Momwe mungathiririre m'mundamo?

Kufunika kothirira ndikovuta kuzidyetsa kwambiri. Komabe, kuthirira koyenera sikuti ndikungokhala kwanyengo ndi dothi tsiku ndi tsiku, komanso njira yanzeru, kuphatikiza mawonekedwe azikhalidwe ndi ukadaulo wothirira, womwe, monga lamulo, umapulumutsa madzi othirira. Awa ndi njira zomwe zimathandizira kuti nthaka ikhale chinyezi. Uku ndi kuphatikiza kwa zikhalidwe ndi kufanana mu ukadaulo waulimi. Izi ... etc.

Kuthirira m'mundamo. © skh

Njira Zothirira

Pali njira zingapo zakothirira. Kusankhidwa kwa izi kapena zomwe zimatengera mwayi wokonzekera ndi kukonza malowa, mtundu wa dothi ndi chikhalidwe. Mwambiri, kuthirira kumasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wamadzi ndikupezeka pakati: kuthirira, kuthilira, kuthirira komanso kulowerera.

Pamwamba kuthirira

Amakhala ndi kuthirira pamiyala, kuphatikiza ndi zowoneka ngati (kuzungulira mitengo kapena baka), komanso macheke ndi mbale. Ndikofunika kuti pomwe pali tsambalo, ndipo nthaka ili ndi madzi okwanira okwanira.

Longitudinal furrow ulimi wothirira

Kuthirira kwa mzere wautali kwambiri ndizofala kwambiri. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito pobzala mbewu molunjika ndipo ndi yoyenera kwambiri mapata omwe ali ndi malo ochepa otsetsereka (apo ayi, madziwo amathanso kuthamanga kwambiri, osakhala ndi nthawi yokwanira kunyowetsa nthaka, kapena stagnates koyambirira kwa poyambira, kachiwiri, osapereka chinyezi chofanana).

Kuzama kwa mizere pa ulimi wothirira kotereku kumatha kuchoka pa 10 mpaka 15 cm. Mtunda pakati pa mizerewu umachokera pa 50 mpaka 60 cm pamiyeso ya mchenga, kuchokera pa 60 mpaka 80 masentimita pa loams komanso kuchokera 80 mpaka 100 cm pa dongo. Malangizowa akukhudzana ndikuti pamadothi opepuka, madzi amapita pansi pa mzere, ndipo pamakulu ndi dothi lolemera limagawidwa mosiyanasiyana mbali zonse.

Amayatsa madzi othirira nthawi yayitali. © multifrog

Kutsirira m'mbale kapena m'macheke

Kuthirira mu mbale kapena macheke kumagwiritsidwa ntchito m'minda ndipo ndikudzaza ndi madzi komwe kwatsekeka ndi wolocha lapansi pozungulira chitsamba kapena mtengo. Ndioyenera pomwe dothi sililola kulowa. Kukula kwa malo omwe amathiriridwa pamenepa ayenera kukhala ofanana ndi kuzungulira kwa korona.

Kumwaza

Palibe njira yodziwika yothirira. Amakhala ndikuphwanya mbiya yamadzi yomwe imaperekedwa ndi kukakamizidwa kumadontho, omwe amakwaniritsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mabowo osiyanasiyana.

Ubwino wothirira kotero umathamanga komanso kumanyowetsa nthaka, kuthekera kothirira madera okhala ndi zovuta kapena malo otsetsereka, kuchepa kwa ntchito, kupulumutsa madzi ndi 15 - 30% (poyerekeza ndi kuthirira ndi mizere), komanso kuthekera kwaumakanidwe wathunthu.

Kumwaza ndi bwino dothi lopepuka, m'malo omwe muli ndi udzu wokhazikika, koma osayenera dothi lolemera. Madzi pa dothi samalowa bwino, motero amapanga ma puddles, drains, zomwe zimapangitsa kukokoloka. Chododometsa china ndikutha kunyowetsa dothi mpaka 50 cm pamtunda wolemera, mpaka 60 pamtunda wopepuka, womwe uli wofunikira kwambiri pakuthirira minda yazipatso ndi minda yamphesa yomwe imafunikira kuthilira dothi mpaka 100 cm.

Njira yothirira

Dontho la kuthirira

Kulowetsedwa kwamtunduwu kumatanthauza kupezeka kwa madzi mu mawonekedwe a madontho m'gawo lokhala ndi chambiri chodzaza mizu ya mbewu ndikufalikira pang'onopang'ono mbali zonse. Kuthirira kotereku kumachitika kudzera munjira yapadera ogwetsa, poganizira zikhalidwe za ulimi wothirira. Chiwerengero cha otsikira chimawerengeredwa potengera mbewu yothiriridwa, mtundu wa dothi, kukula kwa mbewu ndi mitundu yobzala (pamitengo ya akuluakulu, izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zotsalira, zazing'ono, zitsamba ndi ndiwo zamasamba, chomera chimodzi).

Ubwino wothirira pokapanda kuleka ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito malo osasankhidwa, mtunda wokhala ndi malo otsetsereka, mu mitundu yambiri ya nthaka ndi mbewu zambiri. Kusunga madzi othirira ndi kuthiririra kumafikira 80%. Choyipa chachikulu cha njirayi ndi chizolowezi chobisa dongosolo ndi tinthu tambiri tomwe timapezeka m'madzi.

Kutulutsa kuthirira

Njira iyi yothirira sinadziwikebe pang'ono, koma ndikulimbikitsa, chifukwa imaphatikizidwa m'gulu lazachuma kwambiri. Zimakhala kuti madzi amapezeka mobisa, mwachindunji mu gawo la mizu, kudzera m'machubu apadera amchere. Izi zimathandizira kuchepa kwamadzi pang'ono kudzera mkuwuka, kakulidwe kakang'ono ka namsongole (popeza mbewu zake zambiri zimakhala kumtunda, osati zothinitsidwa), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mbeu yabwino.

Dontho la kuthirira. © Beer-Sheba Project

Mitundu yothirira

Kuphatikiza pa njira zikuluzikulu zothirira zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nthaka ikhale yabwino kwambiri, pali kuthirira ndi ntchito zina. Makamaka: kutsitsimutsa kotsitsimula, kuthirira ndi munthawi yomweyo kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza, kuyamwa chinyontho (kapena nthawi yozizira) ndi anti-chisanu.

Kutsitsimutsa

Kufunika kwa kuthilira uku kumakhalapo mwa nyengo zosungira nthawi yayitali kutentha. Nthawi zoterezi, mbewu zimasuluka chinyontho, chifukwa madzi omwe amakhala m'mizimba yawo amachepetsedwa, zomwe zimabweretsa zovuta munjira zofunika.

Pangani kutsitsimutsa kotsitsimula mu nthawi yotentha masana mwa kuwaza bwino (kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa kukhala malo onenepa) ndi pafupipafupi kwa mphindi 5 mutatha ola limodzi. Kumwaza kumalola kuti madontho asataye, koma kukhalabe pamtunda wa mbewu, kubwezeretsanso hydrate yawo, ndipo pang'onopang'ono, amasandukanso, kuti aziziritsa minofu yake komanso mpweya wake.

Kuthirira kotereku kumachitika mwina mothandizidwa ndi ming'alu yapadera kapena ndi mfuti yothira (yomwe imakhala nthawi yambiri).

Kuthirira ndi feteleza nthawi yomweyo

Mtundu wothirira uwu ndiwachuma kwambiri kuposa kuthirira ndi kuthilira. Phindu limafotokozeredwa ndikuti michere yosungunuka m'madzi imalowa muzu mwachangu ndipo imatengeka bwino ndi mbeu.

Kuthirira kotereku kumachitika ndikuwonjezera feteleza wosasungunuka kapena wowotchera madzi othirira. Nthawi yomweyo, kuya kwa kuyika feteleza kumayendetsedwa ndi nthawi yofunsira: ngati pakufunika kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza kumtunda, yankho limathiridwa kumapeto kwa kuthirira, ngati kuli kwakuya - koyambirira.

Kodi zingagwiritsidwe ntchito nthawi imodzi ndi madzi othirira? Ndowa zothira mbalame, kutsetsereka, tiyi wamafuta kapena kompositi, potaziyamu, ammonium nitrate, ndi ena. Chiwerengero cha feteleza wachilengedwe chimayenera kukhala 1:10 (ndi madzi), ndipo feteleza wa mchere ayenera kukhala 1: 100, popeza mbewu zimawotchedwa pamtunda wapamwamba.

Nthawi zambiri, kuthirira ndi munthawi yomweyo kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza kumachitika ndi mizere kapena madzi okwanira. Ngati mwa kukonkha, ndiye pambuyo pofunika kutsuka mbewuzo ndi madzi oyera.

Kuthirira mu nkhokwe zapadera. © FAO Kenya

Mikhalidwe yamadzi othirira

Sikuti madzi aliwonse amathandizira pa mbewu. M'malo mwake, pamadzi othirira pali malingaliro oyendetsera kutentha ndi abwino.

Madzi ozizira kwambiri, monga otentha kwambiri, amakhudza kwambiri ntchito zofunikira za dothi komanso kuyamwa kwa mizu. Kuphatikiza apo, kuthilira ndi madzi oundana kapena madzi otentha, mbewu zimakumana ndi kutentha, komwe kumadziwoneka pang'onopang'ono, ndipo nthawi zina kumataya masamba. Kuchita koteroko kumalumikizidwa ndikuti kupsinjika kumalepheretsa kugwira ntchito kwa mizu, pomwe njira yotuluka (kutuluka kwa chinyezi kudzera masamba) imakhalabe yolingana mwamphamvu.

Chifukwa chake, kutentha kwa madzi othirira kuyenera kutengera kutenthedwe woyenera wa dothi, pomwe mbewu zabwino kwambiri zimachitika, motero ofanana + 15 ... 25 ° C. Chifukwa chake, ngati madzi othirira amatulutsidwa pachitsime kapena pachitsime, ayenera kuthiriridwa kale mu thanki yopatsidwa izi, yoyikidwa pamalo okwera kwambiri pamalowo.

Chofunikanso chimodzimodzi ndi mtundu wa madzi othirira. Sizoletsedwa kuthira madzi ndi mchere wambiri wothirira (mchere wambiri umawonedwa m'madzi apansi panthaka ndi madzi am'madzi), omwe mosafunikira amakhala ndi kuchuluka kwa ma tinthu tosiyidwa (mtsinje kapena nyanja). Mutha kudziwa mtundu wamadzi mwakufufuza kw labotale komanso pamayendedwe ake, mungayiteteze, kapena muiyeretse pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamankhwala, kapena mutsanulire ndi madzi apampopi, chifukwa nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi zisonyezo pakati pa mchere komanso pakuyipitsidwa ndi tinthu tosiyidwa. Komabe, palinso "ntchentche mumafuta" - kukhalapo kwa bulichi komanso kutentha pang'ono, koma kukonzanso kumatha kuthana nawo.

Matanki osakira madzi amvula. © Tanksalot

Mulingo wothirira wabwino kwambiri

Zoopsa zina zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kuthirira ndizothirira komanso kuthirira kwamadzi. Loyamba sililola chinyezi kulowa m'nthaka kuti chikwaniritse muzu wokwanira, chifukwa chomwe kugwiriridwa kwa nthaka kumachulukirachulukira ndipo michere imaleka kulowa mbewuzo moyenera. Kuphatikiza apo, kunyowa nthawi zonse pamtanda wapansi kokha kumabweretsa kuti zochulukirapo za mizu ya mbewuzo zimakhazikika pamtunda, chifukwa chomwe sichilandira chinyezi chokwanira komanso chakudya.

Kuthirira kwambiri kumakudzaza nthaka ndi madzi, komwe kumathandizanso kuti zinthu zitha kuzika mizu ndikuyambitsa zoletsa za mbeu. Ndi chinyezi chambiri m'nthaka, kuchuluka kwa mpweya kumacheperachepera, kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa kaboni kumawonjezeka, tsitsi la mizu (zotenga madzi ndi zinthu zina) zimawonongedwa, ndipo chiwopsezo cha njira zosafunikira chikuwonjezeka.

Kusowa chinyezi nthawi zonse, komanso kuthilira madzi pafupipafupi, kuchepetsa kufalikira kwa mizu, kumayambitsa chlorosis, kuwonongeka kwa masamba, kulepheretsa kukula kwa njira, kuchepa kwa kuchuluka ndi mtundu wa mbewu, komanso kuchepa kwa nyengo yozizira ku mabulosi ndi zipatso zam'munda.

Momwe mungadziwire mulingo woyenera kwambiri wa kuthirira? Mu agronomy, imawerengeredwa molingana ndi mawonekedwe apadera potengera mawonekedwe apadziko lapansi. M'mundamo, zachidziwikire, palibe amene angachite izi. Koma mutha kutsogozedwa ndi malamulo ena.

Chosavuta kwambiri ndi kudziwa kukula kwakufunika kunyowa pansi panthaka inayake. Kwa masamba ndi 30 cm (pa mbande 5 - 15 cm), kwa sitiroberi 35 - 40 cm, kwa raspberries mpaka 40 cm, currants ndi gooseberries mpaka 50 cm, kwa zipatso ndi minda yamphesa - 100 cm.

Kuphatikiza apo, kufunikira kwa madzi nthawi zingapo zosiyanasiyana m'moyo sizili zofanana. Kwambiri, mbande ndi nthawi ya maluwa zimafuna chinyezi chokhazikika, koma pakutha kwa nyengo yakukula, kugwiritsa ntchito chinyezi ndi mbewu kumachepetsedwa.

Kwambiri kuthirira m'munda kuchokera kuthirira angathe. © Denis Pogostin

Mawonekedwe a mbewu

Mukathirira m'mundamu, ndikofunikira kuganizira za mbewu zomwe munthu aliyense amasankha.

Chifukwa chake mavwende, vwende, dzungu, chimanga, ma bero wa forage, nyemba zimatha kuchotsa chinyezi kuchokera munthaka yayitali ya dothi ndipo zili m'gulu la mbewu zosagwira kutentha. Zitsamba zambiri zilinso m'gululi.

Kaloti ndi anyezi amafunidwa makamaka kuthilira mu theka loyambirira lakumakula, m'tsogolomo chinyezi chambiri chimawonongera mtundu wawo.

Nkhaka, kabichi, radishes, letesi, tsabola, biringanya zimafunikira chinyezi chanthawi zonse. Mbatata zimafunika kuthirira nthawi yamaluwa. Tomato amatha kuzolowera kusakwanira chinyezi komanso kuthilira pansi pazu.

Pachikhalidwe chimodzi, pakati pa mitundu, kusiyana pakati pa chinyontho kumawonedwa. Mitundu yovuta kwambiri yoyambirira yakucha, yochepa - mochedwa.

Pali zokonda zamaluwa. Chofunika kwambiri kuthirira ndi sitiroberi, ndikutsatiridwa ndi ma currants akuda, kenako raspberries, gooseberries, red currants, plums, mitengo ya apulo, mapeyala ndi yamatcheri. Nthawi yomweyo, mbande za zipatso ndi mwala zomwe zimakula ndikuthirira nthawi zonse zimafuna chinyezi chambiri kuposa zomwe zimayenera kusintha kutalika kwake.

Kuthirira mundawo pogwiritsa ntchito njira yothirira. © wamaluwa

Malamulo othirira ambiri

Ngati malamulo onse okhathamiritsa asinthidwa kukhala mndandanda umodzi wovomerezeka, zotsatirazi zikhala:

• Ndikwabwino kuthirira mbewu m'mawa (kusanachitike kutentha) kapena madzulo (pakati pausiku wozizira, muyenera kukonda m'mawa);
• kuthirira kuyenera kukhala kwakanthawi komanso kokhazikika;
• kuthilira kwa kasupe kuyenera kuyang'ana kwambiri kukuya kwachulukidwe (pafupifupi 10 cm), popeza mbewu zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa panthawiyi zimakhalabe chinyezi pansi;
• kutentha kwambiri, kuthilira kwa kuthirira;
• nyengo yamitambo, kuthirira kumafunikira kuchepetsedwa, koma simungadalire kwathunthu mvula;
• pa nthawi yomwe maluwa amatuluka, maluwa amatenga chidwi kwambiri ndi kusowa kwa madzi, chifukwa chake nkowopsa kwambiri kunyalanyaza kuthilira nthawi yayitali;
• kukwera kochulukirapo, kuthilira kumachulukitsa;
• kuthirira pafupipafupi kumafunikira ndi mbeu zobzalidwa pamchenga;
• kuti mizu igwire ntchito moyenera, mbewu sizifunikira chinyezi chokha, komanso mpweya, chifukwa cha izi mutathilira ndikofunikira kupewa kupangika kwa kutumphuka kwa dothi, kuwononga mwa kumasula, komwe, kuwonjezera, kumathandizanso kuti chinyontho m'nthaka;
• kuphatikiza pa kumasula, mulching imathandizira pakusunga chinyezi.

Mulching imasunga chinyezi

Momwe mungasungire madzi?

Kuti kuthirira kukhala kopanda ndalama, muyenera kudziwa ndikutsatira malamulo ena:

• samalani posungira chisanu;
• pangani mbande yake munthawi yake, pomwe dothi limakhala ndi chinyezi chachilengedwe pambuyo pa dzinja;
• Kuthirira sikumakhala nthawi zambiri, koma kuchulukana, kuti mizu itha kulowa mkati;
• mutathilira, mulch nthaka kapena kumasula, kuwononga ma capillaries a dothi lakumtunda (agrofibre angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati filimu ya mulching);
• sankhani mtundu wachuma kwambiri wothirira mosapumira: pamalo athyathyathya - ngalande, pamalo otsetsereka - mwa kukonkha, kapena matekinoloje atsopano - dontho, malo, kuthirira.

Munda wothirira mitengo

Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zonsezi limodzi kumakuthandizani kuti muchepetse kumwa kwa madzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthirira nthawi mpaka 50-60%, komanso kuthilira kosasinthika (mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito kuthirira) - mpaka 80%.