Zinthu zosamalidwa m'munda wamphesa

Gawo 1. Mphesa wobadwa kuti upatse moyo wosafa
Gawo 2. Zomwe zimayang'anira ntchito ya mpesa
Gawo 3. Mpesa uyenera kuvutika. Kudulira
Gawo 4 Kuteteza mphesa ku matenda a fungus
Gawo 5. Kuteteza mphesa ku tizirombo
Gawo 6. Kufalikira kwamasamba a mphesa
Gawo 7. Kufalitsa mphesa pomalumikiza
Gawo 8. Magulu ndi mitundu ya mphesa

Kukwaniritsidwa kwa magawo onse malinga ndi zofunikira zaukadaulo waulimi wolima kumapangitsa kuti mbewuyo ikhale yopanga zipatso munthawi yochepa kwambiri komanso kwa nthawi yayitali kupanga zipatso zamabulosi zazitali komanso zapamwamba.

Kusamalira mpesa musanakhale zipatso

Mukabzala, dothi limapangidwanso, kuponderezedwa. Chifukwa chake, kumapeto kwa nthawi yobzala, timakumba dothi pakati pa mizere kapena kumasula mozama, ndikufafaniza namsongole ndikusintha kayendetsedwe kake ka mlengalenga.

Mphesa

Mbande zobzalidwa m'mizu zimaphuka patatha milungu iwiri ndipo zimatha kale kumapeto kwa Meyi-Juni mphukira zoyambirira zobiriwira zimatuluka. Munthawi imeneyi, timatulutsa pang'onopang'ono mphukira yachinyamata ndi gawo lapamwamba la mizu kuchokera m'nthaka, pafupifupi masentimita 10-15. Timayang'ana kuwonongeka pa tsinde ndi inoculation. Timachotsa, ngati pali, mizu yamakhalidwe (padziko).

M'dzinja loyamba, timakumba dothi pansi pa mphesa masamba atagwa. Tchire tating'ono kum'mwera zigawo m'munsi mwa 20-25 cm kuphimba pansi. Pakati panjira timaphimba kwathunthu, ndikuyala mphukira mumakumba okumbidwiratu.

Mu nthawi ya masika, chisanu chikamadutsa ndipo nyengo yotentha ikalowa, timachotsa tchire pamalo okhala. Monga lamulo, mchaka choyamba cha msipu, mbande za mphesa sizithirira madzi, koma nthawi zina mvula yamkuntho yamvula imayamba, makamaka pamadothi omwe atha, kenako njira imodzi yotulukirako ndikuthirira, kuphatikiza ndi kuvala kwapamwamba. Malinga ndi mkhalidwe wa chitsamba chobzalidwa, timazindikira kuchuluka kwa kuthirira. Mwezi woyamba timathilira m'masiku 10, panthawi yoposa malita 5 a madzi ofunda ndikuphatikiza feteleza wathunthu. Kenako 2 kawiri pamwezi ndikumaliza nthawi yothirira mu Ogasiti, kuti mpesa ukhale ndi nthawi yakucha.

Kwa zaka 2-3 timachoka pakuthirira pafupipafupi. Kuthirira ndi kuvala pamwamba pa mphesa kumachitika ngati kuli kofunikira. Feteleza pakuvala kwapamwamba kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha dothi losowa, ndikuthirira mu nyengo youma. Munthawi yakulima timayendera tchire tachinyamata, kuchita zodzitetezera (kupopera mankhwala ndi mankhwala oyenera) ku matenda ndi tizirombo.

Katarovka mphesa

Njira yochotsa mizu pamiyala ya pansi pa nthaka imatchedwa katarovka. Nthawi zamasamba mchaka choyamba cha moyo wamtchire, timagwiritsa ntchito kawiri. Loyamba kumapeto kwa mwezi wa June komanso lachiwiri kuzungulira pakati pa Ogasiti. Nthawi iliyonse, mizu imachotsedwa mbali imodzi yokha mpaka 25-30 cm. Kukula kwa chitsa kumachotsedwa kwathunthu. Kuti mizu isawonenso, timasiyanitsa tsinde la pansi panthaka ndikuzama kuchokera munthaka (kudula ndi payipi, botolo la pulasitiki, ndi zina). Pambuyo pakutsata, dothi limabwezeretsedwanso pamalowo, ndikusiya kukula kwatsopano. Nthawi zina pamabzala ndikumalumikizidwa mbande timayamba katarovka mchaka chotsatira, komanso 2 waukulu. Katarovka ndikofunikira kuchotsa mizu ya mphesa pamtunda wa kuzizira kwa dothi komanso chinyezi chosakwanira, kotero timachichita mpaka mizu yonse (30 mpaka 40 cm) ichotsedwe.

Kukhazikitsa kwa othandizira

M'chaka choyamba chakumapeto kapena kumapeto kwa chaka chachiwiri, timakhazikitsa njira yothandizira mpesa. Chabwino kwambiri ndi kuyang'ana kwa chithandizo. Mu mzere uliwonse wa mbande zam'mphesa, pambuyo pa 4-5 metres, timakhazikitsa konkriti yamatabwa kapena yolimbikitsidwa 2.0-2.5 mita.Chikulowetsani pansi mpaka 60-70 cm ndi nangula ndi otsetsereka kuchokera ku tchire la mpesa kuti waya singayende. Timatambasulira waya wozungulira m'mizere 4-5 pambuyo pa 40-60 cm.

Mphesa

Ndikapangidwe osasunthika ka chitsamba cha mphesa, mzere woyamba wamanjawo umakhazikitsidwa kutalika kwa 30 cm masentimita kuchokera pansi. Ndi mawonekedwe ofanana pamlingo wa tsinde ndi manja apansi a chitsamba. Chovala chimagwidwa ndi chithunzi eyiti, kuti asakoke mpesa. Timagwiritsa ntchito zida zofewa. Ngati garter wagwera pa tsinde, timachichotsa ndipo timachimanganso ndi eyiti yaulere.

Ukadaulo wazipatso zamasamba othandizira zipatso

Zochitika za Agrotechnical

Chapakatikati, timayesa kuyesa munda wamphesawo, masamba asanatseguke, timagwira ntchito zina: kukonza kapena kubzala zitsamba zatsopano, kuziyika m'nkhokwe za odulidwa.
Ndi isanayambike nyengo yofunda (popanda kubwerera nyengo yachisanu), tsegulani mpesa, kumasula mutu kuchokera kumtunda, chotsani khungwa lowuma ndi mphukira, ndikuyamba garter youma. Timamanga (nthawi zonse molunjika) mphukira zosatha kuti tithandizire. Munthawi imeneyi, tchire limatha kuthandizidwa ndikuthana ndi 3% yankho la mkuwa kapena sulfate yachitsulo. Kukonzanso kuzichedwetsa kutuluka kwa impso, komwe kuziteteza ku chisanu cham'madzi ndipo nthawi yomweyo kudzakhala njira yabwino yopewera matenda a fungus.
Pa tchire logona nthawi yozizira timatola kudulira koyambirira, ndipo nthawi ya kasupe timayamba kudulira komalizira ndi kutsitsa mpesa.
Mphukira zobiriwira zikafika 20-25 cm, timayamba garter yobiriwira, yomwe timabwereza kangapo nthawi yachilimwe. Timangirira wobiriwira akuwombera. Zomwe timazisiya pamanja mikono - mwamalire. Pakati pa chilimwe, timayatsa chitsamba. Timaswa kapena kudula masamba obiriwira, kukulitsa chitsamba, ndikupukusa masango. Njira imeneyi imakupatsani mwayi woteteza mphesa ku matenda ndipo imathandizira kuti mbewuzo zizipsa mwachangu.

Mphesa zazing'ono.

Dzu lozama kulowa, ngakhale malo owuma, limatha kupatsa mphesa ndi madzi okwanira. Komabe, kuti mupeze zokolola zambiri, minda yamphesa, makamaka kum'malo otentha kwambiri, imafunika kuthirira.

Ulamuliro wothirira komanso kuvala pamwamba pa mphesa

Kuti ulimi wothirira ugwire bwino, uyenera kuchitika munyengo zina za chitukuko cha mpesa ndi mitengo yokwanira. Ndikusowa kwa madzi, maburashi ang'onoang'ono ndi zipatso, muzuwo umakulira mpaka 14 m ndikukula mosakhazikika mpaka 2-3 m, kuletsa mbewu zapafupi. Ndi kuthirira pafupipafupi, kuwonongeka kwa malo a katemera, tsinde ndi mizu imayamba. Zomera zitha kufa. Kutsirira nthawi zambiri kumachitika kuyambira Epulo mpaka Okutobala. Ndibwino kuyang'ana magawo a kukula kwa tchire, popeza kukhumudwa kwawo kum'mwera komanso pakati pa Russia kumachitika nthawi zosiyanasiyana zamasamba. Timakhala kuthirira mu nthawi zotsatirazi komanso magawo a chitukuko cha mphesa:

mutangomaliza kupanga garter youma, kuphatikiza ndi kuyambitsa kwa 50-100 g / chitsamba cha ammonium nitrate,
kutsirira kwachiwiri kumachitika mu gawo la kukula kwa mphukira za mphesa (woyamba wobiriwira wobiriwira). Pamadothi osauka, timawonjezera nthawi yomweyo 50-70 g / chitsamba cha ammophos,
tisanakhazikitse maluwa mutathilira, timavala zovala zapamwamba zapamwamba ndi njira ya 0.1% ya boric acid. Popewa kutaya maluwa, koyambirira komanso maluwa, m'munda wamphesa suyenera kuthiriridwa madzi,
kutsirira kotsatira kumachitika mutatha maluwa mu gawo la burashi mikwingwirima. Nthawi zina kuthirira kumakankhidwira kubwerera kumayambiriro kwa kucha kucha zipatso. Munthawi izi, ndikofunikanso kubwereza kuvala kwapamwamba kwa mphesa ndi 0,1% boric acid yankho. Tisanatsirire, timawonjezera diammophos kapena superphosphate ndi potaziyamu sulfate, kuwonjezera kapu ya phulusa. Mukamwetsa madzi, dothi limamasulidwa m'mizere ndi mizere.

Tikatha kukolola tisanayambe kukumba, timanyamula madzi othirira (ofunikira pouma). Timabweretsa chidebe cha 0,5-1.0 / sq. mamita a humus kapena manyowa okhwima, pawiri superphosphate (100-150 g / sq. m) kukumba m'munda wamphesa. Pazakumba kukumba kuphatikizani ndi malo okhala tchire.

Teknoloji ya EM ya mipesa yomwe ikukula mnyumba

Pakadali pano, matekinoloje osagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala omwe amapereka zachilengedwe zachilengedwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Chimodzi mwamagetsi olimbikitsa amenewo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito Njira Yabwino ya Zamoyo (EM). Kukonzekera kwa Baikal EM-1 kunapangidwa pamaziko a zophatikiza zopitilira 80 zopindulitsa, zomwe, zikatulutsidwa mu dothi kapena chomera, zimawononga microflora ya pathogenic. Mwachilengedwe, zabwino zawo sizikuwoneka m'njira zonse kuchokera ku ntchito imodzi. Tikufunika kakhalidwe ka zaka 3-5 pazochotsa nthaka ndi kubwezeretsa zachilengedwe.

Mphesa

Zopinga zazikulu pakugwiritsa ntchito bwino ukadaulo wa EM

Mankhwala a gululi amakhala ndi kanthawi kochepa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchulukitsa kwa mankhwalawa.
Tekinoloje yosamalidwa imasankhidwa pamitundu iliyonse.
Kutalika kwa chithandizo munthawi yakula kumayamba masiku 10 mpaka 12, zomwe zimawonjezera nthawi ndi mtengo wosamalira mbewu.
Mankhwala amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poletsa matenda. Ndi zotupa za epiphytotic, mankhwala a EM ndi osagwira ntchito. Poterepa, polumikiza zinthu zachilengedwe.

Zabwino pakugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa EM

Akalowetsedwa m'nthaka, mankhwalawo amathandizira saprophytes, womwe umapangira organic mu mawonekedwe osakanikirana bwino a mbewu.
Chimateteza kumtunda ndi mobisa ziwalo za mbeu ku matenda.
Zamoyo zomwe zimapangidwa nthawi ya ntchito ya EM zimachiritsa nthaka.
Zotsatira zake zimakhala zopanda vuto kwa anthu.

Pakadali pano, ukadaulo uwu umangogwira ntchito m'malo ochepa, kuphatikiza mitengo yamphesa yolima kunyumba.

Kuti musinthe pa ukadaulo wa EM posamalira mpesa, muyenera:

gulani mozama "Baikal EM-1",
nyengo isanakhazikike (kumapeto kwa dzinja) konzani njira yankhokwe, malinga ndi malingaliro pa phukusi,
nthawi yakula, gwiritsani ntchito yankho la EM-1 kukonzekeretsa wogwira ntchito, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku lomwelo.
konzekerani yankho la EM-5 pasadakhale ndikugwiritsa ntchito pokonza njira zothetsera matenda ku matenda ndi tizirombo.

Burashi ya mitengo yosasunthika ya mphesa.

Kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa EM waulimi

Kuchokera pachangu changa

Nditakolola mphesa mchaka chachiwiri cha Ogasiti, ndimayeretsa dothi la namsongole. Madzi opepuka, kupangitsa kukula kwa namsongole. Kuthirira kumapereka malo oyenera a ntchito ya EM.
Ndimakonza njira yatsopano yogwira kuchokera ku Baikal EM-1 base mu 100 ml ya yankho lamkati mpaka 10 malita a madzi oyera ofunda opopera ndi kutsanulira nthaka. Ndimayang'ana m'nthaka.
Ndimachotsa namsongole wamkulu (kumapeto kwa Seputembala) ndikubweretsa chitsamba chilichonse cha mphesa chovunda, kompositi kompositi, ndi zina zambiri. Popita nthawi, feteleza wachilengedwe adayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito patatha zaka 1-2, popeza dothi lomwe limapangidwapo limadziwika kwambiri chifukwa chachilengedwe chokwanira. Kwa nthawi yofunda yotsalira, ma EMs modzipereka adatulutsa zofunikira organic ndikuwononga phytopathogenic microflora.
Chapakatikati, ndikuyamba kutentha (kutentha kwa mpweya +10 - + 12 ° С), ndimapopera dothi pansi pa tchire ndikugwiritsa ntchito yankho la Baikal EM-1 yemweyo ngati ndende. Nthawi yomweyo ndimakonza mpesa ndi yankho lake pogwira 1: 500 (10 l ya madzi / 20 ml ya stock solution ya kukonzekera). Ndendeyi singachuluke, ikukhumudwitsa mbewu.
Masamba atatseguka, ndimabwereranso kuthira dothi madzi (40 ml / 10 l madzi) ndikadindapo kumtunda kwa masentimita 5-7. Nthawi yomweyo, ndimapopera gawo la ma tchire ndikuyesetsa kuthana ndi gawo la 1: 500-1000 (10-20 ml ya Baikal stock solution / 10 l yamadzi) .
Ndimagwira ntchito yotsatira ndisanataye maluwa kenako ndikumalizira kwa kukula kwa nyengo mwadongosolo masabata awiri aliwonse atachita pamwambapa.
Kuti ndithane ndi mpesa masabata awiri ndisanayambe maluwa, ndimatembenukira ku njira yothandizira EM-5 kenako mwadongosolo kamodzi pakatha masabata awiri atatu ndimapukusa mpesa kuchokera kumatenda ndi tizirombo tina. Chiwerengero cha yankho lothirira lamadzi mu EM-5 ndi chimodzimodzi pakukonzekera EM-1.

Kubzala mbewu nthawi zambiri kumatha mu Ogasiti, ndikupitilizabe dothi mpaka nthawi yophukira kukumba. Pazaka zopitilira 6 polimidwa, dothi latha kusokonekera, lakhala mpweya, kupuma komanso zinthu zomwe zikupezeka m'chilengedwe zakula.

Muukadaulo wa EM sindigwiritsa ntchito kukonzekera kwa Baikal EM-1, komanso zinthu zina zachilengedwe zomwe zimalimbikitsidwa paulimi wachilengedwe. Pakatentha, masika otentha, ma EM atagona "pang'ono," ndimagwiritsa ntchito Bionorm-V, Novosil, ndi Valagro. Kuphatikiza kulimbana ndi khansa ndi zowola imvi, ndimagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala Albit. Ndimagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala onse owonjezera motsatira malangizowo. Ukadaulo watsopano wothandiza kwambiri wogwira ntchito pazinthu zotsatirazi: oyambirira Magarach, Moldova woyambirira, Codrianka, Lidia, Viorica, Solaris.