Zosakhala

Sizokayikitsa kuti mungapeze munthu wamkulu, komanso mwana wakhanda amene alibe chidwi ndi chodabwitsachi. Tchuthi chosangalatsa kwambiri cha Chaka Chatsopano sichingakhale chopanda magetsi. Kuyambira 1700, tchuthi chosangalatsa ichi chakhala chikondwerera nafe. Ngakhale mutakhala kuti mumakongoletsa pini kapena mafayilo a zikondwerero za Chaka Chatsopano, amatchedwanso mtengo wa Khrisimasi. Omwe amayendetsa sitimayi, omwe nthawi zambiri amakondwerera Chaka Chatsopano m'malo otentha kwambiri kapena kumwera kwakum'mwera, nthawi zambiri amakongoletsa mtengo wa mgwalangwa kapena kanjedza, koma ngakhale atatero, amawona mtengo wa Khrisimasi - womwe ndi gawo la dziko lakwawo, kukongola kosangalatsa kwa nkhalango zathu.

Nyama zam'madzi zimakonda kudya. Ngakhale amagawana chisangalalo cha chisangalalo cha Chaka Chatsopano ndi anthu onse, amadzimvera chisoni chifukwa cha mbewu zomwe zidadulidwa kale kwambiri. Kupatula apo, kwenikweni, mtengo wamphamvu wa spruce umawonongeka, womwe mtengo uliwonse wa Chaka Chatsopano umatha kupitilira nthawi, ndipo mtengo wa spruce wamkulu ndi chuma chonse. Ma spruce zitunda amapita ku mapepala abwino kwambiri, silika wochita kupanga, ubweya, zikopa, zotsekemera, glycerin ndi pulasitiki. Mtengo wa kiyubiki imodzi yamatabwa a spruce amatha kusinthidwa kukhala masuti mazana asanu ndi limodzi, kapena ma 4000 masokosi a viscose, kapena kukhala ogona, muli muli.

Blue Spruce, Prickly Spruce (Blue Spruce)

Nthawi zambiri spruce amatchedwanso mtengo wa nyimbo. Nkhuni zake zoyera, zonyezimira pang'ono ndizofunikira kwambiri pakupanga zida zoimbira. Ichi ndichifukwa chake olima nkhalango amawopa zikondwerero za Chaka Chatsopano ndipo akufuna thandizo kuchokera kwa mzimayi wozizwitsa mu chemistry. Kupatula apo, ali ndi mphamvu "yakukula" mitengo yazipatso yachilengedwe chokongola monga zachilengedwe, komanso yolimba: mitengo yochita kupanga ingakhale chokongoletsa kwa zaka zingapo. Koma alimi samangodalira akatswiri azamankhwala okha. Chaka chilichonse, pamaboma apadera, amakula mosangalatsa anthu ambiri, ndipo amakongoletsa Chaka Chatsopano popanda kukongola kwa nkhalango.

Komabe, ndi changu chachikulu, olima nkhalango amakula mosawerengeka, kwazaka zambiri. Apa amagwira ntchito modzifunira. Chifukwa chake, chaka ndi chaka, mitengo yowonjezereka yowonjezereka imapezeka m'gawo lalikulu kuyambira Kola Peninsula kupita ku Southern Urals ndi Carpathians. Zachidziwikire, spruce wamba, kapena spruce aku Europe, mwachilengedwe omwe amakula m'malo otseguka, amapezeka pakati pawo. Tsopano wakula mwaluso kumapeto kwa mapiri a Ukraine, mwachitsanzo, ku Askania-Nova, komanso kugombe lakumwera kwa Crimea, ndi Central Asia.

Mitundu ina ya spruce, ndi ambiri aiwo 45, adakhazikika momasuka pagawo la mayiko atatu: ku Europe, Asia ndi North America. Zina mwazinazi ndi ku Finland ndi Siberian spruce, Korea ndi Tien Shan, Japan ndi India, Canadian ndi Serbia, akuda ndi ofiira.

Spruce Wakum'mawa (spruce waku Eastern)

Pafupifupi mitundu iliyonse imakhala ndi mitundu yokongoletsera, yosankhidwa mkati mwazaka zawo zokulidwa. Aliyense amene wazionera sadzaiwala mitengo yokongola ija yomwe ili ndi korona wolira kapena wapakhonde, wokhala ndi singano za buluu, siliva kapena golide, wokhala ndi nthambi zokwawa pansi kapena ndi ma centi akuda. Koma dziwani zokongola zathu zobiriwira nthawi zonse.

Kodi mudayang'anitsitsa moyo wa nkhalango yokongola kwambiri? Wathu wamba, kapena ku Europe, spruce amakula m'nkhalango, nthawi zina m'malo oyandikana ndi birch, aspen, paini, ndi madera ena akum'mwera - ndi oak ndi linden. Koma nthawi zambiri, imapangika mosalekeza, monga momwe akuneneratu nkhalangozi imaneneka, popanda mitundu ina. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi mitengo yobiriwira yobiriwira yobiriwira yomwe ili ndi kapeti wokutira wobiriwira. Mulimonse nyengo, nyengo yamadzulo yopanda bata imakhala yolamulira. "Mdima pano ndi wamuyaya, chinsinsi chake ndi chachikulu, dzuwa silibweretsa kuwala kuno," analemba Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov ponena za nkhalango zowuma kwambiri. Mumayenda m'nkhalango zoterezi, mumadutsa carpet yamphamvu yamasamba, ndikuzungulira, ngati mu ufumu wabwino, nthambi zanthete zazikulu za mitengo yopyapyala yopindika. Apa ndi apo, mitengo ikuluikulu ya mitengo yamlombwa, yomwazikana ndi mkuntho ndi nthawi, yabalalika mwangozi. Maambulera akuluakulu a mizu amapotozedwa ndi mphamvu yayikulu kuchokera kudziko lapansi, moss ndi chinsalu chophimba ndi zigwembe zakugwa.

M'nkhalango zotere simungapeze malo opanda zitsamba, ndipo mumangokhala ndi mipata yaying'ono (mawindo) - tchire la squat, lotetezedwa kwambiri ndi zipatso zamtundu, zilumba zazing'ono za uchi wowawasa kapena tirigu wozizira nthawi zonse. Kuzungulira kuzungulira kolowera masamba oyaluka ndi masamba ofota. Mu theka lachiwiri la chilimwe, bowa wowoneka bwino kuchokera kumbuyo kwa kapeti wobiriwira amalumikizana ndi ochepa okhala m'nkhalango yowonongekayi: agarics ofiira, bowa wachikasu wopepuka, mabere oyera.

European spruce, kapena European

Pansi pa mitengo yamiyala yakutchire, mitengo yamisipere yofooka yokha imapezeka: mitengo yake ikuluikulu kuposa pepala, ndipo nthambi zimapangika kakang'ono, kosalala, ngati kukula kwa ambulera wamba, korona. Mathero a mitengo yaying'onoyi ndi zodabwitsa. Kwa zaka zambiri iwo amatulutsa mthunzi wautali wamphamvu kwambiri, mpaka kutalika kwake kutalika kwa zaka zambiri. Ndipo kotero ambiri aiwo amafa ndi kusowa kwenikweni kwa kuwala patatha zaka zana, kapena ngakhale zaka zana zapitazo. Koma ndikofunika kudula mitengo yayikulu yobzala, kuwunikira, mawu omasulira nkhalango, kufalikira pang'onopang'ono, pomwe olemba zakale amadzuka. Monga kuti mukufulumira kukonzekera zomwe zidatayika mkati mwa zaka zambiri za kuponderezedwa, zimakula mwachangu, mpaka kufikira kukula kwake komwe kumakhala kofala kwa spruce. Katswiri wazaka zokha, patatha zaka makumi angapo akuyang'ana gawo la msipu wakale wa sawn, amatha kuwerenga nkhani zachilendo za ubwana wake komanso unyamata. Kwa osakhala akatswiri, spruce wamkulu wochokera kumtengo wamtali ndimovuta kusiyanitsa ndi mitengo ina.

Spruce, monga mukudziwa, amadziwika kuti ndi mtundu wobiriwira nthawi zonse. Izi siziri choncho. Masingano a spruce siwamuyaya. Kupatula apo, singano, atagwira ntchito yawo, amagwa pambuyo pa zaka 7-9. Nthawi iliyonse yophukira, zipatsozo zimangotsala ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu ndi awiri a singano, pafupifupi osawoneka, pang'onopang'ono m'malo mwake. Opanda diso, izi zimavuta kuzindikira. Koma kukula kwa singano zazing'ono ndikosavuta kuzindikira. Ndi bwino kuisunga mu theka lachiwiri la Meyi. Pakadali pano, poyerekeza ndi masingano akale obiriwira obiriwira ochokera ku malembedwe opumira, mphukira zakuthengo za lalanje, zovekedwa kwathunthu ndi ma emerald achinyamata. Makamaka mphukira zamtundu wa apical zimakula. M'milungu iwiri yokha, amatha kutalika nthawi zambiri mpaka theka la mita. Komabe, pakati pa chilimwe, kukula nthawi zambiri kumayima ndipo masamba atsopano amayikidwa kumapeto kwa mphukira, zomwe zimadzuka mchaka chotsatira chokha.

Spruce osati chaka chilichonse imamangirira nkhuni zomwe zimawoneka bwino pamtanda wa thunthu, komanso zimapangira gawo latsopano la nthambi zokhala ndi lingwe, zomwe zimafalikira mbali zonse. Kuchokera kuzunguzizi, mutha kuwerengera zaka za spruce pamoyo. Pangowonjezera zaka zomwe zikufotokozedwa motere ziyenera kuwonjezedwa zaka zina 3-4. Ndi mu m'badwo uwu momwe spruce amapanga gawo loyamba la whorl nthambi.

Spruce wakuda

Mtengo wowuma kapena wowotchera ulibe meta lolondola pokhapokha, malinga ndi momwe mutha kuwerengera zaka zake molondola. Mphete zake zapachaka, zowonekera bwino pamtanda, zimatha kunena zambiri. Kuyang'ana ndikuwaphunzira, samaphunzira za nthawi yayitali, komanso za moyo wonse wa mtengowo. Mutha kudziwa, mwachitsanzo, mumtunda waukulu kapena m'nkhalangomo, mtengo udakhala nthawi yayitali, m'mene nyengo idakula, momwe dzuwa limawalira, momwe mvula idakumana ndi mvula yamkuntho ndi zina zambiri.

Ndizosangalatsa kuwona kukhazikika kwa malo odulira mitengo ya spruce - malo omwe adadulira mitengo ya spruce. Mukangodula, imamera ndi zitsamba zokulitsa. Ochita bwino makamaka amakhala obwezeretsedwa mwamtali wokhala ndi maluwa akulu a maluwa a lilac ndi tiyi wokhala ndi maluwa otuwa a Ivan. Kutsatira udzu ndi mitengo - aspen, birch, paini - ngati kuti kuthamanga kuthamangira kuti atenge malo ena ambiri. Spruce, akuwoneka, sakonda mwachangu kuchita nawo mpikisano wapaderawu. Ngakhale imatengedwa kuti ndi mtundu womwe umatha kulekerera nyengo yozizira, mbande zake, monga mphukira zazing'ono, zimayamwa kwambiri posachedwa nyengo yachisanu. Chifukwa chake, spruce samakhala pamalo otseguka nthawi yomweyo ndi mitundu ina. Nthawi zambiri, oyandikana nawo atakula ndikukhala otetezeka odalirika kumapeto kwa mvula yozizira, spruce imayambanso pang'ono pang'onopang'ono koma mwachangu komanso mtsogolo, monga lamulo, imakhala ikukula kuposa oyang'anira ake. Pakapita nthawi, zimangowonjezereka, kenako mitundu ina yonse imapulumuka.

Kupambana kwa spruce pomenya nkhondo yotere nthawi zambiri sikugawika ndipo kumakhala komaliza. Koma zimachitika kuti amalephera kukhazikika munthambi ya mitengo ya apainiyawo (aspen, birch) kapena kuwononga mtengo wawo mpaka dzuwa.

Blue spruce, Pruly spruce

Kodi mudawonapo spruce yophulika? M'nkhalango yowirira, imayang'aniridwa kokha mumitengo ya zaka 30, kapena ngakhale zaka 40. Pamapaki, mitengo ya spruce nthawi zambiri imachita maluwa ali ndi zaka 12-15. Nthawi zambiri, kumapeto kwa Meyi kapena pang'ono m'mbuyomu, nthambi zambiri zachifumu zokhala ndi spruce zimapakidwa utoto ndi spikelets zowala bwino. Awa ndi maluwa achimuna. Pamasamba a mitengo yotere, maluwa achikazi amodzi nthawi yomweyo amawoneka ngati ma cones obiriwira obiriwira. Mitambo ya mungu wobiriwira wa golide, woyendetsedwa ndi mphepo yotentha yamkuntho, imawathamangira. Pakati pa maluwa, amapanga kuwala, pafupifupi chophimba cha mungu wochokera m'nkhalango ya spruce. Maluwa achimuna, atasungidwa mungu, nthawi yomweyo amawuma, amayamba kukopa, ndipo ma cell azikazi opukutidwa mungu amakhala olemeranso, kupindika ndipo pang'onopang'ono amakhala oderera. Chifukwa chake amachekera, amapsa pamutu pa mitengo yonse yotentha, yophukira ndi nthawi yachisanu. Kumayambiriro kwa kasupe wotsatira, pakati pa Epulo, amayamba kuponya mbewu yoyamba kubzala. Akatswiri amati nkhalango yokhwima nthawi zambiri imabzala ma kilogalamu 20 a mbewu pa hekitala imodzi, yomwe ndi mbewu yobwera mpaka 5 miliyoni miliyoni, pafupifupi magawo 200 pa khola iliyonse.

Mbewu iliyonse ya spruce imaperekedwa ndi mapiko ochepa oyendayenda. Kukhazikika m'mphepo zam'mlengalenga kapena mlengalenga, njere, monga chimawala, imawuluka kwa nthawi yayitali mlengalenga, imatsika mosalala pa chipale chofundidwa ndi kasupe kapena madzi oundana. Kugundidwa ndi chipale chofewa, chimatha kusewera makilomita kale pamtunda. Zowona, mtengowu samakonza "masewera a Olimpiki nthawi yachisanu" pachaka, koma, monga momwe umakhalira pamasewera, nthawi zambiri ukatha zaka 4-5. Chowonadi ndi chakuti adadya maluwa ndi zipatso pang'onopang'ono, monga lamulo, wazaka zinayi mpaka zisanu. Kuphatikiza pakugulitsa mbewu zazikuluzikulu - mphepo, mtengowo ndi anthu okhala m'nkhalango amathandizira mtengo: agologolo, ma chipmunks makamaka mitengo ya crossbones-spruce. Onsewa amadzipereka mofunitsitsa ndi nthangala za spruce, nthawi zambiri amazifalitsa kutali ndi mitengo ya amayi.

Mwanjira ina iliyonse, mbewu zofesedwa, zikugwera bwino, zimamera limodzi. Zinyama zodya bwino zimagwiritsa bwino ntchito mbeu zokulitsa mbande za herpital mu nazale, pomwe amazipititsa kumadera odulira. Kuchitidwa ndi dzanja la munthu woganizira, kukula kwaung'ono kwa achinyamata kumakhala malo m'nkhalango kapena malo okonzedwa kumene, ndipo kumangidwa ndi khoma lowona lamitengo yachitetezo pafupi ndi njanji ndi misewu yayikulu.

European spruce, kapena European

Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti pafupifupi nthawi yayitali ya spruce ndi zaka 250-300, ndipo mitengo yayikulu imakhalabe ndi zaka 500. M'matawuni akuluakulu athu a Momland, chilengedwe chateteza mitengo yayikulu kwambiri ya spruce, yomwe zaka zake ndi zaka 300-400. Imodzi mwa mitengo ikuluikuluyi ya zipatso, mpaka posachedwa, inakula ku Moscow Region, pafupi ndi Zvenigorod, ndipo mphezi yamphamvu yokha ndi mphamvu yowonjezereka.

Anthu ambiri amasilira za talente ya Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin ndi chidwi ndi mtengo wakale wokongola, womwe ndi wokalamba, womwe agogo ake a Osip Abramovich Hannibal adabzala ku Mikhailovsky Park. Amati wolemba ndakatuloyu ankakonda kwambiri nthawi yocheza ndi spruce woyambayo.

Chipatso chachikulu chimakula ku Czechoslovakia pafupi ndi tawuni ya Banska Bistrica. Achilango aku Czechoslovak atsimikiza kuti mtengowu uli ndi zaka 430. Thunthu lamphamvu laphokoso la kholo lakale, momwe eni ake amamutchulira, lidamveka mbali, kuyeza mita 6 mozungulira, ndipo pamwamba pake pali phokoso ndi singano za emarodi kwinakwake ndi denga lanyumba yazitali 30.

Tien Shan spruce

Oimira fuko la spruce ndi buluu wa buluu (opanga mankhwala amawatcha prickly). Monga zotumiza zokhazikika nthawi zonse ziyimirira pa Red Square pafupi ndi Mausoleum wa V.I. Lenin komanso m'mbali mwa khoma la Kremlin.

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