Pakati pa mbewu zaminda zambiri zamaluwa pali zonse zomwe zimakonda chilengedwe komanso zosowa zina zapadera. Pamodzi ndi tulips, daffodils, maluwa, maluwa, nthawi zambiri m'minda mutha kuwona zachilendo, zokongola komanso modabwitsa maluwa a kalohortusov. Chomera chodabwitsa kwambiri chaching'ono chotere chikhoza kuonekera mu nkhokwe iliyonse. Ndipo ngakhale sizovuta kukula ma calochortus, amapambana mitima ya okonda maluwa okhaokha. Wowoneka bwino komanso wowoneka bwino, kalohortusy amagonjetsa msika wa mankhwala ochulukitsa.
Kalokhortus "Golden Nugget".
Kalohortus - duwa latsopano pamsika wakunja
Pakati pa oimira banja Liliaceae (Liliaceae) Pali mbewu kuchokera pagulu la zam'munda zokhazokha, komanso zikhalidwe zachilendo. Ili ndi gulu lomwe limatha kusankha ndikusankha zodabwitsa zamitundu mitundu zomwe zimabwezeretsa zotengera za mbewu pamakina a wamaluwa ndi opanga mawonekedwe.
Chimodzi mwazachilendo kwambiri, chosowa komanso chongoyambira kugulitsa msika wathu wa mbewu ndi kalohortus. Ya buluu wapakatikati wapakatikati wokhala ndi maluwa akuluakulu imagonjetsa zonse ndi mitundu yake ndi ma greens.
Pali zovuta ndi dzina la kalohortusov, gulu la mtengowu ndi kugula kwake, koma zimangophatikizidwa ndi kutchuka kotsalira kwa mbewuyi. M'dziko lathu, kalohortusy nthawi zambiri amagulitsidwa ngati maluwa, kapena ngati maluwa agulugufe, ndipo ngakhale ngati maluwa a gulugufe, amawatcha mbewu monga maluwa.
Nthawi zambiri chomera chimakhala chosatheka kudziwa mpaka nthawi maluwa ake osangalatsa atatulutsa maluwa. Mukamawerengera zolemba kapena kuwerengera mbewu pamsika, pankhani ya kalohortusy ndikwabwino kuyang'ana dzina la botanical kapena chithunzi cha maluwa amtsogolo, makamaka poyang'ana zokongoletsera.
Mwachilengedwe, kalohortusy amapezeka ku North ndi Central America kokha. Ku United States, Canada ndi Mexico, munthu angayamikire kwambiri zamitundu iyi yabwino kwambiri, ndipo ndi pomwe ntchito yayikulu ikuswana. Pakati pa kalohortusy pali mapiri, chipululu, subalpine, Alpine, zomera zotentha komanso anthu okhala nyengo yotentha. Mu kapangidwe ka American ndi Chingerezi kalohortusy ndizofunikira zapadera, zimawerengedwa kuti ndi amodzi mwa mitundu yapamwamba kwambiri ya anyezi.
Kulongosola kwa Botanical of the Calochortes
Kalokhortusy - udzu wokhala ndi udzu wambiri, wofatsa, wapakatikati, wokhudza mtima, wotulutsa masamba ambiri ndi matupi oonda. Mababu ndiwosakhwima, ang'ono-kakulidwe, mizu yopatsa thanzi ndi yopyapyala komanso yopindika. Nthambi zimaphukira ndi kutalika kwa 10 mpaka 80 cm zimawoneka zosakhazikika komanso zopyapyala, koma izi ndizopusitsa.
Nthambi zanthete zokhala ndi mitengo yopindika. Masamba a kalohortus ndi amodzi ngati ophatikiza: mizere, yopapatiza, yokhala ngati masamba, iwo amakumbata tsinde ndikupanga rosette yoyambira. Mitundu ina imapanga tsamba limodzi chapansi.
Chofunikira komanso chowoneka bwino cha kalohortusov - maluwa awo okongola. Maluwa achilendo a kalohortusov amawoneka akulu, akuwala, osangalatsa. Chomera chaching'ono ichi chimakopa maso ngakhale pagulu la zina zotuluka. Kukongola kofikira kwa maluwa akulu, mpaka masentimita 8 kugonjetsedwa ndi kuphatikiza kosapangidwa ndi mawonekedwe osavuta komanso kuphweka.
Nthawi zambiri, kalohortusy imatulutsa osati imodzi, koma maluwa omwe amatengedwa maambulera kapena mabulashi a inflorescence. Maluwa a kalohortusy ayenera kuyang'anitsitsa. Ili ndi masamba asanu ndi limodzi. Mitambo itatu yolimba, yopanda phokoso ndi miyala itatu yolingana, yomwe nthawi zambiri imakongoletsedwa ndi m'mphepete mwaubweya, ma anther akuluakulu asanu ndi limodzi mwamphamvu pakati pa stamens pakati, malo ndi mawonekedwe pakhosi amachititsa mayanjano ndi agulugufe.
Zojambula zazitali za ma petals zimangogogomezera zojambula zokongola komanso kusintha komwe sikungapezeke mumtundu wina uliwonse. Atatulutsa maluwa, kalohortusy adamangirira mabokosi azipiko atatu, ndikuwaphwanya.
Utoto wamtundu wa kalohortusov umaphatikizapo mitundu yofatsa, yamadzi amitundu yoyera-yoyera, yachikaso, yapinki ndi yofiirira. Zomera izi sizikhala ndi mtundu wowoneka bwino: kamvekedwe ka miyala ya m'miyala imakokedwa, nthawi zambiri imatsimikiziridwa ndi kusiyanitsa malo mu pharynx, omwe amawoneka onse mkati ndi kunja kwapaini, ndikupanga mawonekedwe apadera.
Oyamba maluwa nthawi zambiri amasokoneza kalohortusy ndi ma tulips ooneka ngati lilac.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu ya kalohortusov
Mitundu ya kalohortus imagwirizanitsa mitundu yoposa isanu ya mitundu yazipatso zazikulu. Mwa iwo, mitundu yochepera khumi idagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mawonekedwe, pomwe mitundu yonseyi inali yosowa, yosavuta kupeza komanso yosavomerezeka, koma chifukwa chake inali yotsimikizika. Tonse tili ndi kalohortusy pakadali pano ndikuganiza kuti ndikosavuta.
Pakati pa mbewu, gulu la mitundu ya zipatso za alpine limasungidwa payokha, lomwe limakondwera ndi zitsamba zatsopano ngakhale mkati mwa kusungunuka kwa chipale chofewa, kulumikizana m'minda kupita kwaya ya primroses. Koma gulu la ku America la kalohortusov ndilosavuta, imagawa mbewu m'magulu atatu:
- Mariposa (Maliposa maluwa) -tali, mitundu yayikulu, yokhala ndimitundu yosangalatsa ya pharynx yamaluwa owoneka bwino ndi ngale zosalala. Amaonedwa kuti ndiotentha kwambiri pa nthawi yonse yozizira ndi kalohortusov ndi makonda onse aulimi pakati panjira.
- Makutu okhala ndi nyenyezi kapena amphaka (Star tulips, Makutu amphaka) - Mitundu yodabwitsa kwambiri yamapiri omwe ali ndi shaggy, ma cell a pubescent ndipo nthawi zambiri imakhala yowala kwambiri.
- Zowoneka bwino kapena zozungulira kalohortusy (Ma Globe tulips kapena ma faine nyali) - Zomera zomwe zikukula pang'ono ndi maluwa okongola komanso maluwa otuwa, mawonekedwe ake ofanana ndi nyali, zokhala ndi mitu itatu itatu ndi miyala itatu italiyikuluyomwe, zimafanana ndi fuchsia mawonekedwe.
Pogulitsa, kalohortusy nthawi zambiri amayimiriridwa ndi zosakanikirana, osati mitundu. Mtundu wophatikiza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi utoto wabwino kwambiri udachokera ku Holland. Pogula osakaniza, mutha kupeza mitundu yambiri yosankha, kukula kwa mbewu ndi mawonekedwe. Makampani akubereke achi Dutch adapanganso chisokonezo chokhudza dzina la mitundu ndi mitundu, ndikupereka zinthu zodzala pansi pa dzina la mtundu wina popanda kutchuliratu mtunduwo, ngakhale kuti ndizosavuta kudziwa mbewu.
Mukamasankha mitundu ndi mitundu ya kalohortusa muyenera kuyang'anitsitsa nyengo yozizira. Nthawi zambiri, mapaketi anyezi amawonetsa madera omwe amalimbikitsidwa kukulitsa mitundu iyi. Mukamagula mababu ogulitsa mwaulere, ndikofunikira kufotokozera m'dera lomwe akukulira. Msikawu umayimiridwanso komanso kusungidwa chisanu kwambiri, womwe umatha kukula m'dera la 6-10, kalohortusy, ndi mitundu yokonda kutentha. Zotsirizazo zibzalidwe pakati pa msewu wapakati, koma nthawi yozizira ziyenera kutetezedwa kapena kukumbidwa.
Mitundu yosangalatsa kwambiri ya kalohortusov imatha kuwerengedwa:
Kalokhortus wokongola, kapena wokongola (Calochortus venustus).
Kalokhortus monochromatic (Calochortus uniflorus).
Pretty Kalochortus (Calochortus pulchellus).
Kalokhortus wokongola, kapena wokongola (Calochortus venustus) - chomera chodabwitsa, chomwe chimawona pamitundu ya maluwa yomwe imakumbutsa agulugufe. Mtunduwu umatha kutulutsa mapesi a maluwa mpaka kutalika kwa 60 cm.Mpaka, masamba achikulire otetemera amatsindika maluwa akuluakulu okhala ndi mitundu yambiri, yozungulira, yopingasa komanso ya pharynx, yomwe mtundu wake umafanana ndi malo pakati pa petal iliyonse.
Kalokhortus monochromatic (Calochortus uniflorus) - imodzi mwamaonekedwe osavuta kwambiri akunja ndi okhudza kalohortusov. Chowoneka ngati chikho, chokhala ndi mphonje m'miyala, maluwa okongola a pinki omwe ali ndi malo am'maso am'malo akuphatikizidwa mumtengowu ndi masamba obiriwira amdima obiriwira akutulutsa zochuluka, ndikupangitsa kuyanjana ndi chimanga. Mababu achi Dutch agulitsidwa pansi pa dzina la brand "Cupido".
Kalohortus wokongola (Calochortus pulchellus) - maonekedwe achikasu achikasu ndi masamba opendekera amdima ndi maluwa osazungulira ofanana ndi nyali zowala za mandimu. Manda akuthwa osakanikirana ndi ma petals omwe amapanga utoto wotsekedwa ozungulira amawoneka wowala modabwitsa.
Kalohortus Tolmi (Calochortus tolmiei), Khutu la Blue Cat, Blue Star Tulip - mawonekedwe osasunthika komanso ophatikizika kwambiri. Pokhala ndi mtunda wokwera pafupifupi 20 cm, mbewuyo imatulutsa utoto wambiri, wowala bwino, koma masamba ang'onoang'ono komanso maluwa akulu owoneka bwino atatu, zodabwitsa osati ndi pharynx yakuda pamaso oyera, komanso chidwi ndi tsitsi lodabwitsa.
Kalohortus chikasu (Calochortus luteus)wogulitsa makamaka ngati mitundu "Golide Orb" - mawonekedwe owoneka bwino okhala ndi maluwa akulu okongola.
Kalohortus zabwino (Calochortus amabilis), Kuwala Kwachitsulo Cha Golide, Kuwala kwa Diogene - mawonekedwe okongola omwe ali ndi masamba osachepera theka la mita ndi phesi lakutsogolo, pomwe malembapo, ndikuwunikiranso nyali zamaluwa ndi manda obiriwira agolide ndi miyala yagolide, yokongoletsedwa ndi bulauni pamunsi ndi mphonje yaying'ono m'mphepete.
Kalochortus Tolmi (Calochortus tolmiei).
Kalochortus chikasu (Calochortus luteus).
Kalochortus Wosangalatsa (Calochortus amabilis).
Kalokhortus loyera (Calochortus albus), yomwe imatchedwa yoyera yamatsenga oyera (White Fairy Lantern) - mitundu yayikulu-yayikulu ndi mphukira ndi masamba mpaka 50 cm, yokhala ndi nyali ziwiri-centimeter drooping maluwa.
Kalohortus (Calochortus apiculatus) - chowoneka ndi mapiri chachitali, mpaka 50 masentimita ndi tsamba limodzi lokhazikika, imatulutsa mabelu akulu akulu, amtambo woyang'ana m'mwamba, momwe mtundu wachikasu wa pamiyala umaphatikizidwa ndi m'mphepete zosowa, mikwingwirima yofiirira komanso manda obiriwira.
Kalokhortus wachisomo (Calochortus elegans), Khutu la mphaka - amodzi mwa mitundu yolimba kwambiri ndi yolimba. Pokhala ndi kutalika kwa 20cm yokha, imatulutsa tsamba lalikulu komanso maluwa 10 osanja-belu 10 okhala ndi manda obiriwira obiriwira komanso ma lilac kapena oyera, pamatalala abwinobwino.
Kalochortus oyera (Calochortus albus).
Calochortus acutifolia (Calochortus apiculatus).
Calochortus chisomo (Calochortus elegans), Makutu a Mphaka.
Kalohortusy pakupanga kwamunda
Zachilendo komanso kuopa kunyowa kalohortusy pakupanga mapangidwe, makamaka odziwika ngati mawonekedwe achilendo pakupanga kwaminda yamiyala ndi miyala yamwala. Pamapiri a mapiri okhala ndi nyengo zawo, ma kalohortusy, amawonetseratu kukongola kwawo popanda kuvutika chifukwa cha kunyowa.
Kukongola kowonekera bwino kwa maluwa odabwitsa awa kumatsimikiziridwa bwino ndi mbewu wamba pamapiri a mapiri, ndi miyala, ndi tchipisi zamiyala. Koma kalohortusy sichiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kokha pakupanga miyala yamiyala ndi miyala yamiyala, imakhala yosiyanasiyana komanso yosiyanasiyana.
Pazipangidwe ka dimba kalohortusy, kuwonjezera pamiyala yamwala, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito:
- kulembetsa malire;
- pamaso mabedi maluwa;
- kuyika zofukiza zowoneka bwino pakupangika kwa dimba lakutsogolo;
- m'mabedi amaluwa kuchokera ku mababu;
- zopereka zosowa zachilengedwe;
- pamabedi az maluwa;
- m'mabedi amaluwa oyenda ndi nyimbo mumipukutu;
- ngati chomera choti chawumbika kukongoletsa bwalo kapena malo achisangalalo;
- ngati chomera chamkati ndi khonde;
- kwa distillation ngati maluwa.
Kalohortusy imatha kuonedwa ngati chikhalidwe chosowa, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'munda wamakono ngati mawu osazolowereka, makamaka ngati kapangidwe kamadalira kapangidwe, zida ndi minimalism pakuwonekera.
Adzakwanira pakuwoneka dimba lokhazikika, kuwonjezera pazomwe azisonkhanitsa anyezi. Koma kukongola kwenikweni ndi mawonekedwe a mbewuzi zimawulula pamapangidwe. Pamalo "otetezeka" omwe amatsata chilengedwe, kalohortusy amawoneka ngati nyenyezi zowona, zachilendo, zowala komanso zowala.
Othandizira kalohortusov amatha kusankhidwa pakati pazomera zilizonse zomwe zimakhala bwino ndi zofanana. Koposa zonse, kalohortusy amawonetsa kukongola kwawo pakati pa zitsamba zobiriwira zazing'ono, zokongoletsera zokongola komanso pansi.
Othandizira kalohortusov amatha kusankhidwa pakati pazomera zilizonse zomwe zimakhala bwino ndi zofanana.
Mikhalidwe yakula kalohortusov
Kalohortusy ndiwololerana kwambiri pamithunzi. Kuunikira sichinthu chachikulu kwa iwo. Amapanga zipatso zokongoletsa chimodzimodzi ndi maluwa akulu mumitundu, ndikuwunika kowala, ndi dzuwa. Panjira yapakatikati, komanso zigawo zilizonse zomwe zimakhala ndi nyengo yozizira, ndibwino kuti mupitilizabe kuyatsa bwino.
Koma kalohortusy amakupatsirani mwayi wosankha malo oyandikana ndi zikhalidwe zina, mukutula kosavuta kwa zitsamba zowoneka bwino - awa ndi malo omwe adzakulitse kukongoletsa kwawo. Ndikofunika kupewa malo onse owomba, ozizira, otseguka, kusankha malo ofunda ndi bata kuti mutetezedwe ndi mphepo.
Kusankha dothi la kalohortusy kuyenera kumwedwa kwambiri. Kwa mbewu izi, kukhetsa nthaka ndikofunikira. Kalohortusy obzalidwa paphiri kapena m'malo omwe madzi sangasokonekere. Amamva bwino m'mapiri a Alpine kapena pamabedi amaluwa okwera ndi pakama. Mutha kuyala ngalande pansi pa izi.
Kwa kalohortusov wolemera kwambiri, wosakhazikika, wophatikizidwa, acidic kapena zamchere. Chomera chimafuna dothi labwino kwambiri, lotukuka bwino, lopepuka, lodzala ndi zinthu zokhwima. Ngati dothi likufunika kukonza, ndiye kuti feteleza ndi michere ya michere, zomasulira zina zimayikidwa pasadakhale, osati kubzala.
Kutchera ndi Kukumba kwa Calochortus
Njira yakukula kalohortusov zimatengera nthawi yomwe mbewuyo imaphuka. Ambiri kalohortusy pachimake mu kasupe. Mdani wamkulu wa kalohortusov wotere kumadera omwe amakhala ndi nyengo yozizira ndi nthawi yotentha, yomwe siyilola kuti mbewu zizidutsa nyengo yopanda mvula.
Pakati pagulu la bulb ya kalohortusov ndibwino kukumba ndi kusunga kunja kwa dothi nthawi yachilimwe. Kukumba kwa kalohortusy kumachitika molingana ndi malamulo omwewo kukumba kwa tulips. Mababu amayeretsedwa dothi, ndikusiyidwa kuti liume mu mpweya wabwino kwa masiku awiri mpaka atatu, kutsukidwa bwino ndi mizu ndi magawo owuma, osayikidwa momasuka m'mabokosi ndikusungidwa pamalo abwino, owuma, owuma komanso amdima mpaka kumapeto kwa Ogasiti kapena koyambirira kwa Seputembala, kubzala nthawi yomweyo monga mababu ambiri.
Kalohortusy, yomwe imaphuka nthawi yachilimwe, imakumbidwa nthawi yozizira, itatha yoyamba chisanu ndikusungidwa nthawi yomweyo ngati mvula kapena yambiri, yozizira panja panthaka. Kubzala kwa Calochortus kumachitika kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yotentha, nthaka ikatentha. Ndikwabwino kubzala mbewu mumtsuko, kukumba mu kasupe ndikukumba mobwezera nyengo yachisanu. M'nyengo yozizira, mababu a kalohortusov amasungidwa kutentha kwa +10 mpaka +20 madigiri.
Zomera zobzala, mosasamala nthawi yodzala, khalani ndi malamulo ndi mfundo:
- Musanadzalemo, ndibwino kuti mupange chithandizo ndi fungicides, ngakhale ndi yofooka yankho la potaziyamu permanganate.
- Mababu a kalohortusov obzalidwa akuya masentimita 5 mpaka 7 kapena ofanana kawiri kutalika kwa babuyo. Mchenga umathiridwa pansi penipeni pa maenjewo.
- Mukabzala pakati pa mbeu onani mtunda wa pafupifupi 10 cm wamba komanso 15 cm - kwa mitundu yayikulu.
- Kutsirira kumachitika musanadzalemo, osati pambuyo pake.
- Malo obzala kalohortusov bwino kuyika chizindikiro ndi msomali kuti chomera chiphonyere nyengoyo.
Mwachilengedwe, kalohortusy amapezeka ku North ndi Central America kokha.
Kusamalira dimba kalohortusy
Zofunikira zanyontho za kalohortusov ndizodziwikiratu. M'nthawi yotentha, mbewu zimawopa mvula, yonyowa, mvula yambiri.Ngati mababu sanakungidwe, ndipo kukwera sikutsimikizira kuti sipadzakhala vuto ndi madzi, ndiye kuti ndibwino kuteteza kalohortsy kuti isanyowe ndi filimu.
Chapakatikati, pakumera kwachangu ndi maluwa munthawi yachilala, ndibwino kuphatikiza mu pulogalamu ya chisamaliro osati kuthirira kokwanira (kamodzi pa sabata).
Kudyetsa kalokhortusov ndikofunikira kwambiri. Pa mbewuyi, mumaphatikizidwa feteleza wapadera wazomera zophatikiza kapena michere yathunthu ya mchere. Nthawi zambiri, kuvala kwamtambo kumodzi kumachitika, komwe kumachitika pang'onopang'ono pakumera kapena kutulutsa maluwa (kuvala koyambirira kumayambiriro kwa kukula kungayambitse kukula kwamasamba kwambiri ndikuwonongeka kwa maluwa).
Kusintha njira yakucha kwa bulb mutatha maluwa, kuphatikiza feteleza ndi feteleza wa potashi zitha kuchitika.
Zosamalira mbewu zina zonse zimangotsatira njira zingapo:
- kudula kapena mulching kuteteza kukula kwa namsongole;
- kumasula nthaka pakati pa mizere.
Kalohortusov yozizira sikufuna kukonzekera kovuta. Kukumba nthawi yachisanu ndikosafunikira ngakhale mitundu yokonda kutentha. Zomera za nyengo yozizira zimatha kutetezedwa, kuyang'ana kuchuluka kwa Hardness yozizira ndi malingaliro omwe adalandira pogula.
Kalohortusy imaphimbidwa kokha pambuyo poti chisanu choyamba chabwera. Mitundu yolimbana ndi chisanu, mulching ndi kompositi kapena peat ndikwanira, koma okonda kutentha angafunike malo okhala bwino ndi masamba owuma ndi zida zosaluka.
Sikoyenera kuthamangira kuti muwone ngati nthawi yachisanu yadutsa bwino kapena ayi chifukwa cha kalohortusov yotsalira. Nthawi zina mababu a kalohortusov amakokedwa m'nthaka ndipo amatha kuphonya nyengo zingapo, kumasulira mwadzidzidzi masamba ndi maulendo mu zaka zochepa. Malo obzala kalohortusov, osawonetsa zizindikiro za kukula mu April, ndibwino osasokoneza kwa zaka ziwiri mpaka zitatu.
Kulimbana ndi tizirombo ndi matenda mu kalohortusy kumachepetsa kutetezedwa ku makoswe. Mababu a mbewu izi samapembedza mbewa zokha, komanso akalulu ndi makoswe. Zomera zimabzalidwa m'mabasiketi amiyala kapena kuchitapo kanthu kuti zisafesedwe makoswe. M'nyengo yozizira, ndibwino kupondaponda chisanu mozungulira kalohortusami.
Ndi dothi lonyowa ndikusungira madzi kosalekeza, kalohortusy amadwala bacteriosis ndi zowola.
Kalohortusy - zabwino malo mwala minda.
Kufalikira kwa kalohortusov
Monga mababu onse, kubala kalohortusy makamaka ndi mababu a mwana wamkazi. Amalekanitsidwa pakakumba ndikuwabzala pamodzi ndi akulu, mbewu zazikulu nthawi yamvula. Mababu ang'onoang'ono a kalohortusov nyengo yachisanu kunja kwa nthaka ndi osafunika.
Kukula kalohortus kuchokera ku mbewu kumafuna chipiriro. Zomera zimangomera pachaka cha 3-7. Mitundu ya Alpine ya kalohortusov imafunikira kanthawi kochepa. Kuti muchite izi, ingophatikizani njere ndi mchenga wonyowa kapena kubzala mumchenga wamchenga ndikusiya matumba kapena muli ndi mbewu mpaka kumera pa kutentha kwa + 2 mpaka + 5 madigiri awiri mpaka 4.
Kalokhortusy zofesedwa munthawi yomweyo monga woyamba chilimwe - mu February kapena March. Mbewu za kalohortusy zofesedwa m'malo osaya ndi dothi lamchenga. Ikakutidwa ndi galasi kapena filimu ndikusunga kutentha pafupifupi +20 degrees, imamera msanga mokwanira. Zopopera mumbewu ziyenera kusungidwa kowala. Zomera zazing'ono zimabzalidwa mumiyala kwa zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu, kenako zimayamba kukula monga mwa malamulo abzalidwe m'nthaka komanso kukumba mababu nthawi yotentha.
Mwina mmodzi mwa owerenga athu akukula kale kalohortusy m'munda. Gawanani zomwe mwakumana nazo ndi chomera mu ndemanga m'nkhaniyi. Tidzakhala othokoza kwambiri kwa inu!
