a Bordeaux kapena fodya wina. Kukonzanso kumachitika mu theka lachiwiri la maluwa. Chisamaliro chachikulu chimaperekedwa kwa mbewu zomwe zakhala zikuwomberedwa kale ndi bowa owononga m'mbuyomu. Ngati matenda a chitumbuwa awoneka kumapeto kwa mitengo yabwino kale, muyenera kusintha mothandizidwa ndi fungicides achilengedwe, mwachitsanzo, Skor, Topaz kapena Fundazole.
Clyasterosporiasis ndi kuchiza matendawa
Kuwona malo ndi malo achitatu owononga kwambiri. Kleasterosporiosis imanenanso za matenda oyamba ndi chitumbuwa ndipo samakhudza masamba ndi mphukira zokha, komanso maluwa. Poyamba, matendawa amawoneka ndi maonekedwe a bulauni. Akamakula, minyewa yake mkati mwake imayamba kuuma, ndikusiya mabowo akuluakulu ozungulira. Masamba omwe amadwala amawuma ndikugwa, zipatso zomwe zimakhudzidwanso sizitsanulira komanso ziume. Spores za bowa wozizira:
- m'nthaka;
- pa zipatso zotsalazo;
- mkati ming'alu mu kotekisi;
- pa zinyalala zachomera.
Kuphatikiza pa kuyeretsa nthawi zonse ndikuwononga masamba akugwa ndikudulira korona, popewa komanso kuchiza matenda, ma cherries ndi dothi lozungulira kasupe amathiridwa ndi yankho la mkuwa wa sulfate kapena Horus.
Kukula monga tafotokozera, monga chithunzichi, matenda a chitumbuwa amafunika kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu. Pankhaniyi, fungicides-zovuta kapena Bordeaux amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kusintha kwathunthu kumachitika m'magawo angapo, kuyambira gawo lobiriwira, kumatha ndi nthawi ya chilimwe, pomwe masiku opitilira 20 asanakolole.
Njira zomwezi zimatengedwa kuti zizindikire kuti pali mawanga a bulauni komanso dzimbiri pamitengo yazipatso. M'njira zonsezi, wolima mundawo akukumana ndi mawonekedwe pamasamba ndi mazira a bulauni, ofiira kapena ofiira, zomwe ndi mawonekedwe a ntchito ya bowa owononga. Matenda onsewa amasokoneza zokolola ndi ogula zipatso, afooketsa mbewu. Chifukwa chake, pakuchedwa pang'ono, mundawo udzafunikira osati nkhondo yolimbana ndi matenda a chitumbuwa, komanso tizirombo, tomwe mbewu zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndizofunika kukhala nyama yabwino.
Cherry nkhanambo: kufotokozera matendawa ndi chithandizo chake
Nthawi zambiri, nkhanambo, yomwe imayambitsidwa ndi bowa, imapezeka pamitengo ya apulo ndi mapeyala, koma imathanso kukhudza zipatso zamiyala m'minda yanyumba. Ngati matendawa apezeka, monga chithunzi, pachithunzi, nkhondo yolimbana nayo iyenera kuchitidwa mozama monga ndi moniliosis kapena bulauni la bulauni.
Zovala zakuda zomwe zimakhala ndi masamba owonongekerako sizikula masamba okha. Amatenga zipatso zomwe zimatsanulira ndikuchepetsa mphamvu ya mbewuyo, ndikupangitsa zipatsozo kukhala zosakwanira pakudya komanso pakukonzanso.
Muyeso wabwino wopewetsa matenda a fungus yamatcheri ndi:
- kusonkhanitsa ndi kuwonongedwa kwa masamba agwa;
- kupangidwa kwa nthawi yake ndi kuyeretsa korona;
- kukumba dothi pansi pa mitengo;
- kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi mitengo ikuluikulu ndi yankho la fungicide, mkuwa chloroxide kapena Bordeaux fluid.
Monga nthawi zina, kukonzaku kumachitika mu magawo angapo molingana ndi malangizo a chida chosankhidwa ndi wokonza dimba.
Gommosis: kufotokoza kwa matenda a chitumbuwa okhala ndi zithunzi
Madontho a chingamu kuwoneka pa thunthu ndi nthambi za chitumbuwa ndi matenda. Hommosis kapena matenda a chingamu angayambike pazifukwa zingapo:
- kutentha kwa dzuwa;
- kukhudzana ndi chisanu;
- kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika feteleza;
- ananyalanyaza kuwonongeka kwamakina ku kotekisi.
Poyang'ana koyamba, chomera chomwe sichingawononge moyo ndichopweteka kwambiri pazotsatira zosasangalatsa. Patsamba pomwe cambium imasokonekera, kupititsa patsogolo nkhuni moyenera kumalepheretsa kapena kuyimitsidwa, koma mwayi wopeza bowa wovulaza, tizilombo tina ta matenda a Cher ndi tizirombo totseguka kwathunthu.
Pankhaniyi, ndikofunikira kupewanso kuwoneka ming'alu yatsopano, komanso kuchiritsa omwe alipo kale mwachangu komanso moyenera. Pofuna kupewa matenda a chingamu mutatha kudulira mwaukhondo ndi kupangika korona, ndikofunikira kuchita ndi var vars. Zotupa zomwe zimayambitsidwa zimathiriridwa kale ndi yankho la 1% yamkuwa.
Zambiri kuteteza cherries ku matenda ndi tizilombo toononga
Tsoka ilo, matenda oyamba ndi mafangasi ndiofala masiku ano kotero sizingatheke kuti mukwaniritse zokolola zabwino, kungodalira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi chisamaliro chanthawi zonse. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa prophylactic komanso achire a fungicides pamakonzedwe aumwini ndi chinthu chofunikira. Koma mankhwala othandiza kwambiri ali ndi zofooka zawo. Mafangayi omwe ali mchaka chachiwiri kapena chachitatu amatha kusintha momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito kale. Chifukwa chake, mankhwala ayenera kusinthidwa pafupipafupi, osayiwalika pakutsatira ukadaulo waulimi ndi chidwi chachikulu pa kubzala.
Kuphatikiza pa kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi fungicides, mitengo ya chitumbuwa imafunikira:
- kuphukira koyambira kwa chisoti;
- kusinthika kwokhazikika kwa mitengo ya zipatso mpaka muyeso wa zaka 3-4;
- Pokolola masamba ogwa ndi kuchotsa ngakhale zosaoneka, zipatso zouma zotsalira panthambi;
- feteleza waluso ndi kuvomerezera kuthirira m'mundamo.
Ngati matenda oopsa chifukwa cha zipatso zamiyala afala m'derali, ndikwabwino kuti wosamalira mundawo atagona kale mundawo kuti asamalidwe ndi mitundu yosakanikirana yosakanizidwa.
