Biringanya amasangalala ndi chidwi chamaluwa, koma kutali ndi aliyense adatha kulima masamba abwino pa malo awo mpaka posachedwapa. Osati zokhazo, kuchokera ku banja lonse la ma eggplants oyandikana nawo amawoneka ngati opanga kwambiri, kulima kwawo kuli ndi zina zazing'ono.
Komabe, ngakhale mutakumana ndi kuwawa kwa kulephera, musataye mtima. Chifukwa cha kutuluka kwa mitundu yoyambirira yosazindikira komanso kudziwa mawonekedwe ndi zokonda za chikhalidwe, kukula biringanya sikungakhale kovuta ngakhale kumadera komwe wamaluwa samatha kuganiza za mbewu m'mundamo kale.
Kodi chinsinsi chake ndi chiyani chachipambano pakukula kwa biringanya?
Eggplant agrotechnology imafanana kwambiri ndi njira zokulira tomato ndi tsabola, koma ma biringanya amafunikira kwambiri pa kutentha, kukwana kwa kuthirira ndi kuwala. Kuti muthe kukolola bwino, simungathe kuchita pasadakhale pasadakhale ngati mungapange masana dzuwa:
- Ngati chomera chili choperewera pakuwunikira, izi sizingakhudze zokolola zokha, komanso thanzi komanso kukula kwa tchire ndi zipatso.
- Zotsatira zofananazi ziyenera kuyembekezeredwa ndikusowa chinyontho.
- Ndi kuchepa kwa kutentha, mitundu yambiri nthawi zambiri imakana kupanga ovary komanso kutaya zipatso ndi masamba omwe alipo.
Kuti zipatso zitheke, ma biringanya amafunikira kutentha pafupifupi 25-28 ° C, ndipo nyengo yotentha yokhala ndi chinyezi chambiri, chikhalidwechi chimamverera bwino kuposa mitundu ina.
Pofunsa kuti chifukwa chiyani ma biringanya amatembenukira chikasu, wamaluwa ayenera kulabadira za dothi komanso chonde, chikhalidwe chake chimakhudzidwa makamaka pakupanga potaziyamu ndi phosphorous.
Mukakulitsa biringanya, ndikofunikira kwambiri kukumbukira malamulo azokolola za mbewu ndikupewera kubzala kwa mbewuyi mbatata, tomato kapena tsabola. Kuti tipewe kukula kwa matenda obisika chifukwa cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso tizirombo, sikofunika kuti tikonzekere mabedi amizeremizere pafupi ndi kubzala kwa mbewu zofananira.
Kubzala kukonzekera
Popeza nthawi yamasamba obzala masamba ndi kuyambira pa masiku 85 mpaka 140, ndipo nyengo nyengo m'malo ambiri sizingakondweretse wamaluwa kutalika kotentha komanso kotentha, ndikofunikira kukula mtundu wamtunduwu kudzera mu mbande.
Pofesa, konzani dothi lotayirira, losungidwa bwino:
- 2 magawo a humus;
- Gawo limodzi la peat;
- 1/2 gawo la utuchi kapena mchenga wokalamba.
Kuchokera pagawo lino kuti kupewa matenda a biringanya kumayamba, ndipo zoyambira zam'munda zimayikidwa.
Pansanja kwenikweni ndizosatheka kugwiritsa ntchito:
- zatsopano zomwe zitha kuvulaza mizu yaying'ono;
- utuchi watsopano, womwe umakulitsa kuchuluka kwa acidity ndikulowetsa zinthu m'nthaka, ziyenera kusungidwa ndi mdima kapena kutaya nthawi zingapo ndi madzi otentha;
- nthaka yopanda potaziyamu permanganate dothi ndi humus, momwe tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi mphutsi za tizirombo titha kupitilira.
Kuphatikiza dothi lomwe limapangidwira kulima biringanya ndi michere, magalamu 100-150 a phulusa lamatabwa, ufa wa dolomite, acidity, ndi feteleza wophatikizika amathandizidwa pa 10 makilogalamu a nthaka yosakanikira kapena dothi lokonzedwa.
Kusankhidwa kwa mbeu kumakhudza kwambiri mbewu yamtsogolo.
Chifukwa chake, njere zosanjidwazo zimatetezedwa kwa mphindi 30 mu 1% yankho la potaziyamu, yomwe imakupatsani mwayi wopulumutsa mbewu zamtsogolo ku matenda omwe amakhudza biringanya, matenda ndi tizilombo.
Kenako mbewu zimanyowetsedwa kwa maola 4-5 pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya boric acid, okonza zopanga okonzeka, kulowetsedwa manyowa kapena phulusa la nkhuni. Njira imeneyi imathandizira kumera ndikupatsa mphukira mphamvu zowonjezera.
Kufesa biringanya ndikukula mbande
Ngati mbeu youma yofesedwa mpaka ma 1.5-2 masentimita, imamera kokha pambuyo pa ma 8-10 8-10, ndiye nthanga yowotchera m'madzi kwa masiku 4-5. Zotsatira zake zitha kupezeka ndikuyika mbewu pamalo achinyezi pamtunda wa 25 ° C kwa masiku 4-5. Kubzala kumachitika mu dothi lonyowa, kenako mbande zamtsogolo, mpaka mphukira zoyambirira zitatuluka, ziyenera kukhalabe pansi pa filimuyo pa kutentha kwa 20-25 ° C.
Pofuna kuti mbande ziziwonjezera kukula kwa mizu, masiku asanu ndi amodzi a 5-6, kulima kwa biringanya kumachitika mozizira. Kutentha kwambiri pamwambapa ndi 18 ° C.
Pokhala ndi kutentha kwa pansi pa 13 ° C, ma biringanya amatembenukira chikasu, kufota, mwayi wokhala ndi mwendo wakuda ukuwonjezeka. Zojambula zimapanga zomwezo.
Kwa mbande zomwe zimakhala munthawi yamdima, onetsetsani kuti mukupatsa magetsi owunikira omwe amapereka maola masana maola 12-14. Izi zimathandizira kukula kwa mbande, sizimalola kuti zitambasule ndikukhazikitsa maziko oyamba maluwa. Masamba enieni akaonekela pazomera, ndi nthawi yoti muziwatola. Biringanya uyenera kugwiridwa ndi dongo kuti tisunge bwino mizu ya nthambi.
Kwa nthawi yoyamba, mbande zimamwetsedwa masiku angapo mutabzala, pogwiritsa ntchito madzi oyimirira mpaka 25-30 ° C. M'tsogolomu, mbewu zimafunikanso madzi abwino otentha, omwe zikumera zimalandira masiku onse a 2-3, kenako, atakula, atatha masiku asanu.
Ndipo kwa mbande, ndi chomera chambiri biringanya, ndikofunikira kuti masamba asanyowe mukathirira. Dothi lonyowa kwambiri likuwopseza kutuluka kwa matenda a biringanya komanso ngakhale kufa kwa nkhokwe.
Kuphatikiza pa chinyezi komanso kuwala, mbande zimayenera kulandira mavalidwe apamwamba nthawi zonse. Yoyamba, pogwiritsa ntchito feteleza wa mchere, imachitika pambuyo pa masiku 8 mpaka 15, kutengera mtundu wa mbewuzo. Mtsogolomo, biringanya amatha kuthira manyowa pafupipafupi kwa milungu iwiri, kuthandizira mbande zokhala ndi potashi ndi phosphorous.
Pakadutsa masiku 710 kuti biringanya lisasinthidwe kumalo obiriwira kapena malo osabisika, mbewu zimasinthidwa kuti zizolowere mbewu kuti zizisinthasintha, kuwala kwachilengedwe ndi kayendedwe ka mpweya.
Zina zaukadaulo waulimi pakukula kwa biringanya
Kutengera malamulo a kukula kwa ma biringanya, musanabzale pansi, ali pafupifupi 20 cm ndipo ali ndi mizu yolimba, tsinde lolimba ndi masamba 8 owona.
Kuti mbewu zisasangalale mutabzala, nthaka yopanda thanzi imakonzedwera iwo mu kugwa, komwe kumathandiza kuti masamba atatha mbewu kale.
Pofuna kuthira matendawa, gwiritsani ntchito supuni zamkuwa ziwiri zamkuwa zam'madzi mu ndowa. Kenako kukumba dothi.
- Chapakatikati, dothi lolemera limakumbidwanso ndipo m'njira momwe limabweretsa mchenga kapena utuchi, ndi dothi lonyowa louma limangotseguka.
- Kufikira zidebe zopitilira 0,75 za zinthu zapamwamba kwambiri, ufa wa dolomite, ndi makilogalamu 5 a peat yotsika ndikuwonjezeredwa mita imodzi m'dera lamundawo. Kuchulukitsa kwake kungasiyane kutengera mtundu wa dothi patsamba. Ngati ndi kotheka, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito zosakaniza zovuta za feteleza zakonzedwa.
Biringanya amabzalidwa m'mabowo akuya masentimita 10-15 pakadayamba kutentha mpaka 15 ° C. Popeza mbewu zachikulire ndizophulika, ndibwino kusiya nthawi yopitilira 60 cm pakati pa zitsime.Ndipo kuti dothi lisatayike, mutabzala mbande, dothi limalungika, ndipo mbewuzo zimakutidwa ndi zinthu zopanda nsalu, zomwe zimateteza mphukira kuti zisasinthe ndi kutentha kwa dzuwa. Ngati izi sizichitika, ma biringanya amatembenukira chikasu, kufalikira bwino komanso kwa nthawi yayitali, kukhala chandamale cha tizirombo ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Biringanya ngati dothi lonyowa lakuya masentimita 20, koma amakhudzana ndi kuthirira kwamadzi, chifukwa chake, mbewu zonse ndi zitsamba zazikulu zimafunika chinyezi ndi kutentha kosachepera 20 ° C. Tizisungunuka mosamalitsa pambuyo kuthirira kumathandiza kupulumutsa chinyezi.
Ngati biringanya wakula mu wowonjezera kutentha kapena wowonjezera kutentha, chinyezi chambiri sichitha kuloledwa, zomwe zimayambitsa kukula kwa zowola, matenda ena ammimba ndi mawonekedwe a nsabwe. Komanso, pansi pa izi, mungu umataya katundu wake, ndipo simuyenera kuyembekeza kukolola. Kuwongolera vutoli kumathandizira kupuma bwino. Amapulumutsa pomwe kutentha kukwera pamwamba pa 35-45 ° C, pomwe chikaso cha mazira, maluwa akugwa ndi ovary amadziwika.
Nthawi yakula, ma eggplant amadyetsedwa katatu mpaka kasanu, ndikuyang'ana pa zosowa ndi momwe mbewuzo zimagwirira ntchito.
Ngati musanakhwime zipatso ndikofunika kulabadira feteleza wophatikiza ndi michere yambiri, ndiye kuti isanayambike mapangidwe a biringanya, cholinga chimaphatikizidwa ndi kusakaniza kwa phosphorous ndi nayitrogeni. Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu zazachilengedwe zochuluka zimatha kusokoneza zokolola, popeza mbewu ikukula, koma maluwa amachepa. Potere, feteleza wa potashi umayikidwa, kupangitsa biringanya kupanga masamba ndi thumba losunga mazira.
Munthawi yayitali, yonyowa, kozizira, ndikofunikira kuchita ziboliboli zapamwamba, zolimbitsa biringanya ndi zinthu zina.
Kupambana kwa kulima kwa biringanya kumatengera osati kuthirira ndi umuna, komanso luso la mapangidwe zitsamba. Nthawi zina kuchulukana kwa mbewu kumapangitsa kuti mbewu iwonongeke kwambiri kuposa kusowa chinyezi.
Kuchotsa masamba owonjezereka ndi mphukira popanda ovary kumakupatsani mwayi:
- mwachindunji zakudya ku chipatso;
- onjezerani kuwunikira kwa mkati mwa chitsamba;
- popewa kukula kwamatenda obisika ndi kubzala tizirombo tambiri pambewu.
Matenda a Biringanya
Poona malamulo akukula biringanya, mutha kuchepetsa kwambiri kuopsa kwa matenda owopsa a mbewu. Ndipo, ngakhale ndi kuthirira oyenera, kubzala feteleza, sizingatheke kukwaniritsa zoyenera.
Kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa ma biringanya kumachitika chifukwa cha matenda a virus, fungal and inferior, pachimake omwe amapezeka nthawi yamvula, nyengo yozizira.
Mawanga akuda ndi mabakiteriya achilengedwe ndipo amayamba kupatsira mbewu kutentha kwambiri ngati nyengo yotentha masana. Matendawa amadziwoneka ngati malo amdima omwe amapezeka m'mphepete mwa masamba, m'mphepete mwake, pamapesi ndi kudula. Pamene matenda a biringanya akukula, zipatso zimakhudzidwa, zokutidwa ndi masamba obiriwira.
Kumagawo akum'mwera kwa dzikolo, alimi amatha kukumana ndi mtundu wautoto, wowonekera pakusintha maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake. Matendawa akamakula, kusintha masamba obiriwira komanso obiriwira kumawonekera pambale, kumakhala kowonekera kwambiri pamitu ya masamba. Zotsatira zake, mbewu za biringanya zimasanduka zachikasu, masamba amawonekera bwino, maluwa ndi kuchuluka kwa thumba losunga mazira limachepa.
Ndi ma virus necrosis amkati, omwe amakhalanso ndi chinyezi chambiri, malo okhala minyewa yofiirira amawoneka pa zipatso za biringanya, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri zipatso. Njira zotsatirazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira zodzitetezera komanso kupatula chitukuko cha matenda abiringanya:
- kutola mbewu kokha kuchokera ku zipatso zokhwima bwino;
- kusakhazikika kwa mbewu ndi kusankha;
- kusakhazikika kwa dothi pamalo obzala mbewu ndi dothi pofesa muli;
- kutsatira kasinthasintha wa mbeu;
- Kusankhidwa kwa mbande zathanzi;
- kuwonongeka kwa zitsalira zotsalira pamabedi;
- kutsatira mfundo zaulimi.
Mankhwalawa azitha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala pochotsa chitetezo, amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi zinthu zina pokonza, amagwiritsa ntchito chakudya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mazira asungidwe, komanso kuchepetsa ziphuphu zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito.
Matenda a biringanya ndi kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi
Chifukwa chiyani aubergines amasanduka achikasu, amakana kubala zipatso, ndikuwoneka popanda chifukwa? Nthawi zina mbewu zimavutika chifukwa cha kusalingana ndi michere ya dothi, kuchulukana kwambiri kapena kusowa kwa michere.
Nitrogen imathandizira kukukula kwa chitsamba, ndipo kuchepa kwa chinthuchi kumasokoneza kukula ndi mawonekedwe a masamba ndi mphukira. Amakhala ochepa, otuwa. Zipatso zimapunduka, sizimakula bwino ndikugwa. Kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni kumakwiyitsa kukula kwa msipu wobiriwira komanso kulepheretsa mapangidwe zipatso, kuphatikiza, gawo limatha kudziunjikira mu ma nitrate owopsa kwa anthu.
Kugwa kwa masamba ndi kupezeka kwake kwa utoto wofiirira ndikotheka ndi phosphorous m'nthaka, imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zitatu. Koma biringanya limagwira makamaka kwambiri panthawi ya potaziyamu nthawi yogwira zipatso. Izi zikufotokozedwa kuti biringanya amatembenukira chikasu, m'mbali mwa masamba nkuwuma, ndipo zipatso zimaperera. Zomera zomwe zimamera panthaka ya acidic pambuyo pokhazikika, komanso nthawi yadzuwa, ndizofunikira kwambiri pamalowo.
Masamba otuwa ndikuwonekera kwawo pakuwoneka m'nthaka, ndikukula kwa magnesium ndi manganese, ndipo pamapeto pake, chithunzicho chikufanana ndi masamba okongola, koma biringanya mwachangu chimabwezeretsa mawonekedwe ake atatha kuwonjezera mawonekedwe.
Kukula kwa mbewu kumakhudzidwa ndikusowa kwa calcium ndi boron m'nthaka. Ndipo muzochitika zotere, biringanya amawoneka okhumudwa ndipo amafuna njira zachangu munthaka kapena kavalidwe kapamwamba kwambiri.
