Manyowa ndiye feteleza wabwino kwambiri wachilengedwe

Pakadali pano, kuti apange zokolola zambiri ndikukhalitsa chonde, anthu okhala pachilimwe kulikonse amagwiritsa ntchito feteleza wopezeka, yemwe ali ndi zinthu zochotsedwa m'nthaka ndi mbewu. Muyenera kudziwa kuti ma tuks amangochulukitsa kwakanthawi kochepa chabe, pomwe akumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa nthaka m'nthaka, ndiye kuti chonde ndichilengedwe.

M'zaka zaposachedwa, pakhala anthu ochulukirachulukira omwe asintha kulima kwachilengedwe. Maziko a chilengedwe pano ndi chifukwa ichi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe zokha pamoyo watsiku ndi tsiku, kulandira zomwe sizingatheke popanda kubwerera ku Earth Earth zomwe zidatenga mbewu. Chofunika mmalo mwa "moyo wathanzi" ndiz feteleza zachilengedwe - zinyalala za nyama zomwe zimadya zakudya zamasamba. Feteleza wachilengedwe ngati manyowa.

Kompositi yochuluka manyowa. © madasuns

Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa feteleza wachilengedwe ndi mchere?

Zopangira michere zimapangidwa pamera mankhwala ndipo, zikafikika m'nthaka, sizinthu zachilendo kwa mbewu zomwe zimayenera kusinthidwa kuti zizigwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira.

• Kuti zikhale zopezeka kuzomera, zinthu zamchere zomwe zimapanga michere ziyenera kusinthidwa kuti zikhale mawonekedwe amwewe.
• Zophatikiza michere zimakhala ndi mndandanda wocheperako wa zinthu zachilengedwe zofunika kuzomera.
• Tuki amathandizira m'nthaka, poganizira magawo ake komanso zosowa za zomera.
• Zopangira feteleza sizithandiza popanga humus, potero kuchepetsa chonde m'nthaka.

Zachilengedwe za feteleza wachilengedwe ndizopezeka mosavuta kwa mbewu, chifukwa ndizochita zanyama, ndipo m'chilengedwe ndichinthu chake chachilengedwe. Zoletsa zokhazokha muulimi: popanda njira zosayenera zaulimi, ma nitrites amadziunjikira mu zipatso ndi masamba. Zachilengedwe pakukonzanso mitundu ya humus, yomwe imatsimikiza kuchuluka kwa chonde.

Mitundu ya manyowa ndi mawonekedwe ake

Mitundu yotsalira ya manyowa imapezeka ku zinyama:

• ng'ombe (mullein);
• kavalo;
• nkhumba;
• mbalame (nkhuku);
• kalulu
• nkhosa, etc.

Manyowa amtundu uliwonse amakhala ndi mawonekedwe ndi kapangidwe kake, zimasiyana pakakhala nthawi yodziwika ndi dothi.

Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino manyowa a ng'ombe: imathandiza kwambiri kwa zaka 2-3 pamchenga wopepuka komanso dothi lamchenga komanso zaka 4- 6 pamatope odothi osalala.

Ndowera mbalame zimawola pakatha chaka chimodzi. Uwu ndiye feteleza wachilengedwe wofulumira kwambiri. Ndi yabwino kugwiritsa ntchito kuvala pamwamba. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa madontho a mbalame ndikokwera kwambiri kotero kuti kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwanjira yovala kwapamwamba ndikotheka pokhapokha kuchepetsedwa nthawi 10-12.

Manyowa akavalo - imodzi yabwino. Kapangidwe ka porous ndi kapangidwe kazinthu kena kamakina, kutentha kawonongekedwe, kamathandiza kwambiri mukamagwiritsidwa ntchito poyera komanso malo obiriwira. Pokhudzana ndi umakanidwe waulimi, kuchuluka kwa manyowa akavalo m'mafamu kwatsika kwambiri. Sakhala wocheperako kuposa mullein.

Manyowa a nkhumba ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi wamaluwa mpaka pang'ono. Muli zinthu zambiri zapamwamba za nayitrogeni (fungo la ammonia), kuchuluka kwa helminths. Zatsopano sizitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Nthawi zambiri osakanikirana ndi kavalo, onjezerani ufa wa dolomite, kompositi kwa chaka chimodzi kuti utulutse masoka (kuchokera pa helminth), kenako ndikuyika dothi. Manyowa a nkhumba ndiabwino chifukwa amakhala ndi kutentha kwambiri. Kuphatikiza ndi kavalo kwa chaka chokwanira nayonso kulandira bwino kwambiri kompositi.

Ngati ndi kotheka, manyowa a nyama zina ndi mbalame amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonza nthaka ndikuwonjezera chonde m'nthaka.

Zitosi zankhuku. © Shane Barlow Manyowa akavalo. © Melodie M. Davis Cow manyowa. © Richard Lewis

Zothandiza zimatha manyowa

Maziko a manyowa ndi chimbudzi cha nyama zosiyanasiyana zosakanikirana ndi zinyalala (udzu, udzu, utuchi ndi zina zotsalira pazomera). Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa kuwola, manyowa amatha kugawidwa m'magulu atatu:

• manyowa atsopano ogona ndi zofunda;
• kugona;
• manyowa owola theka;
• manyowa owola, kapena humus.

Manyowa atsopano osagona, osapakidwa ndi madzi - mawonekedwe owonda, osadzaza madzi, kusasintha kwa zonona wowawitsa (angadulidwe ndi mpeni ngati batala).

Manyowa mwatsopano amasunga mosavuta mawonekedwewo, osakanikirana ndi udzu kapena zinthu zina (utuchi, zokutira zazing'ono).

Kuchepa sikumakungika kuposa manyowa atsopano. Kwenikweni, uwu ndi feteleza wa nayitrogeni-potaziyamu, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito podyetsa mbewu zonse zam'munda ndi mabulosi ndi masamba. Pofuna kuti isatenthe mbewuzo, kuzimiririka kumawerengeredwa ndi 1: 5-6. Pangani kuthirira. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popukuta manyowa.

Wokhwima theka - idagona panthawiyi kwakanthawi (miyezi 3-6), yowuma pang'ono komanso yowunda. Zinyalala zawola, zimagwera mosavuta m'manja. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati feteleza wamkulu pokumba, makamaka panthaka zopanda humus.

Humus ndi gawo lozungulira lomwe limapangitsa kuti zigawo zina za zinyalala ndi zina zomwe sizikuwoneka. Mitundu yachilengedwe yazachilengedwe yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu okhala chilimwe.

Zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi michere ndi nayitrogeni, kuyerekeza ndi manyowa atsopano, ndizochepa katatu, zomwe zimakuthandizani kuti mugwiritse ntchito mwachindunji munyengo yazomera yopanga chakudya.

Humus potengera manyowa. © Jill & Andy

Zomwe zili ndi zakudya zazikulu mumunyowa

Kuphatikizidwa kwa manyowa kumaphatikizapo zinthu zomwe zimapereka chakudya ku mbewu, kukonza mphamvu za dothi ndi dothi, kapangidwe kake. Pokhala gwero la zinthu zachilengedwe, manyowa nthawi yachilengedwe amapanga manyowa opangitsa kuti nthaka ikhale yachilengedwe.

Manyowa muzochitika zilizonse (zatsopano, zokhala ndi matimu, humus) zimachokera ku macro- ndi ma microelements monga nitrogen, phosphorous, potaziyamu, calcium, silicon, sulfure, chlorine, magnesium, boron, manganese, cobalt, mkuwa, zinc, molybdenum. Ma micro achilengedwe othandizira ndiye gwero lalikulu lamphamvu la microflora ya dothi.

Mitundu yonse ya manyowa ndi zamchere, zamchere zimafika pH = 8-9 magawo. Manyowa a ng'ombe ndi a 8.1, mu manyowa akavalo - 7.8, mu manyowa a nkhumba - mayunitsi 7.9. Mwachilengedwe, kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kumathandizira nthaka, kuchepetsa acidity. Zomwe zili muzakudya zazikuluzikulu zimaperekedwa pazowonetsera za tebulo 1.

Gome 1. Kuphatikizidwa kwa mitundu mitundu yayikulu ya manyowa ndi zinyalala

Manyowa, zinyalala	Zambiri, g / kg ya manyowa
	nayitrogeni	phosphorous	potaziyamu	calcium
Cow (Mullein)	3,5	3,0	1,4	2,9
Akavalo	4,7	3,8	2,0	3,5
Nkhumba	8,1	7,9	4,5	7,7
Chinyama (nkhuku)	16,0	13,0	8,0	24,0

Kugwiritsa ntchito manyowa.

Mosiyana ndi feteleza wama mchere, zomwe zimapezeka m'zinthu feteleza zimakhala zochepa kwambiri, koma zopangidwira bwino zimakonzanso nthaka, kumasula, kuonjezera mphamvu ya kuyamwa, kulemeretsa ndi microflora yopindulitsa, ndikuwapatsa mbewu zofunikira m'thupi m'njira zovomerezeka, zosavuta kugaya.

Tebulo 2. Kuchulukitsa kwa manyowa

Manyowa, zinyalala	Thandizani ku dothi, kg / sq. m lalikulu
Cow (Mullein)	7-10 kg / m²
Akavalo	3-5 kg ​​/ m²
Nkhumba	4-6 kg / m² Omwe alimi ena amalimbikitsa mpaka 10-15 makilogalamu / m² kuti ikumbe
Chinyama (nkhuku)	1-3 kg / m² ya kukumba kwa yophukira. Pamutu wovala pamwamba 1: 10-12 malita a madzi.

Malamulo ogwiritsira ntchito manyowa atsopano

Popeza manyowa atsopano ndiye feteleza wokhazikika, umalowetsedwa mu dothi nthawi yophukira komanso yozizira pamunda wopanda zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba. Tsekani mpaka pakuya kwa 25-30, osachepera - mpaka 40 cm.

Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa kasupe kumangoperekedwa kwa mbeu zapakatikati ndi mochedwa. Mwa mbewu zoyambirira, manyowa amangoyambitsidwa kukumba kwa yophukira (Gome 3).

Gome 3. Nthawi ndi nthawi kugwiritsa ntchito manyowa atsopano

Chikhalidwe	Mlingo wa ntchito, kg / m²	Kugwiritsa Ntchito pafupipafupi
Anyezi, kabichi, adyo	4-6 kg / m²	Kuyambira yophukira kapena masika kukumba
Nkhaka, zukini, squash, maungu, mavwende	6-8 kg / m²	Kuyambira yophukira kapena masika kukumba
Tomato mochedwa, pakati komanso mochedwa mitundu yoyera kabichi	4-5 kg ​​/ m², kwa kabichi mpaka 6 kg / m²	Kuyambira yophukira kapena masika kukumba
Katsabola, udzu winawake	5-6 kg / m²	Kuyambira yophukira kapena masika kukumba
Kaloti, mbatata, beets	4 kg / m²	Kuyambira yophukira kapena masika kukumba
Berry (currant, rasipiberi, jamu)	Gawo mpaka 5 cm	M'dzinja lokha pachaka
Zipatso za kanjedza ndi zipatso zamwala	Mpaka 3 kg kwa mtengo uliwonse	Yophukira ndi imeneyi kwa zaka 2-3
Strawberry	10 kg / m² mu mzere kutalikirana	Yophukira, 1 nthawi 3 zaka
Mphesa	Yankho: gawo limodzi mullein pa magawo 20 amadzi	Mukugwa, kamodzi pa zaka 2-4

M'nyengo yozizira, manyowa atsopano amwazika chisanu. Chisanu chikasungunuka, chimagwera panthaka ndikukumba mchaka. Kuzama kwa kutsitsidwa ndikofanana ndi nthawi yophukira.

Chiyero cha chipale chofewa ndichokwera 1.5 nthawi. Izi ndichifukwa choti nthawi yachisanu nthawi zina michere imatayika (nitrogen). Nthawi zambiri manyowa amasiyidwa pamulu musanagwiritse ntchito miyezi iwiri. Munthawi imeneyi, kuchokera kutentha kwambiri kwa "manyowa owotcha," gawo la mbeu zamsongole zimafa. Ngati manyowa ochokera ku barani atangolowa m'mundawo, ndiye kuti ndibwino kuti muzingozisiyira pansi pang'onopang'ono, ndikuwononga namsongole m'chilimwe.

Kumbukirani kuti mbewu zilizonse, makamaka zamasamba, zokhala ndi michere yambiri, zimachepetsa kwambiri. Zamasamba makamaka mbewu za muzu zimakhudzidwa nthawi zambiri chifukwa cha kuvunda kwa mizu, kuchuluka kwa zovuta zakumapeto kwa phokoso ndi phokoso la ufa zimawonjezeka. Pofuna kuti mbeu zisaonongeke kwambiri, gwiritsani ntchito zomwe zalembedwa patsamba 3.

Gome 3. Kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa manyowa, kg / 10 l ndowa

Manyowa atsopano	10 ndowa
Cow wopanda zinyalala	9 kg
Cow Litter	5 kg
Akavalo	8 kg
Kusalala	12kg
Humus	7 kg

Kugwiritsa ntchito mullein yatsopano pakuvala

Mullein amatha kudyetsa masamba ndi mbewu zamaluwa nthawi yachilimwe. Pazovala zapamwamba, njira zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Kukonzekera kwazitsulo: Chidebe chilichonse (chosavuta mbiya chokongoletsedwa) chimadzazidwa 1/3 ndi manyowa, ndikuwonjezera kumtunda ndi madzi, ndikutseka. Muziwaza kamodzi patsiku. Mafuta amatenga milungu iwiri. Awa ndi mayi amowa.

Kudyetsa zipatso ndi mitengo yazipatso, yankho la ntchito limakonzedwa: 1 ndowa ya mai kuchokera ku thanki imadziwitsidwa katatu ndi madzi. Kudyetsa kumachitika mu gawo la masamba achichepere. Njira yothetsera imayikidwa pambuyo kuthilira pansi pa muzu pa 10 l yogwira ntchito pa 1 m². Onetsetsani kuti mulch.

Kwa mbewu zamasamba, yankho logwira ntchito limakonzedwa potengera 1 lita imodzi ya mowa wa mayi wa malita 8-10 a madzi. Kuvala kwapamwamba kumachitika nthawi yothirira kapena mutathirira pansi pa mulching, nthawi zina nthawi ya 1-2 mukukula, kusinthana ndi feteleza wa mchere (ngati pangafunike).

Kukonzekera kwamadzimadzi pamwamba chikats ku manyowa. © Gavin Webber

Kugwiritsa ntchito manyowa owola pang'ono

Manyowa oboola owonda sawongolera kwambiri ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito mwachindunji ngati feteleza kapena mulch.

Pazovala zapamwamba, yankho limakonzedwa ndende: gawo limodzi la feteleza pamitundu 10 yamadzi. Muziganiza ndikuthandizira kubzala ndi mabulosi.

Mitengo imathiriridwa pamtsetse wakunja kwa korona kuti amasule dothi kapena mizere yodulidwa mizere 1-2 mozungulira korona.

Pansi pa tchire lipangitseni kubvalira pamwamba masentimita 15 mpaka 30.

Zomera zamasamba zopangira mizere yamapendekedwe (ngati ndi yotakata) kapena mizere yodulidwa m'mabedi.

Pansi pa muzu wa mbewuzo, njira yothira mullein wakucha osapsa singathe kuthiridwa.

Kuvala kwapamwamba kumakutidwa ndi dothi, ngati kuli kotheka, kuthirira komanso kuyamwa.

Unyamu wakucha ndi wabwino feteleza kabichi, dzungu, sipinachi. Ndi fetelezayu, mbewuzi zimakhala zotsogola bwino muzu wa mizu, tsabola wokoma, phwetekere, ndi biringanya.

Kugwiritsa ntchito manyowa owola

Mapangidwe a humus

Manyowa kapena manyowa ochulukirapo ndiye gwero lalikulu la manyowa m'nthaka. Humus ndi chopanda pake chomveka cha mtundu wa bulauni, wokhala ndi fungo lakumapeto kwa gawo lapansi lathanzi. Amapangidwa ndi nayonso mphamvu ya manyowa mothandizidwa ndi ma tizilombo. Zotsatira zake, humus, humic acid ndi mitundu yosavuta ya mchere amapangidwa. The humus ndi wopepuka mawonekedwe. 1 m³ ili ndi 700-800 kg ya humus. Mu ndowa yodziwika yokwanira 10 litre, kuchuluka kwake ndi makilogalamu 6-7. Thanzi labwino la humus ndilosanunkha kanthu.

Mokulira zomwe zili mu humus m'nthaka, chonde chake ndichophatikiza kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, mu chernozems, zomwe zili mu humus ndi 80-90%, ndipo mu sod-podzolic kuchuluka kwake kumatsikira mpaka 60-70%.

Manyowa achizindikiro mu kompositi yoti zipseke kwambiri

Katundu wa humus

Humus ali ndi zinthu zakuthambo:

• bwino dothi labwino;
• kumawonjezera kuthekera kusunga chinyezi;
• kumathandizira photosynthesis, potero kuchulukitsa zokolola;
• imayambitsa kukula ndi kukula kwa mbewu;
• kumawonjezera kukana matenda ndi tizilombo toononga;
• amadzaza nthaka lapansi ndi microflora yopindulitsa;
• amachepetsa kudzikundikira kwazitsulo zolemera pazinthu;
• Amakongoletsa kukongoletsa kwa mbewu zamaluwa, ndi zina zambiri.

Kodi kuphika humus wapamwamba kwambiri?

• Ikani malo mumthunzi kuti tisungidwe
• tsekani ndi zinthu zotheka kuti khoma lakutsogolo lizitseguka;
• zigawo zikuluzikulu zimayikidwa zigawo, masentimita 10-15; zigawo zikuluzikulu - udzu, kudula masamba, masamba, manyowa atsopano, pang'ono kucha;
• wosanjikiza aliyense umathiridwa ndi madzi kapena kuchepetsedwa, kusungunuka kwa mullein;
• pachikuto choyambirira ndi filimu kapena zinthu zina zomwe sizimalola madzi kudutsa (kuchokera kumvula);
• kulowa kwawoko kudzera mu ma vents omwe ali ndi malo okhala filimu ndikofunikira;
• nthawi zina fosholo ndi nyengo yanyimwe madzi; chinyezi pakuwotchera kosiyanasiyana kwa 50-60%, kutentha pansi pa + 25 ... + 30 * C;
• Kuti tifulumizane nayonso mphamvu, tikulimbikitsidwa kuthira zigawo za zigawo zikuluzikulu pokonzekera (Baikal EM-1, Ekomik Pereka, Magetsi-3 ndi ena).

Ngati zonse zofunika zakwaniritsidwa, humus okhwima ikhoza kupezeka mkati mwa miyezi 1-2.

Kuphatikiza pa zomwe zaperekedwa, pali njira zina zakapangidwira manyowa mwachangu mu humus kapena kompositi, zomwe zimapitanso feteleza ndikumiza feteleza mbewu za m'munda. Mwachitsanzo, vermicomposting pogwiritsa ntchito mphutsi za California, aerobic ndi anaerobic composting.

Kugwiritsa ntchito humus m'malo oyandikira

Humus imagwiritsidwa ntchito:

• kukonza chonde;
• feteleza ndi kuphatikiza mbewu nthawi yakula;
• kukonza zosakaniza za nthaka kuti mbande zikulire;
• kukonza zakusakaniza kwa mbeu zamkati zamaluwa, etc.

Kupanga manyowa m'mabedi. © jazman2015

Malamulo ogwiritsira ntchito humus

Mu humus, pali zotsalira zochepa za ammonia zomwe sizikuwononga mizu yazomera. Chifukwa chake, humus ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati feteleza wamkulu, kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuvala pamwamba panthawi yotentha.

Panthawi yophukira dothi pofesa / kubzala mbewu, humus pazomangiriridwa zimayikidwa mu dothi la 10-15 masentimita kuti ikumbe. Pafupifupi, makilogalamu 10-15 a humus amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa 1 m² wa malo.

Humus imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mbewu zonse ngati mulch, yomwe, ikawola nthawi yachilimwe, imagwira ngati feteleza wowonjezera wazomera zobzalidwa.

Humus imaphatikizidwa ndi mitundu yambiri yosakanikirana ndi dothi polimitsa mbande ndi mbewu zamaluwa. Koma ngati mbande dothi losakaniza likhoza kukhala ndi 50% humus, ndiye kuti feteleza wocheperako amamuika pansi pa bedi la maluwa. Kuchuluka kwa humus kumatha "kukomoka" kwa ageratum, eschsolzia, ndi cosmea. Kuwonongeka kwa maluwa, mbewu zimachulukitsa zipatso zake zochulukazo.

Zomera zamkati, kuchuluka kwa humus kuli mpaka 1/3 ya kuchuluka kwa gawo lokonzekera.

Rabulosi ndi zitsamba zina zitha kuziphatika ndi masentimita 5 mulch kuyambira kasupe mpaka Julayi popanda kubzala m'nthaka.

M'malo obiriwira, humus imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamabedi (kuwonjezera pa gawo lalikulu) mchaka choyamba pamlingo wa 40-60 kg / m². Zaka zotsatira, nthaka isanasinthe, 15-25 kg / m² imagwiritsidwa ntchito chaka chilichonse.

M'chilimwe, mankhwalawa amadzaza madzi kuti azisintha komanso kuvala muzu pamlingo wosaposa gawo limodzi pa magawo khumi ndi anayi a madzi.

Humus, monga manyowa atsopano, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupangira mabedi ofunda.

Mndandanda wachidule wakugwiritsira ntchito manyowa ndi mitundu yake yomwe adayikonza adanenanso momveka bwino za zinthu zachilengedwe padziko lapansi. Kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wachilengedwe, mutha kuthana ndi mavuto ambiri okhalamo dimba ndi ulimi wa maluwa olima, kuphatikiza wamkulu - kukulitsa chonde chachilengedwe pamalowo.

Okondedwa owerenga! Gawani njira zanu pokonzera manyowa, manyowa, kompositi ya dimba komanso mbewu zamalonda. Gawani zomwe mukukumana nazo pakukula kwaulimi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mochulukirapo feteleza ndi mankhwala ena omwe ndi achilendo m'nthaka, kuwonjezera chonde m'nthaka, kuwonjezera zokolola, ndi kukulitsa chitetezo chokwanira cha matenda ndi tizirombo.