Chovuta chachikulu choyambitsa wamaluwa polima mbatata ndikuti chilichonse chosadyidwa chiyenera kubzalidwa ndikubzala. Ambiri amatero. Ndipo m'dzinja amasunthika manja awo mwachisoni ngati mbewuyo kulibe kapena yochepa kwambiri kotero kuti palibe chifukwa choti akumbe. Vuto lachiwiri ndikubzala mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Ma tchire ena adakali obiriwira, pomwe enanso auma kwambiri kotero kuti sizingatheke kudziwa komwe chitsamba chinali. Koma chomwe chimakhumudwitsa ndichakuti mbatata zosenda mu mbatata imodzi zimadzakhala zokongola, ndipo mu saladi m'malo mwa cubes zopanda zinyalala. Ma tubers enanso, msuziwo umafanana ndi magalasi amtambo amtambo, ndipo msuzi wopanda fungo umakhala ndi mbiri yodabwitsa.
Kupeza mbewu yabwino kwambiri kumadalira cholinga cha mbatata. Mtundu uliwonse wamalonda mumakhala mitundu yake. Mbatata za mbewu.
- Kuchokera kwa mbewu yoipa musayembekezere fuko labwino
- Makhalidwe a mbatata
- Kudzikonzekeretsa kwa mbewu
- Kugula kwa kubzala zakuthupi
- Kukonzekera mbatata za mbatata chifukwa chodzala
- Madeti obzala mbatata
- Njira ndi zoyenera kubzala mbatata
Kuchokera kwa mbewu yoipa musayembekezere fuko labwino
Nyimbo zachikale izi zimayankha molondola komanso moyenera kuyankha mafunso onse oyambira wamaluwa ndipo nthawi yomweyo zimawabwezeretsa zolakwa zoyambira kulima mbatata. Kupeza mbewu yabwino kwambiri zimatengera cholinga cha mbatata: masaladi, vinaigrette, mbatata zosenda, soups ndi borsch. Mtundu uliwonse wamalonda omaliza, mitundu yake imapangidwa, yomwe imagawidwa m'magulu omwe ali ndi nthawi yanji yolima nthawi yotentha.
Makhalidwe a mbatata
Mbatata amagawidwa ndi kutalika kwa nyengo yakukula:
- koyambirira, kupanga mbewu m'masiku 80-90;
- sing'anga koyambirira, kukolola kwa tuber kumapezeka masiku 100-115;
- pakati, mbewu yomwe imatenga masiku 115-125;
- pakati mochedwa, ndi nyengo yakukula ya masiku 125-140;
- Pambuyo pake, mapangidwe a mbeu ya tubers omwe amatenga masiku oposa 140.
Kutalika kwa nyengo yotentha kumatsimikizira gulu la mitundu ya mbatata, omwe amasankhidwa m'deralo. Sizikupanga nzeru kukula mbatata mochedwa kumadera komwe kumatentha kumatha miyezi 2-4. Koma magawikawa m'magulu samathetsa mavuto a mtundu wa mbewu ndikugwiritsa ntchito kwake pokonza mbale zingapo. M'gulu lirilonse, chidwi chimaperekedwa kwa mitundu yomwe imasiyana mu zachuma (kukoma, kukhuthala, mtundu wa thupi) ndi chikhalidwe chachilengedwe (zokolola, kusunga mawonekedwe, mawonekedwe a tuber, kukana tizirombo ndi matenda, ndi zina). Mtundu uliwonse umafanana ndi zilembo za botanical (zimayambira, masamba, maluwa, ndi zina), kutengera komwe m'munda ndizotheka kusiyanitsa mitundu ndikuchotsa mitundu.
Kuphatikiza mitundu 2000 ya mbatata idawotchedwa Russian Federation ndi CIS, koma mitundu 200 ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yodziwika bwino imagwiritsidwa ntchito pobzala. Palibenso mitundu yamitundu yonse yomwe sinadalire nyengo ndi nthaka. Kuti nyengo yonse yotentha ikhale ndi mbatata zanu zatsopano m'mundamo zomwe zidabzala mitundu 2-4 ndi zofunikira zachuma zamitundu yosiyanasiyana yakucha (koyambirira pakati, ndi zina).
Mukamagula mbatata za mbewu, muyenera kutsatira malamulo angapo. Chimodzi mwa izo si kugula zinthu kuchokera kwa ogulitsa mwachisawawa. Mbatata zaphikidwe
Kudzikonzekeretsa kwa mbewu
Olima maluwa aluso nthawi zambiri amayendetsa zokolola zawo. Popeza apeza luso linalake komanso odziwa zinthu, eni ake amatulutsa mbewu pogula mbatata. Popewa raznosortitsy muyenera kuchita kusanja. Ngati, pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana, sizinachitike, ndiye kuti zitsamba zambiri (mbewu) zimadziwika pabedi, timizu tomwe timatsalira pafupi ndi bowo. Kututa kumayambira tchire izi. Ma tubers (onenepa, osaposanso mazira a nkhuku, athanzi popanda zilonda zakunja ndi matenda, tizirombo, popanda mabala omwe amalandiridwa panthawi ya chisamaliro ndi kuyeretsa) amatengedwa pachisa.
Ma testes osankhidwa amayikidwa padera poti ayometse komanso kusankha komaliza kuti asungidwe mpaka kumapeto. Mutha kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa zinthu zofunikira kubzala zofunika. Nthawi zambiri pa 1 sq. Ma tubers 5-7 a mbatata okhala ndi kulemera pafupifupi 50 mpaka 70, nthawi zina 90-100 g, amabzalidwa pa mita lalikulu. Atatha kukolola, amayamba kukolola. Pofuna kuti ziwonongere mundawo osadyetsa tizirombo, amachotsa mbatata zonse pabedi, kuphatikiza zazing'ono komanso zodwala, komanso nsonga. Wathanzi atagona manyowa, ndipo wodwalayo amawotchedwa, ndikubwezera phulusa kumunda. Mabedi ofunikira mbatata akatulutsidwa, amayamba kukonzekera m'dzinja.
Chonde dziwani kuti njira yokulira mbatata kuchokera pambewu yalongosoledwa m'nkhaniyi Kukula mbatata kuchokera ku Mbewu.
Kugula kwa kubzala zakuthupi
Omwe amayambira kulima nthawi zambiri amagula chaka choyamba chodzala. Mukamagula, muyenera kutsatira malamulo angapo.
- Osagula zinthu kuchokera kwa ogulitsa mwachisawawa.
- Pezani zinthu zokhoma zokhazokha zowerengera minda.
- Kugula kulikonse kumatsatana ndi kufotokozera mwachidule za mitundu (funsani wogulitsa).
Izi zikuwonetsa gulu ndi dzina la mitundu ya mbatata, dera (dera) laulimi. Pafupifupi tsiku lobzala panthaka, nthawi ya kukula, zipatso. Zizindikiro zamkati zimatha kutentha. Kukaniza matenda ndi tizirombo. Kusunga mtundu. Ngati sichoncho, musayike pachiwopsezo kugula mbewu. Mutha kunyengedwa.
Pamaso pa ogulitsa, sinthani mtundu wazinthu zomwe zidagulidwa ndikugwirizana ndi zomwe zalembedwa. Onani kufanana kwa zinthu zomwe zinagulidwa, kukula kwa mbatata ya mbatata (ndi dzira la nkhuku). Utoto wakunja kwa peel, mawonekedwe a tuber. Malo omwe amaphatikizidwa ndi ocelli, kukula kwawo, mawonekedwe (ozunguliridwa, omalizira, owongoka, osakwatiwa, pamagulu). Kupanda kutero, mugula zolakwika.
Kulonga ndi kuyesa mbewu
Kunyumba, mbatata zogula mbatata zimayang'aniridwa bwino pambuyo poyambitsa kutsuka kuchokera ku litsiro (ngati kuli koyenera). Pazotsatira, odwala omwe awonongeka, owonongeka ndi osiyana maonekedwe (okwera, ozungulira), maonekedwe a thupi (oyera, apinki, achikasu. Buluu kwambiri, ofiira, ndi ena otero) amakanidwa nthawi yomweyo. Ma tubato athanzi athanzi amasanjidwa ang'onoang'ono (30-50 g), sing'anga (50-80 g) ndi akulu (oposa 80 g). Gawo lirilonse lolemera mtsogolo lidzakhala ndi mbande zofananira, liwiro lake lachitukuko, ndipo lidzathandizira kukonza ma masamba ndi chithandizo chawo. Kuphatikiza apo, tubers zazikulu zitha kugawidwa zidutswa zingapo musanadzalemo.
Kukonzekera mbatata za mbatata chifukwa chodzala
Kutengera ndi momwe mbatata za mbatata (zakuya, maso ogona, kapena mosemphana ndi maso zamera, koma zamtendere, zina), zinthu zobzala zimayikidwa kukonzekera kowonjezereka kubzala panthaka. Maso ogona pa tubers amasinthidwa kapena kudzutsidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Maso owoneka obiriwira. Kukonzekera kubzala kumapangitsa kuti muchepetse nthawi yamabzala mutabzala, motero, kupeza mbewu yakale.
Kukonzekera kubzala kumapangitsa kuti muchepetse nthawi yamabzala mutabzala, motero, kupeza mbewu yakale. Mbatata zambewu zophuka.
Kuwala kofikira
Ndi maso otumphuka, timabowo timatsekedwa, kamenenso timatchedwa kuwala kophikira. Zosakaniza mbatata zakonzedwa zimayikidwa pazenera zanyumba, m'malo owonekera, m'mabokosi a mphesa mu 1 wosanjikiza pansi pazowunikira zolimbitsa masiku 20-30 asanabzalidwe. Mwadongosolo, ma tubers amasinthidwa ndikusinthidwa. Kutentha m'chipindacho kumasungidwa mkati mwa + 12 ... + 17 ° C. Ma tubers okonzedwa amayenera kukhala ndi yunifolomu yofananira. Sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chakudya.
Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa Tuber
Ngati ndi kotheka, kuunika kwophika kwa mbatata kumaphatikizidwa ndi chithandizo cha tubers ndi zopatsa thanzi komanso zophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuti tithandizire kukula kwa diso ndi kuteteza motsutsana ndi kuwonongeka kwa matenda. Pa dothi lakutha, ndibwino kwambiri kuti mudzala ma tubers kuwonjezera pamathandizidwe ndi michere. Kufufuza kumachitika m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Wogulitsa m'munda aliyense ali ndi njira zake zotsimikiziramo zokonzera zinthu zomwe zingabzalidwe ndipo nthawi zambiri amazigwiritsa ntchito. Nkhaniyi imapereka mitundu iwiri ya mayankho kwa oyambitsa wamaluwa ndipo si miyambo yovomerezeka.
Njira 1. Pafupifupi masabata 4-6 asanabzalidwe, timatumba ta mbatata timanyowa kwa mphindi 20-30 mu kutentha kwa chipinda. Pofuna kuti lisasokoneze ndi kuwerengera, pokonzekera mayankho a zigawo zingapo, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wokonzeka wopangidwa ndi ma crystallin, vuksal, omwe akuphatikiza ndi michere yayikulu 8 michere. 20-25 g wa feteleza ndi masupuni 1-2 amadzi othandizira okulira amaso amtunduwu amasungunuka mu 10 l a madzi. Mbatata zoumba mbatata zimayikidwa m'mabokosi mu 1 kapena 2 zigawo. Mabokosi amatengedwa kupita kuchipinda chamdima kwa milungu iwiri, kutentha kwa + 12 ... + 17 ° С. Pambuyo kumera kwamdima, mabokosi kapena zinthu zina zokhala ndi ma tubers zimawululidwa kuti atuluke.
2 njira. Ngati timatumba ta matenda tapezeka m'mbewu yogulika, ndiye kuti magulu onse osiyanitsidwa (ochepa, apakati, akulu ma tubers) amawakonza mu yankho lomwe limakhala ndi kukonzekera kwamtsogolo kwa maso, kuyika mizu yam'mimba komanso kuteteza munthawi yomweyo ku matenda oyamba ndi fungus. 20-25 g wa feteleza wovuta amumeza mu 10 l a madzi, 50-100 g wa phulusa lamatabwa, 5 g wamkuwa wa sulphate ndi uzitsine wa potaziyamu permanganate (1-2 g). Bioglobin, rootin ndi trichodermin (antifungal biofungicide) amawonjezeredwa ku yankho. Kusakaniza kusakaniza bwino. Tubers amathiridwa kapena kutsitsidwa kwa mphindi 2-4 mumabokosi osankhidwa ndi mbatata. M'masiku 1020 otsatira, ma tubers amathiridwa mafuta ndi njira yokonzedwa itatha masiku 1-3. Kenako, ndikutukuka kokwanira ndikusintha khungu pamaso pa tubers, kamadzalidwa pansi.
Phatikizani kukondoweza kwa maso ndi mawonekedwe a malo. Mbatata zambewu zophuka.
Kumera kwamdzu kwamizu panamera
Olima ena amakonda kubzala tubers panthaka yokhala ndi mizu yokhwima pazomera. Njirayi imawonjezera liwiro, mphamvu ndi kuchuluka kwa tubers zamtsogolo pa stolons zamapoto. Kukonzekera kwa ma tubers kumachitika m'mbale muli chonyowa chosakwanira osayatsa. Chipika cha tchipisi cha coniferous, utuchi, peat chimathiridwa pansi ndi masentimita 2-3 pansi pa pulasitiki kapena zitsulo zamatabwa zokutidwa ndi filimu. Ndikokwanira kuthira mchere pogwiritsa ntchito michere yokonzedwa malinga ndi njira yomwe ili pamwambapa. Mutha kukonzekera mayankho pogwiritsa ntchito supuni 10 zamadzi, supuni zitatu za nitrophosphate, urea, kapena feteleza wa Effon. N`zosatheka kudya kwambiri. Kuteteza ku kuwonongeka kwa tuber ndi matenda oyamba ndi fungus, planriz, trichodermin ndi mitundu ina ya biofungicides yomwe sivulaza nthaka, thanzi la anthu ndi ziweto zimawonjezeredwa ku yankho la michere. Mbatata tubers ali mwamphamvu anaika zinyalala. Mizere yotsatirayi imalumikizidwa, ngati yoyamba. Mzere wapamwamba uyenera kuphimbidwa ndi filler. Sinthani chojambula pambuyo masiku 4-6. Kuti tisunge chinyontho, muli mumtambo wokutidwa ndi kanema ndikuyikidwa muzipinda popanda mwayi wakuwala. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi, mbatata za mbatata zimayikidwa kuti zimere nthawi yomweyo zisanabzalidwe panthaka, kutentha kwake komwe kosanjikiza ndi 10-15 masentimita kuli pafupi ndi kutentha kwa filler (mkati mwa + 8 ... + 12 ° C). Mizu yophukira pamasamba mu masiku 7-10. Atafika muzu wazitali za 1-2 masentimita, ma tubers amabzalidwa nthawi yomweyo. Zilonda zam'maso zokhazikika ndizokonzeka kubzala mu masabata 1.5-2.0.
Madeti obzala mbatata
Sichabwinobwino kumangiriza kubzala mbatata panthaka yeniyeni. Nyengo zimatengera zinthu zambiri, ndipo pazaka zambiri kusiyana komwe kumachitika nyengo yachisanu yopanda chisanu kumatha kusiyanasiyana (masiku 10-30).
Chifukwa chake, m'malo osiyanasiyana, kubzala mbatata kumayamba:
- kumayambiriro kwa kasupe wopanda nyengo yodziwika bwino ya m'deralo. Zimawonetsedwa kalendala, zomwe zimanenedwa pamayendedwe apanema wa kanema, etc.
- M'nyengo yopanda chisanu, kubzala kwa ma tubers kumachitika pamene dothi limatenthedwa ndi masentimita 10-12 mpaka + 5 ... + 7 ° C, komanso kwa osaphukira + 8 ... + 10 ° C, kutentha kwa mpweya sikotsika kuposa + 10 ° C. Kubzala ndi chomera chomera kumathandizira kukolola kwa masabata 1.5-2.0.
Pa kutentha kwa mpweya wa + 10 ... + 12 ° С, mbatata zimatuluka masiku 20-25. Kutentha kukakwera kufika + 18 ° C - pa masiku 12-13. Zomera zazing'ono zitha kupirira kutsika kwakanthawi kochepa kwa kutentha kwa mpweya mpaka -1.5ºº. Kutsitsa kutentha kwa dothi mpaka -1.0 ° C kumayambitsa kufa kwa tubers. Chifukwa chake mawu oti: kuyambika koyambirira sikothandiza. Amachedwetsa kutuluka kwa mbande kwa masiku 30. Kapangidwe ka pamwamba pamphamvu kumayambira pa + 11 ° C. Nthawi yakula, mulingo woyenera wa dothi lakukula kwa mbatata zam'madzi ndi + 16 ... + 19 ° С. Zapamwamba zimabwezeretsa chitukuko chawo. Pansi kutentha kwa nthaka kuthirira ndi mulching.
Kubzala mbatata yokonzekera mbatata kumachitika m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kutengera mtundu wa dothi.
Njira ndi zoyenera kubzala mbatata
Kutengera mtundu wa dothi, nyengo nyengo, kubzala mbatata za mbatata kumachitika m'njira zosiyanasiyana.
Njira zitatu:
- yosalala m'maenje ndi tepi (yosavuta komanso iwiri),
- phatikizani ndi chinyezi chambiri,
- ngalande kumadera ouma.
Musanayambe kubzala mbatata zokhala ndi zazikulu zazikulu, werengani malingaliro onse podzala tekinoloje (tebulo).
- Ndi kupatuka kwa kukula kwa mbatata za mbatata kuchokera pamtunda wokhazikika, zimatha kusiyanasiyana, koma osapitirira 3-5 cm. Mitundu yonse yobzala mpaka nthaka itakutidwa kwathunthu ndi nsonga zokhala pamwamba idayenera kuyikiridwa.
- Malo okhala ofanana pamagetsi nthawi zonse amakhala kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kumwera.
- Ndi njira iliyonse yobzala, ndikofunikira kusunga mtunda pakati pa mizere ndi ma tubers motsatana, wopangidwira magulu osiyanasiyana a mbatata.
- Sungani nthawi zonse kubzala, kutengera mtundu wa dothi,
- Kumera kumavomerezeka pokhapokha ndi njira ina yodzalirira komanso mukadzala ndi zinthu zochepa zobzala.
Zofunikira pa Agrotechnical pakubzala muyezo tubato mbatata.
Mitundu yoyambira mbatata:
- Mtunda pakati pa mizere, zitunda 45-50 cm
- Mtunda pakati pa tubers mu mzere wa 25-30 cm
- Tizilombo todzala tuber:
- dothi lowala, 10-12 cm
- loamy wolemera, 8-10 cm
- dongo lolemera 4-5 cm
Mitundu ya mbatata yapakatikati:
- Mtunda pakati pa mizere, zitunda 50-60 cm
- Mtunda pakati pa tubers mu mzere 30-35 cm
- Tizilombo todzala tuber:
- dothi labwino 10-12 cm
- loamy woopsa 08-10 cm
- dongo lolemera 04-05 cm
Mitundu yakucha ya mbatata:
- Mtunda pakati pa mizere, zitunda 60-70 cm
- Mtunda pakati pa tubers mu mzere wa 35-40 cm
- Tizilombo todzala tuber:
- dothi labwino 10-12 cm
- loamy woopsa 08-10 cm
- dongo lolemera 04-05 cm
Mphukira za mbatata.
Kubzala mbatata pamunda wosalala
Pamalo olimidwa omwe amakhala ndi madzi okwanira komanso amathanso kupumira, mutha kubzala mbatata molunjika mumabowo kapena mizere. Mabowowo akumbidwa mwakuya masentimita 8 mpaka 12 ndi mzere kutalikirana kwa 50-70 cm.Ndi njira iyi yobzala, njira zingapo zingagwiritsidwe ntchito.
Njira yoyendera ndikutalikirana mzere wofanana pamalowo.
Matepi apawiri kuchokera pamizere iwiri.Mtunda pakati pa mizere mu riboni ndi 40 cm, ndipo pakati pa nthiti ndi 80-90 cm.Mizereyo, timadzala timabzalidwa pambuyo 30-30 cm pogwiritsa ntchito cheterboard pogawa tubers m'mizere ya riboni. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti kuthirira kumachitika mu tepi pakati pa mizere, ndipo dothi lozungulira mzere limagwiritsidwa ntchito polemba. Kubzala kumachitika masiku onse 8-10 ndipo namsongole alibe nthawi yakukula. Namsongole ndi zinyalala zina amazichotsera m'njira zosiyanasiyana, ndipo feteleza ziwonjezedwa mu kugwa. Samakumba dothi, koma amasula mpaka masentimita 10 mpaka 10. Chaka chotsatira, mzerewu womwe umakhala mzerewu umakhala ngati riboni yayikulu kwambiri. M'malo matepi a chaka chatha n kupanga njira yayifupi.
Pamalo lathyathyathya, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe oyambira. Ndibwino kuti muzitha kubzala mochedwa komanso ma bush a mbatata.
Mbatata Zophatikiza
Pamalo atakulungidwa, zitunda zopangira 15-20 cm zimapangidwa ndi khasu.Mtunda wa 50-70 cm ndi pakati pa zitunda.Kubaka chitsamba chokulirapo, mtunda umakulitsidwa m'milingo yovomerezeka. Osati kawirikawiri, mbatata zobzalidwa nthawi zambiri zimamera ndi namsongole. Pamwamba pa zitunda pangani mabowo momwe timadzala todzalidwa. Njira yodzala iyi ndioyenera kumadera okhala ndi chinyezi chokwanira komanso malo okhala ndi madzi ochepa pansi. Kuphatikiza apo, imathandizidwanso pamadothi olemera, chifukwa amasambira pang'onopang'ono komanso m'mizere. Mtima wachifundo umatenga nthawi yayitali m'mapanga, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nthaka isinthane, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti tuber ipangidwe bwino.
Mwa njira! M'masiku akale ndi tsopano, m'midzi yambiri ndi m'midzi popanga ma tubers, kusinthana kwa mpweya kumasinthika ndikuboola dothi ndi pitchfork kapena mpeni. Zida zimangokhala molunjika m'malo angapo pafupi ndi tchire, zimagwedezeka pang'ono kuti zisawononge stolons.
Kubzala mbatata
M'malo ouma ndi dothi lopepuka, ndibwino kubzala mbatata m'maenje. Ndi njirayi, chinyezi chochepa chimatayika m'mabowo; kuthirira kumatha kuchepetsedwa. Mathanthwe amakumba 2-3 cm mwakuya, akulimbikitsidwa kubzala tubers. Chophimba chapamwamba ndi chosanjikiza dothi, osati chokulirapo kuposa m'mphepete mwa ngalawo. Ndi njira yolimirayi, ndikofunikira kuti mulch nthaka mpaka dothi ladzaliratu ndi nsonga.
Mwatsatanetsatane pankhani yolima mbatata zalembedwa munkhaniyi: Mbali za mbatata zokulira: ukadaulo waulimi.
Njira zina zokulira mbatata
Kuphatikiza pazomwe zimavomerezedwa kwambiri, masiku ano olimiwa amapereka njira zochulukitsira zingapo zoyambirira zomwe zimathandizira kuchotsa mbeu yabwino ya mbatata m'dera laling'ono: pansi pa kanema wakuda, pansi pa udzu, udzu, mabokosi, migolo, matumba, zidebe, m'makontena, ndi zina.
