Polankhula za minda, iwo amafotokozera pamunda womwe ukunenedwa. Kupatula apo, pali mitundu yoposa khumi ndi iwiri yaminda yonse, ndipo iliyonse ya iyo ndiyofunika kuyisamalira. Potchula za mtundu wanji wa zipatso, amakumbukira kwambiri zipatso za zipatso - zofala kwambiri padziko lapansi. Ndipo ngati tikulankhula za minda yachilendo kwambiri, nthawi zambiri pamakhala miyala, yomwe idapangidwa ku Land of the Rising Sun. Ndiye kodi pamakula m'minda iti ndipo amasiyana bwanji?
Anthu akhala akubzala minda kuyambira nthawi zakale. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti Baibulo likuti anthu oyamba amakhala m'munda wa Edeni. Aliyense amadziwa kuti munda ndi gawo la mitengo yazipatso ndi zitsamba zomwe anthu adabzala. Maluwa okongoletsera ndi zitsamba zingabzalidwe pamenepo, komanso kukhala ndi dimba. Mitundu yatsopano yazomera imabzalidwa m'minda, itetezeni ku tizirombo ndi zinthu zachilengedwe - kuzizira, chilala ndi mphepo.
Mitengo ya zipatso ndi zipatso
Malinga ndi mtundu wina, minda yazipatso idawonekera pamene osaka akale ndi osonkhanitsa asintha njira yokhazikika pamoyo wawo ndikuyamba kubzala mitengo yazipatso pafupi ndi komwe amakhala. Minda yabwino kwambiri imaphukira bwino masika ndipo imatisangalatsa ndi kukongola kwawo. Atha kukhala madera akuluakulu okhala ndi malo opezeka mahekitala 50-75, pomwe zipatso zimabzalidwa pamalonda, ndi ziweto zazing'ono m'midzi ndi nyumba zam'nyumba zamalimwe. Zokolola zimatengera nyengo nyengo, ndi chisamaliro cha anthu.
M'minda ya zipatso, mitundu yoposa 5000 ya tizilombo imakhala - njuchi, mavu ndi agulugufe osiyanasiyana.
M'minda yokongoletsera, maluwa owala, ndi marigold, ndi tulips amakula. Kuphatikiza apo, iwo amabzala mphesa ndi mbewu zina zomwe zikukwera zomwe zimakulunga mipanda ndi makhoma. Koma musanayambe kukongoletsa tsamba lanu, muyenera kuphunzirapo za zomerazo bwino ndikuwona momwe zingaphatikizirane ndi maluwa pa nthawi ya maluwa.
Mwachitsanzo, curlem clematis imagwirizana bwino ndi maluwa.
Ma hyacinths ndi daisies amaphuka masika, ma daffodils koyambirira kwa chilimwe, ndipo chrysanthemums amatha kutamandidwa nthawi yophukira. Ndipo ngati mukukonzekera kubzala moyenera, ndiye kuti dimba yokongoletserayo idzakusangalatsani ndi kukongola kwake kuyambira koyambirira kwa masika mpaka nthawi yophukira.
Kutengera ndi nyengo yotentha, mitengo ndi zitsamba zosiyanasiyana zimamera m'minda. M'malo otentha, awa ndi mitengo ya maapulo, mapeyala, plums, yamatcheri, ndipo m'malo otentha apricots, mapichesi ndi malalanje.
Ma gnomen ndi otchulidwa nthano za ku Europe zomwe zimakhala pansi panthaka komanso m'nkhalango. Malinga ndi nthano ina, mukakumana ndi njenjete m'nkhalango, adzabweretsa chisangalalo ndi mwayi. Chifukwa chake miyamboyo idayamba yopanga zifanizo za gnomes, ndipo pogulitsa adayamba kuwapanga ku Germany Thuringia m'zaka za XIX. Tsopano ma gnomes amapangidwa m'maiko ena. Koma amatchuka kwambiri kudziko lakwawo - kumpoto ndi kumadzulo kwa Europe.
Munda wamabotolo ndi chiyani chomwe chimamera m'menemo
Dimba la Botanical ndi gawo lomwe mbewu zimalimidwa, kuphunziridwa ndikuwonetsedwa kwa alendo omwe akutunga mbewu kuchokera kumayiko osiyanasiyana komanso madera otentha. Akatswiri azachilengedwe amatha kukambirana kwa nthawi yayitali za munda wa zomera, chifukwa amachita kafukufuku wawo mokomera sayansi, maphunziro ndi maphunziro. Tsiku lililonse aliyense amabwera m'minda yazomera - kusilira mbewu zabwino ndikungopuma. Ofufuzawo ndi ogwira ntchito m'minda akugwira ntchito nthawi zonse kuti asunge ndikukongoletsa kukongola uku. Minda yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndi mamembala onse a International Council of Botanical Gardens.
Chimodzi mwazomera zosangalatsa kwambiri chomwe chimamera m'munda wa botanical ndi "khutu la njovu" (mbewu yotentha yobadwira ku South Asia, Oceania ndi kum'mawa kwa Australia). Imakopa ndi masamba ake: kutalika kwa tsinde 3 m ndi kupitirira, tsamba la alocasia, monga mmerawu umatchedwa mwasayansi, limafikira mita 1 kutalika. Petiole yomwe tsamba ili, lofanana ndi khutu la njovu, nalonso ndi lalitali kwambiri.
Munda woyamba wa botanical ku Munich udatsegulidwa mu 1809. Mbali yake yotsalira, yomwe imadziwika kuti munda wakale wa botanical, ili pakatikati pa mzindawu. Ndipo dimba lamakonoli lidapezeka kwa alendo okha mu 1914. Limaphatikizapo paki ya Nymphenburg ndipo limalandira alendo pafupifupi 400,000 pachaka.
Munda woyamba wa botanical ku Russia ungatchedwa Madimba azomera, opangidwira kukula mankhwala azomera. Inakhazikitsidwa ndi Peter I ku Moscow mu 1706. Nthanoyo imati tsar mwiniyo adabzala mitengo itatu m'mundamo - larch, spruce ndi fir - "kuti akhazikitse nzika kusiyana kwawo."
Munda wawukulu wa Russia wa Sayansi ya ku Russia unatsegulidwa mu 1945. Zaka mazana atatu izi zisanachitike, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, abambo a Peter I, adakonda kusaka kumeneko. Lero, dimba ili ndi imodzi mwazikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Zopeza zake zimaphatikizapo mitengo yopitilira 2,000 ndi zitsamba. Kuphatikiza apo, pali chilengedwe chabwino chobiriwira cha maluwa otentha ndi maluwa ena ambiri omwe amalimidwa ndikuphunzira ndi botanists.
M'minda ina yopanga zachilengedwe, gazebo imamangidwa - malo omata kapena malo owonera omwe amawaika pamalo okwezeka kuti athe kuwona bwino malo owazungulira. Chochititsa chidwi, mu masewera a board "Munchkin" pali khadi yokhala ndi dzina. Wosewera yemwe adalowa sangapemphe aliyense thandizo, koma ayenera kumenyera yekha.
Omwe anatsogola m'minda ya botanical anali minda ya amonke yopanda mankhwala. Amakhulupirira kuti dimba loyamba la botanical lidakhazikitsidwa kusukulu ya zamankhwala ku Salerno koyambirira kwa zaka za XIV. Dokotala komanso wazachipatala Matteo Silvatico. Wasayansi wakaleyu mu 1317 adalemba nkhani yokhudza zasayansi zamankhwala azitsamba. Buku lake lidapulumuka 11 kusindikizidwa.
Minda ya ku Japan ndi miyala (yokhala ndi chithunzi)
Ku Japan, dziko la zisumbu lomwe lili ndi mapiri ambiri komanso malo ochepa, luso lodzala mitengo yokongoletsera nthawi zonse limayamikiridwa. Minda yoyambirira ya kachisi ku Japan idapangidwa ndi amonke Achibuda komanso oyenda zaka zoposa chikwi zapitazo. Ku Kyoto, yomwe idakhala likulu la Japan mu 794, minda yokongoletsera idawoneka m'malo opezeka aristocrats. Maula, ma cherries ndi wisitia anali atakula mwa iwo. Makina ovuta a zojambula zam'munda adapangidwa ndi XVIII m'zaka za zana.
Kulima dimba ku Japan kunayambika mothandizidwa ndi zomangamanga ndi malingaliro achipembedzo ndi filosofi ya aristocracy.
Onani zithunzi za minda ya ku Japan: nthawi zambiri nyali zamiyala, ma gazebos komanso nyumba za tiyi zimakhala pagawo lawo. M'zaka za zana la XIX. zokongoletsera zamaluwa ku Japan zinafalikira pakati pa anthu wamba, komanso m'zaka za XX. adatchuka kunja kwa dzikolo.
Miyala yosakhwima imakhala m'malo ofunikira kwambiri m'minda ya Japan. Amapanganso minda yamiyala yamtengo wapatali.
Monga mukuwonera pachithunzichi, munda wokondweretsawu ndi dera lathyathyathya, yokutidwa ndi mchenga kapena timiyala tating'ono, komwe pamakhala miyala. Malo omwe anali ndi miyala m'minda yamiyala amatsatira malamulo a Buddhism. Amakhulupirira kuti kumtunda kwa dimba kumayimira nyanja, ndipo miyala ikuyimira zilumba, koma munthu aliyense akhoza kulingalira china chake. Ndipo kulikonse komwe adzaimire, maso ake amagwera pamiyala yolingana. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya dimba lachijapani momwe miyala ndiye chinthu chachikulu.
Munda wamajapani, powona iwo omwe adawapanga, ndi chizindikiro cha dziko langwiro lachilengedwe, ndipo nthawi zina mawonekedwe a chilengedwe chonse. Chifukwa chake, ili ndi mapiri okumbikakumbika, mitsinje, zisumbu, maenje amadzi, miyala, njira zopchingidwa ndi miyala ndi mchenga. M'mundamo wotere, mitengo, zitsamba, udzu, kuphatikiza msungwi ndi zina monga mbewu, maluwa owala ndi mbewa zobzala amabzala.
Nsomba za Koi, kapena mitembo ya brosha, ndi zokongoletsera zapa carp wamba. Ku Japan, kuli mitundu yambiri ya koi, ndipo muyezo ndi mawonekedwe 14 ndi mitundu. Izi nsomba zokometsera minda ndi mapaki osati Japan, komanso mayiko ena apadziko lapansi.
Malo Opanda Munda Wamtunda
Mwina mpanda wokongola kwambiri wamundawo ndi hedeni. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mitengo kapena zitsamba, koma zimachitika kuti udzu, komanso mipesa, zimagwiritsidwira ntchito. Mpanda womwe udapangidwa kuchokera kuzomera zamtundu umodzi umatchedwa monobreed, ndipo kuchokera ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana - kuphatikiza.
Makina opanga ma Landscape amapanga zolemba zozizwitsa zozungulira zozungulira. Kutalika kwambiri ndi njira yobiriwira, yopanga mitengo 16,000 ya Chingerezi, yomwe idapangidwa mu 1975 ku UK. Dera lake ndi maekala 60, ndipo kutalika kwa mayendedwe onse ndi 2.7 km. Mkati mwa maze muli milatho 6 ndi nsanja yowonera, komwe mumatha kuwona ndikuwunika njira.
Mitengo yomwe imakula m'misewu komanso m'malire aminda sikuti imangokongoletsa zokha, komanso kusunga nthaka ndi zonse zomwe zili pamenepo. Kuti mutetezedwe kwakukulu, mitengo yankhalango imabzalidwa - mitengo yokhala ngati mizere ya mitengo ndi zitsamba zopangidwa pamtunda wolima, pamalo odyetserako ziweto, m'minda, m'misewu, misewu ndi m'malo otsetsereka. Mpanda wotere ndi wofunikira kwambiri kumapiri ndi kumapiri kwa nkhalango, komwe mphepo zowuma ndi zowuma zimakonda kuwomba, ndipotu, m'zipululu ndi zipululu, pomwe pamakhala mchenga kufalikira.
Nthawi zambiri mitengo ya popula imabzalidwa ngati malamba, nthawi zina mitengo ya paini. M'mene ziliri, momwe nthaka ilili bwino, imasungidwa chinyezi ndikudzazidwa ndi mpweya. Kuphatikiza apo, izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale nyengo yoti pakhale mitundu yachilengedwe. Mbalame zimapanga zisa kuzilumba izi, ndipo nyama zamtchire zimapeza chakudya.
Mitengo yomwe ikukula m'mphepete mwa njanji ndiyofunikira kwambiri. Kupatula apo, kunyamula kwawo sikuyenera kutsukidwa ndimvula, yoyendetsedwa ndi chipale chofewa ndi zinyalala zomwe mphepo imabweretsa. M'zaka za zana la 19, pamene mikanda yamtchire idayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuteteza njanji, izi sizinali zoona konse. Mitengoyi inali pafupi kwambiri ndi mayendedwe, kotero kutentha kwa chisanu kumangokulira. Mikwingwirima yopepuka sinathandizirenso mwina. Pambuyo pake zolakwikazo zidakonzedwa, ndipo tsopano njanji zimatetezedwa mokhulupirika pobzala mitengo yayitali.
M'zaka za m'ma 1800, nthawi ya ulamuliro wa atsamunda ku Britain ku India, aku Britain adamangitsa malire kumalire a 4000 km kumeneko. Unali ndimitsinje ndi makhoma amiyala, koma mwanjira ina mzerewu unali ndi hedeni, kutalika kwake kunali kosachepera 2,5. Komabe, sizinakhalepo kwakanthawi yayitali: mu 1879, Britain idabweretsa boma laulere mdzikomo, ndipo chotchinga chokhacho chidatha. .
Minda yozizira ndi malo obiriwira (okhala ndi chithunzi)
Zomera zambiri zomwe sizingafanane ndi nyengo yakomweko, zimabalidwa m'nyumba. Anthu amabwera ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya izi. Mwachitsanzo, nyumba yobiriwira ndi nyumba yaying'ono yokhala ndi denga lochokerapo, pomwe mbande zimabzalidwa, kenako ndikuziuthira pamalo otseguka. Wobiriwira ndi wokulirapo komanso wotentha. Mosiyana ndi wowonjezera kutentha, apa mutha kugwiritsa ntchito nyengo yonse yazomera - kuchokera ku mbewu kapena mbande kuti mupeze zipatso. Wowonjezera kutentha nthawi zambiri samatenthedwa, monga nyumba yobiriwira, imapangidwa ndi galasi kapena pulasitiki ndipo idapangira maluwa ndi mitengo yokonda kutentha. Nyumba zobiriwira sizimangokhala panja, koma nthawi zina zimakonzedwa m'nyumba. Munda wozizira unayambira kwambiri ku Europe m'zaka za zana la 19.
Monga tikuonera pachithunzichi, mitengo ya kanjedza yosiyanasiyana ndi mbewu zina zakumwera nthawi zambiri zimabzalidwa m'munda wachisanu. Mtundu wobiriwira wamtunduwu umapezeka mwachindunji mnyumbamo kapena m'chipinda chotsekeramo momwe muli nyumba yogona. Munda wozizira umapangidwa kuti upumule, nthawi zambiri mbewu zokongoletsera zimamera mmenemo.
Munda wokongola kwambiri nthawi yonse yozizira wokhala ndi 22,000 m2 uli ku UK pagawo la Botanical Garden, lomwe limadziwika kuti "Munda wa Edeni". M'malo mwake, awa ndi malo obiriwira, olumikizana. Iliyonse ya izo ili ndi zovuta zake zachilengedwe. Zomera za trrop zimadzala imodzi, ndi Mediterranean kwinanso.
Mawu oti "greenhouse" amachokera ku "lalanje" wachi French - "lalanje". Inde, malalanje, zipatso zina za malalanje ndi maluwa ena onse, komanso maluwa akumwera omwe samatha kukula kumpoto pamalo otseguka amabzala pano. Dzuwa limawotcha chikho cha nyumba yobiriwira ndipo, mlengalenga, mbewu, ndi dothi mkati mwake. Pollinators - ma bumblebe, njuchi ndi agulugufe - amayambitsidwanso pano.
M'malo obiriwira, maluwa, masamba ndi zipatso amakula, osati okhawo akumwera. Amatetezedwa. Kuphatikiza apo, obereketsa amagwira ntchito pano.
Dimba la Gulugufe ndi malo osungiramo nyama omwe amapangidwira kutulutsa agulugufe otentha kwambiri. Kuti tizilombo tiziuluka osati "kugona", kutentha kwa 25 ° C kumasungidwa pano. Chinyezi m'mundamu chimakhala chokwezeka nthawi zonse, monganso kumadera otentha. Zomera zosiyanasiyana zimakhala chakudya cha mbozi komanso zimapatsa timadzi tating'ono, timene timakhala timaluwa tosiyanasiyana. Agulugufe ambiri amayikira mazira m'mundawo, ena m'chipinda chapadera. Mmenemo amasinthana, ndipo alendo amatha kuwona mawonekedwe a gulugufe kuchokera ku pupa.
