Rose. Kuchokera m'mbiri yazikhalidwe

Umboni woyamba wa mbiri yakale wachikhalidwe cha rose udachokera ku Turkey. Pafupifupi zaka 5,000 zapitazo, mfumu ya ku Sumerian, Saragon I, itachokera ku gulu lankhondo, idabweretsa chitsamba chamaluwa ku Ura. Zambiri zolembedwa pankhaniyi zidapezeka pakufukula manda achifumu a ku Kaldea ku Uru. Amakhulupirira kuti pambuyo pake duwa limanyamulidwa kuchokera ku Uru kupita ku Krete ndi Greece, ndikuchokera kumeneko kudzera m'mitsinje ndi apaulendo kudzera njira zamalonda kupita ku Syria, Egypt, ndi Transcaucasia.

Umboni wochepa udatsalira wa mitundu, mitundu ya maluwa, ndi njira zokulira mdziko lakalelo ku Middle East. Oyambirira a iwo abwerera ku Greece wakale, komwe chikhalidwe cha rose chidafika pamlingo waukulu. Agiriki akale adapereka duwa ili kwa mulungu wachikondi - Eros ndi mulungu wamkazi wachikondi ndi wokongola - Aphrodite. Munthawi ya Alexander the Great, wolemba wachi Greek Theophrastus, yemwe adakhala m'zaka za zana lachitatu BC, adafotokoza za rose ndi chisamaliro chake mwatsatanetsatane m'buku la "Natural History" mwakuti akatswiri azachilengedwe pambuyo pake sangawonjezere zochepa pantchito yake.

Aroma akale amatengera chikhalidwe cha rose kuchokera kwa Agiriki akale, ndikuchikweza mpaka kukula kwambiri. Aroma anali kudziwa bwino njira zokulira maluwa pofesa mbewu, kudula, vaccinici. Pali zidziwitso zomwe Aroma olemekezeka, posafuna kusiya maluwa omwe amawakonda m'miyezi yachisanu, adalemba ndi zombo zonse zochokera ku Egypt. Pambuyo pake ku Roma, nthawi yozizira, adaphunziranso kubzala mbewu zamaluwa m'malo obiriwira mwa kuphukira. Chifukwa chake, wolemba ndakatulo Martial (pafupifupi 40 - pafupifupi zaka 104), polankhula za maluwa othamanga, adawona kuti Tiber siyozama kuposa Nile chifukwa cha maluwa ambiri awa, ngakhale chilengedwe chimawapanga, ndipo ndi luso. Maluwa mu mawonekedwe ake, mauwa ndi ma epigram adalemekezedwa ndi ndakatulo zina zakale - Anacreont, Horace, Pliny Mkulu.

Maluwa m'masiku amenewo anali chokongoletsera chofunikira pa zikondwerero zonse. Palibe chochitika chosangalatsa kapena chodabwitsachi, palibe gulu limodzi landale kapena madyerero achipembedzo omwe anali opanda iwo. Maluwa okongoletsedwa ndi maluwa, matebulo owonetsedwa ndi pansi muholo zokongoletsera, mizati yokongoletsedwa ndi makhoma a holo yokondwerera, akasupe adadzaza ndi madzi a rose, ndipo pamapeto pake adakhazikika pa "bedi la maluwa," ndiko kuti, pamapilo odzala ndi miyala ya rose. Malinga ndi olemba mbiri yakale, mfumu Nero (im. 54-68) nthawi ina adalipira mbiya wagolide paz maluwa zomwe adalemba nthawi yozizira kuchokera ku Alexandria, ndi mfumu Helio-gabal (im. 218-222), yemwe adalamula kuti akonze Pamadyerero kudagwa mvula yamaluwa kuchokera padenga la holo momwe maphwando adakumana, kuti alendo ambiri adakwanira.

Aroma adadzipereka kwa milungu ya chikondi, chisomo komanso kusangalatsa. Maluwa a maluwa okhathamira ndi mchisu adakongoletsa kumene atalowa m'nyumba ya mwamuna wake wokhala ndi zingwe zapinki. Amadziwika kuti Aroma amagwiritsa ntchito miyala yamaluwa popanga zodzikongoletsera. Mwachitsanzo, kuti asunge unyamata ndi kukongola, azimayi adasamba ndimadzi a rose, ndipo pofuna kuthana ndi makwinya, adayika ma petals pamaso pawo usiku. Mtsogoleriyo, atapambana nkhondo, mopambana kulowa mu Roma, adakutidwa ndi maluwa. Zisoti zachifumu ndi zikopa za ankhondo opambana zinawakongoletsanso maluwa.

Mwa zinthu zaluso zakale zomwe zabwera kwa ife, duwa limapezeka mu zojambula zakale komanso zolembedwa. Nthawi zambiri, chithunzi chake chinali chokongoletsedwa ndi mendulo, kulamula, zisindikizo, zovala zamanja. Mu Middle Ages, duwa loyera limawonetsedwa ngati chizindikiro cha chete. Ngati pakhoza kukhala duwa loyera patebulo la phwando, ndiye kuti aliyense adamvetsetsa kuti zolankhulidwa pano sizilengezedwa. Roma atagwa, chikhalidwe cha duwa chidayamba kuwonongeka.

Nkhondo zinayambiranso ubale pakati pa maiko a East ndi West. Roses adapangidwanso ku Europe. Chifukwa chake, Thibault VI, Chiwerengero cha Champagne (XIII m'ma 100), akubwerera kuchokera ku Crusade, adabweretsa kunyumba yake yanyumba ya Provence rose. Roses pambuyo pake adatchuka ku Spain. Minda ya Valencia, Cordoba ndi Grenada pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa a Moor inali malo olimba a maluwa. Chikhalidwe chofala kwambiri komanso changwiro chofikira ku France. Mpaka zaka za zana la 16 panali ogwira ntchito apadera mdziko muno omwe ntchito zawo zikuphatikiza kukongoletsa maofesi aboma ndi maluwa.

Nthano zambiri zopeka ndi nthano zopangidwa ndi duwa lokongola. Aroma akale amagwirizanitsa maluwa oyera ndi chipembedzo cha mulungu wamkazi wa ku Venus (Greek Aphrodite). Zimakhulupirira kuti mulungu wamkazi atatuluka munyanja kupita kumtunda, pomwe chithovu cha mnyanja chidagwa kuchokera mthupi lake, maluwa oyera adakula. Agiriki akale ankaganiza kuti ndiye amene amapanga maluwa a mulungu wamkazi wotchedwa Flora. Kuphatikiza apo, nthano imati duwa limakhala loyera komanso losanunkhira mpaka mulungu wamkazi adagwa pa phazi lake ndikusilira paminga. Kuchokera pamenepa, madontho ochepa a magazi a mulungu wamkazi adagwa pa duwa, kuyambira pomwepo amatenga mtundu wofiira.

Nthano yosangalatsa yachisilamu yokhudza chikondwerero chachikasu, yomwe imatiuza kuti Mohammed, kupita kunkhondo, adalumbira kuti adzakhulupirika kwa mkazi wake Aisha. Komabe, posakhalako, Aisha adayamba chidwi ndi wachinyamata waku Persia. A Mohammed, pobwera kuchokera kunkhondo, adauza mkazi wake kuti atsitse ngwazi yofiyira kuthengo lachifumu: ngati sasintha mtundu, mkaziyo ndi wosalakwa. Aisha anamvera, koma nchiani chomwe chinali chowopsa chake pomwe duwa lomwe limachokera ku gwero limasanduka chikaso. Kuyambira pamenepo, maluwa achikasu amawoneka ngati chizindikiro chabodza, kuwukira.

M'zaka za XVII-XVIII. Chikhalidwe cha rose chafalikira padziko lonse lapansi. Ku Europe, France idakhala likulu lawo. Zophatikiza zazikulu zidapangidwa pano, zomwe zimakhala ndi mitundu yamagulu osiyanasiyana: centipholic, Damask, French. Zomera za dessin zochokera kwa olima Dessin ku Saint-Denis zidakwana 300 mitundu. Ku France, gulu lalikulu la obereketsa ndi olima duwa lidatulukira.

Mapeto a XVIII - koyambirira kwa zaka za XIX. - nthawi yobala zipatso kwambiri popanga maluwa a magulu atsopano, omwe adakhala maziko a gawo lamakono. Kukonzanso, tiyi wosakanizidwa, Pernetian, polyanthus ndi magulu ena adawonekera. Maluwa amafalitsidwa kwambiri ku Germany, England, Holland, Bulgaria ndi mayiko ena. Iwo adayamba kugwira nawo ntchito ku Russia, Italy, Spain, Switzerland. Komabe, palibe dziko lapansi lomwe limakula lomwe linapangidwa ngati ku France.

Tsopano mdziko muno zokongoletsera bwino kwambiri ndi maukonde am'madzi mwadzala, pamaziko omwe amakonzera zonunkhira zabwino, mafuta, vin. Gawo lofunika kwambiri laulimi mdzikoli limakhala ndi maluwa. Kupanga kwa tchire la pachaka kuli pafupifupi 20 miliyoni. Maluwa odulidwa amabzala makamaka m'malo obzala osakhazikika, choncho maluwa odulidwa amagulitsidwa ku France nthawi iliyonse pachaka. Kunyada kwadzikoli ndi dimba lotchuka kwambiri la rose lomwe lili ku Bagatelle park (mahekala 24,5) ku Paris. Kumakhala mpikisano wokwanira padziko lonse lapansi.

Netherlands imakhala malo oyamba padziko lapansi kutumiza maluwa, kuphatikizapo maluwa. Makampani ogulitsa maluwa pano adakwanitsa kotero kuti kulibe m'dziko lina lililonse. Achi Dutch, omwe adachokeranso kunyanja, samasunga mahekitala maluwa ambiri. Pafupifupi 90% yazinthu zonse zamaluwa zomwe amatumiza kumayiko ambiri padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikizapo zathu.

Chisamaliro chachikulu chimaperekedwa posamalira maluwa ku Bulgaria. Mabasi opitilira 500 miliyoni dziko lino amatumiza kumayiko ena aku Europe. Kuphatikiza apo, Bulgaria ndiyotchuka padziko lonse lapansi kupanga mafuta a rose. Minda yayikulu imasungidwa maluwa a maluwa. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, kuti mupeze 1 makilogalamu amafuta, makilogalamu 500 a rose, kapena maluwa pafupifupi mamiliyoni atatu, amafunikira.

Zambiri zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha rose ku Russia zidachokera ku ulamuliro wa Moscow Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich (c. 1613-1645). Maluwa a Terry anali atakula ku Moscow panthawiyi. Komabe, maluwa ofala ku Russia amawonedwa pokhapokha pa zaka za XIX. Anakhala otchuka kwambiri pakati pa olima maluwa kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lino chifukwa cha ntchito za I.V. Michurin, N.I. Kichunov, N.D. Kostetsky. Pakadali pano, rose idayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mizinda yowononga - Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kiev, Odessa.

M'zaka za XX. Kukula kwa kukula kwa rose kunakulimbikitsidwa ndi akatswiri ochokera ku Main Botanical Garden of the USSR Academy of Sciences, omwe anachita zambiri kugawa mitundu yamitundu ya rose. Amatha kulumikizana ndi malo ena opanga masamba, komanso minda yamafalichi, malo okulera, olima maluwa amateur. Ngakhale nyengo yotentha kwambiri, nyengo yozizira, nthawi zina yopanda mvula, nyengo yotentha kwambiri, mitundu yayikulu yonse kwambiri ya 2,500 idasungidwa bwino ndikupitilizabe ku dothi lolemera la podzolic kwazaka zopitilira 40.

Ogwiritsa ntchito maluwa ku Main Botanical Garden aku USSR Academy of Sayansi samangogwira ntchito yokhazikitsidwa mwatsatanetsatane, kuwunika moyenera ndikusankha mitundu yabwino kwambiri yakunja ndi yakunja, komanso kukhazikitsa ndi luso la kulima kwa nyengo yanthawi yochepa. Kupititsa patsogolo bwino mitundu yabwino kwambiri yolimbikitsidwa kuti ifalikire kumadera ena otentha, alimi achangu okangalika amawonetsa maluso ndi njira zogwiritsira ntchito maluwa m'munda ndi kukonza mapaki komanso kukongoletsa ziwembu.

Pali maluwa ambiri osati ku zigawo zakumwera zokha - Crimea (Nikitsky Garden - mitundu 1600), ku Caucasus (Nalchik - mitundu 900), Transcaucasia (Tbilisi - mitundu 600), komanso m'malo ovuta a Latvia (Masalulo - 750 mitundu), Belarus (Minsk - mitundu 650), komanso ku Leningrad (mitundu 400) komanso Siberia (Novosibirsk - mitundu 400).

Ambiri mwa alimi athu a maluwa akutenga nawo gawo pantchito zamtundu wakunja ndi kwakunja, kuphatikiza kwa chidziwitso polima kwina: V. N. Bylov, N. L. Mikhailov, I. I. Shtanko, N. P. Nikolaenko, K. L. Sushkova ndi ena ambiri. Thandizo lalikulu kwambiri pakupanga zokongoletsera zamaluwa mdziko lathu linapangidwa ndi Ivan Porfirievich Kovtunenko wa ku Nalchik. Ndi kutenga nawo gawo, malo oyamba, makamaka ndi maluwa, a Agricultural Exhibition ku Moscow (tsopano VVC) adachitika.

Zida zogwiritsidwa ntchito:

• Sokolov N.I. - Roses. - M: Agropromizdat, 1991