Ladybug kapena kachilomboka mwa namwali wamkazi

Kwa anthu onse padziko lapansi, nsikidzi zimakonda kwambiri komanso zimakonda. Izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi mayina a coccinellids omwe ali m'maiko osiyanasiyana - olemekezeka komanso achikondi nthawi zonse. Marienkaefer (bug namwali mary) - Ku Germany, Austria, Switzerland. Ladybird (mbalame mbalame) - ku England, USA, Australia, South Africa ndi mayiko ena olankhula Chingerezi. Lorita, Chinita, Tortolita, Mariquita - ku Latin America. Vaquita de San Antonio (Lady Anthony) - ku Argentina. Slunecko (Dzuwa) - ku Czech Republic ndi Slovakia. Sonechko (dzuwa) - ku Ukraine ndi Belarus. Bobo Surkhon (agogo ofiira) - Ku Tajikistan. Liwu loti "mulungu" mu dzina lachi Russia loti coccinellids likuwoneka kuti limachokera ku zomwe anthu adaziwona kale: kumene kuli ambiri mwa nsikidzi, kumakhala kukolola nthawi zonse.

Ladybug. © Olivier

Mu ana, ladybug amadziwika kuti ndi wokhulupirira kwambiri. Ku Russia, England ndi Denmark pali masewera - mwana agwira ladybug ndikumuwerengera ndakatulo:

Ladybug akuuluka kupita kumwamba
Ndipatseni mkate.
Chakuda ndi choyera
Osati kuwotchedwa.

kapena

Ladybug, akuwuluka kupita kumwamba,
Ana anu amadya maswiti pamenepo
Mmodzi ndi mmodzi
Ndipo palibe mmodzi wa inu.

Ngati mayiyo amawuluka, ndiye kuti akhulupirira. Ku England, ndakatuloyi ndi yankhanza kwambiri:

Ladybug kuuluka kupita kumwamba
Nyumba yanu ndiyaka moto, ana anu ali okha

(kuchokera ku The Adventures ya Tom Sawyer ndi a Mark Twain)

Ku Denmark, ana amafunsa a Ladybug kuti apemphe Mulungu kuti atchule nyengo yabwino yam'mawa.

Banja la ladybugs, kapena Koktsinellid

Coccinellids (Coccinellidae- - imodzi mwa mabanja akuluakulu a mapiko a mapikoColeoptera), zopitilira mitundu yopitilira 5000, yomwe pafupifupi 2000 imapezeka mu Palearctic. Kudera la USSR yakale, mitundu 221 yalembedwa, ndipo pafupifupi 100 amakhala ku Russia. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono - kutalika kwa thupi la imago (tizilombo toyambitsa matenda) kumachokera 1 mpaka 18 mm.

Thupi nthawi zambiri limakhala lozungulira, lodziwikiratu, pafupifupi hemispherical (gawo lakumanzere limakhala lathyathyathya kapena lozungulira pang'ono). M'magulu ena, thupi limakhala lozungulira, lokwera kapena lothothoka. Pamaso pa thupi nthawi zambiri mulibe, nthawi zambiri - yokutidwa ndi tsitsi. Mutu umakhala wocheperako, ungakhale wopendekera m'njira yayitali kapena yopingasa. Maso akulu, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi notch pamphepete. Antennae 8–11 ogawa, lalifupi kapena lapakatikati, ndi chibonga (pafupipafupi) kapena popanda iwo. Kwambiri- ndi pakati pachifuwa. Chifuwa chakunja ndi chachikulu, pafupifupi lalikulu, lalitali kwambiri kuposa mesothorax. Mapazi azitali kutalika, wokutidwa ndi tsitsi lakuda. Ma tarsi amabisidwa magawo 4 (akuwonekera-magawo atatu, popeza gawo lachitatu ndi laling'ono komanso lobisika patsamba la 2), ndipo mwa oimira fuko Lithophilini tarsi okha okha ndi onse.

Kafotokozedwe kamakhala kotalikirapo kuposa mutu, kaphokoso, kosinthika, kokhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana pamtunda wakunja. Nthawi zambiri - ndi mawanga kapena dongosolo la malo ophatikizika. Elytra ofiira, wachikasu, wodera bulauni ndi mawanga akuda kapena oyera, omwe, nthawi zina amaphatikiza, amapanga mawonekedwe osinthika; kapena elytra wakuda ndi mawanga ofiira kapena achikaso. Mimba yochokera pansi ili pafupi kupendekera kwathunthu, kuchokera pamwamba imakhala yosalala kwambiri kuposa elytra, ndipo imakhala ndi 5.6 sternites. Kugonana kwamanyazi ndi kofooka. Nthawi zina zazimuna ndi zazikazi zimasiyana pakatchulidwe kamawu.

Larva ndi ladybug wamkulu. © t-mizo

Mazira nthawi zambiri amakhala owulungika, pang'ono ndi pang'ono mpaka kumapeto. M'mitundu yamtundu, Stethorini ndi Chilocorini ndifupi, pafupifupi ozungulira. Mtundu wa mazirawo ndi wachikasu, lalanje, oyera; pansi nthawi zambiri amakakamizidwa. Ma ovipositors nthawi zambiri amakhala owonda, mazira amakonzedwa mumizere yocheperako, akumagwirana mbali zonse. Mwa anthu ena a Harmonia sedecimnotata, mazirawo ndi "otayidwa", mazira amasunthidwa kuchoka kwa wina ndi mzake mtunda wofanana ndi diameter ya dzira 1-1,5.

Mamba okhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka ngati kampasi, otambalala, nthawi zina oterera komanso ozungulira. M'miyala ya ng'ombe yomwe imadyera nyongolotsi, thupi limakutidwa ndi ulusi woyera waxy. Ziphuphu nthawi zambiri zimakhala zamtundu, lalanje, chikasu kapena zoyera zimayala pateni. Pamaso pa thupi paphimbidwa ndi tsitsi, bristles, warts ndi zina zotuluka. Mphutsi mu kukula kwawo zimadutsa zaka 4.

Pupae ndi mfulu, amamangidwa ndi gawo lapansi ndi zotsalira za exuvia za mphutsi. Nthawi zambiri khalani ndimtundu wowala ndi mawonekedwe akuda, achikaso ndi oyera. Fuko la Coccinellini limadziwika ndi mtundu wotseguka - pupa imakhala pakhungu lopepuka lomwe limatuluka kuchokera kumbali ya dorsal. Chilocorini ali ndi mtundu wotseka -utali wopindika pang'ono pang'ono ndipo umangotulutsa kumbuyo kwa pupa. Ku Hyperaspini, ma pupae amakhala pansi pa khungu lopepuka.

Mitundu yowala ya ma ladybird - ofiira kapena achikasu okhala ndi madontho akuda - ali ndi ntchito yoteteza, kuchenjeza omwe angadye, monga mbalame zosavutikira, kuti ma ladybird ali ndi kukoma kosasangalatsa kwambiri. Mukakhudza ladybug, imatulutsa dontho lowawa, ladzaza lamadzi kuchokera kumapazi amiyendo ndi mbali zina za thupi. Madzi amtunduwu, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala achikasu, amakhala ndi dzanja losasamala ndipo amasiya fungo losasangalatsa pakhungu kwanthawi yayitali.

Gulu la ma ladybugs. © The Real Estreya

Magulu ndi mitundu yama ladybugs

M'mawu osaphula kanthu, magulu otsatirawa amadziwika mu coccinellids:

aphidophages (chakudya cha nsabwe za m'masamba),
coccidophages (chakudya pama nyongolotsi ndi tizilombo tambiri),
myxoentomophages (dyetsani tizilombo tosiyanasiyana),
acarifagi (chakudya pa nkhupakupa),
phytophages (idyani chakudya chomera).

Nawonso ma phytophages amagawidwa kukhala:

phyllophagous, yemwe amadya masamba, osakonda maluwa kapena zipatso;
palynophages kudya mungu;
mycetophages kudya fungal mycelium.

Nyama zikuluzikulu zochuluka ndi adani. Mitundu ya Herbivorous yoyimiriridwa kwambiri pamalo otentha konsekonse komanso kumadera akumwera kwakummwera kwa Asia. Pakati pawo, pali tizirombo tina tambiri tofunika paulimi. Ku Russia, pali mitundu itatu ya ng'ombe zazitsulo za phytophage. Ku Far East, kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa mbewu za mbatata, nkhaka, tomato ndi zina zamasamba zimayambitsa 28 point ladybug mbatata (Henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata), yemwe amayamba chifukwa cha mtundu wa Epilachna. M'madera akumwera kwa Russia alfalfa (Subcoccinella vigintiquatuorpunctata) nthawi zina amawononga alfalfa ndi masamba a shuga a beet. Ku Smolensk, Saratov ndi madera ena apakati pakati ndi kumwera kwa Russia nthawi zina amawononga alfalfa, clover ndi clover kanthu zopanda pake (Cynegetis impunctata).

Ma Ladybugs. © jacinta lluch valero

Ubwino wa ladybug - wolusa

Mitundu ina yonse yaku Russia ya ma ladybugs ndi nyama zolusa. Mimbulu ndi mphutsi ndizabwino kwambiri ndipo, kuwononga tizirombo tambiri tambiri tomwe timakhala ngati nsabwe, ntchentche za masamba, mphutsi, tizilombo tambiri ndi nkhupakupa, bweretsani zabwino zambiri pa ulimi. Mtundu wambiri wabanja ndiwothandiza kwambiri - nsapato zisanu ndi ziwiri (Coccinella septempunctata) - yoyambitsidwa kuchokera ku Palearctic kupita ku America kuti athe kuwongolera tizirombo.

Masamba owoneka bwino kwambiri m'mbiri ya njira yachilengedwe yakuwongolera tizilombo adalembedwa molondola pogwiritsa ntchito coccinellids. Vomerezani kukumbukira kupambana kwakukulu komwe kunapezeka zaka pafupifupi 140 zapitazo chifukwa chakuyambitsa ku Australia ladybug (Rodolia Cardinalis) kupita ku California kuti akathane ndi chidebe cha ku Australia chotchedwa Iceria (Icerya buyasi), chomwe chinabwera mwangozi ndi zinthu zobzala. Zinapezeka kuti kunyumba ku Australia nyongolotsi imeneyi imachita bwino, sizivulaza mbewu. Ndipo kunja, kunalibe vuto ndi iye. Zomera zinawonongeka, wina akhoza kuti, mu tulo. Zomwezi zidachitikanso ndi mitengo ya lalanje ku Egypt, Italy, France, South America, Ceylon, India ndi maiko ena. Palibe dziko limodzi lomwe zipatso za malalanje zinabzala zomwe sizinachite chidwi ndi izi.

Wamaluwa adalira. Asayansi amalumikizidwa ku vutoli. Zidadziwika kuti ku Australia, nyongolotsi ili ndi mdani - ladybug wotchedwa Rodolia (Rodolia Cardinalis). Amadyetsa mphutsi ndikuletsa kuchuluka kwawo pamlingo wochepa kwambiri pomwe sizivulaza.

Tizilomboti tambiri tinathamangira ku California ndikumasulidwa m'minda. Tizilomboti tinaberekako, ndipo patapita zaka zochepa tizilombo tinamaliza. Kutsatira California, a Rodolia adawanyamula kupita nawo kumayiko komwe nyongolotsi ya Australia idachokerako. Kulikonse komwe ma rhodolia adabweretsa.

Ladybug. © Jean-Marie Muggianu

Tsopano, popanda kukokomeza kulikonse, titha kunena kuti kukhalapo kwa zipatso za zipatso, monga chikhalidwe, ndikofunikira kwa ng'ombe iyi.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri, nyongolotsi ya ku Australia sizinachitike m'mafamu a zipatso a dziko lathu, koma mu 1920s idachitika mwangozi (zikuwoneka kuchokera ku Europe panthawi yankhondo yapachiweniweni), koyamba ku Abkhazia ndipo kenako kumadera ena. Nyongolotsi zaku Australia sizimangoyambitsa mandimu ndi ma tangerine okha, komanso mthethe waku Australia, womwe umadziwika kuti "mimosa". Akatswiri adatumizidwa mwachangu ku Egypt kuti akachotse tizilombo ku Egypt kuti ladybug. Choyamba, kafadala adawakhazikitsa m'malo obiriwira pafupi ndi St. Petersburg ndipo kenako adatulutsidwa ku Sukhumi. Zinali zofunika kuwunika momwe nyengo yathu imakhudzidwira ndi ladybug iyi.

Zotsatira zake zinali zofanana pena paliponse - ladybug mwachangu adachita ndi nyongolotsi, osangokhala ndi zipatso za zipatso, komanso "mimosa", yomwe idaperekedwa kwa akazi pa Marichi 8. Nyengo yathu ndiyabwino kwambiri chifukwa cha Rhodolia (ngakhale ku Abkhazia), choncho nsikidzi zambiri zimafa nthawi yozizira. Ndinafunika kubereka mwapadera nyama zomwe zimadyera uku ndikuzisintha, kenako kuzitulutsa.

Malinga ndi a De Bach (1964), mwa anthu 225 opambana omwe amapha tizilombo tambiri m'milandu 51, zotsatira zake zidapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito coccinellide.

Ma Ladybugs. © Sarflondondunc

Wogwira ntchito ku ZIN RAS V.P. Semenov adapanga njira zolerera, zosunga nthawi yayitali (mpaka chaka 1) ndi njira zogwiritsira ntchito mazira, mazira ndi akulu ladybug otentha Leis dimidiata (Fabr.) Kuwongolera nsabwe za m'masamba obiriwira. Tekinolo yoyambilira idapangidwanso kuti ipangitse kuthamanga kwa malo azida za aphid zozungulira m'malo obisalamo (ngakhale atakhala ndi tizilombo tambiri kwambiri) pogwiritsa ntchito mphutsi za Leis dimidiata. Mtundu wa coccinellide ungagwiritsidwe ntchito bwino kuthana ndi nsabwe za m'masamba poyambira (pa kutentha kwa mpweya osati kutsika +20 madigiri), komanso kupha nsabwe za m'masamba opezeka m'nyumba zogona ndi maofesi momwe kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osavomerezeka nkosafunikira.

Mu banja la Cocinellidae, nthawi zambiri mabanja ochepera 7 amakhala osiyana:

Sticholotidinae (= Sticholotinae)
Coccidulinae
Tetrabrachinae (= Lithophilinae) - nthawi zina amaphatikizidwa ndi Coccidulinae
Scymninae
Chilocorinae
Coccinellinae
Epilachninae

Mitundu ya ma coccinellids omwe amapezeka mdera la USSR yakale ndi amitundu 11 ndi 44 genera.

Ladybug yozizira

Pakusala nyengo yozizira, ma ladybugs akufuna malo obisika pakati pa masamba wandiweyani, zinyalala zamasamba, pansi pa makungwa a mitengo yowuma, etc. kapena m'nyumba, ma sheds, awning. Nthawi zambiri zimawulukira m'nyumba, chisa pakati pa zitseko, mafelemu awiri a zenera, m'makatani a makatani. Ngati mukupeza chakudya chambiri nthawi yachisanu, kumbukirani zabwino zawo, ntchito yawo yamtsogolo pochepetsa kuchuluka kwa tizilombo tosavomerezeka m'mundamo - zimatenga nthawi yochepa kwambiri kuyika ma ladybugs mumtsuko ndikuwapititsa ku dimba, ndikusunthira pansi mpanda kapena malo ena obisika, komwe angamalize kuchemberera kwawo. Ma ladybugs ena anali kuyamba kukhala limodzi, kumangokhala limodzi, m'magulu akulu, nthawi zina anthu angapo. Tanthauzo la khalidweli silikudziwika, koma limapereka mawonekedwe okongola.

Choyambirira komanso chofunikira kwambiri, kuti musunge tizilombo tosiyanasiyana tomwe tili patsamba lanu, muyenera kusiyiratu kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oononga.

Zachidziwikire kuti mutha kungogwira ma ladybugs ndikuwatulutsa kumunda. Ndikwabwino kugwira mphutsi za ladybugs, chifukwa ndiosusuka kwambiri. Komabe, kuti musachite kupanga misampha yotere nthawi iliyonse mukakumana ndi tizilombo toyipa, muyenera kusamalira nyambo ya ma ladybird patsamba lanu.

Ngati nyambo, mutha kudzala ma angelica (angelica) m'mundamo, katsabola, kapena kusiya dandelion, yarrow, ndi maambulera ena ndi mitengo yaying'ono yamaluwa / yaying'ono kuti idutse kwinakwake.

Ngati muli ndi dambo lomwe likukula, pamakhala mpata, ngakhale kumbuyo kwa mpanda wa dimba lanu, chomera chomera, tchire, makamaka nsabwe zomwe mumakonda, ndipo musagwiritse ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo pamenepo. Mwachitsanzo, dzalani elderberry wofiira - momwe mumakhala ma aphid ambiri, mphutsi za ladybugs ndi tizilombo tina tothandiza timasungidwa pamenepo.

Tansy, buckwheat ndi ma legamu ambiri ndizoyenera nyambo.

Kuti muwonetsetse kukhalapo kwa maluwa akuthengo okongola tizilombo tothandiza nyengo yonseyo, muyenera kuyamba kuyambitsa ndi maluwa omwe amatulutsa kale, mwachitsanzo, ndi buckwheat, omwe adzasinthidwa ndi katsabola komanso zina. Muyenera kukula ngati tansy, clover ndi navel, yemwe amatulutsa nthawi yayitali chaka ndi chaka.

Ntchito yogwiritsira ntchito tizilombo opindulitsa sikuti muziwonongeratu tizirombo, koma kuwongolera kuchuluka kwawo.

Mukamayambitsa machitidwe omwe amaphatikiza malo abwino oti tizilombo tizipeza komanso kukongoletsa, mutha kukwanitsa kuchuluka pakati pa kuchuluka kwa tizilombo zovulaza komanso zopindulitsa.

Chakudya chopanga

Zotsatira zabwino, nyumba zomwe zaperekedwa zimayenera kukopa ma ladybugs kuti azikhala ndikubereka m'munda. Nctar, mungu, mame a uchi amathandizira kuti abereke. Ngati pali chakudya chochepa, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda titha kubalalika ndikuwuluka kupita kwina. Chifukwa chake, ma ladybugs amatha kudyetsedwa mwa kupopera Wheast pazomera.

Chakudya chopangidwa chomwe chimatchedwa "Wheast" ndi kuphatikiza kwa mawu akuti Whey (Whey) ndi yisiti (yisiti). Wheast imapezeka ngati ufa wouma. Wheast imapereka zinthu zonse zofunikira pakukula ndi kuphatikizira kwa ma ladybirds, zingwe za zingwe ndi tizilombo tina tothandiza. Wheast ufa umasakanizidwa ndi shuga ndi madzi 50/50 ndipo umagwiritsidwa ntchito kukula tizilombo. Ophunzira ochokera kumayunivesite a zaulimi ku United States adawonetsa kuti kupopera mbewu m'mundawo ndi chisakanizo cha Wheast / shuga / madzi kumathandizira kuchulukitsa tizilombo tothandiza pamenepo.