Kutali ndisanatsuke

Tikukulangizani kuti muyambe kukonzekera kusunga masamba nthawi yayitali musanakolole ngakhale mutafesa. Choyamba, pezani kapena kukula pa tsamba lanu nthangala za mitundu yamtunda. Masamba oterewa amasiyana ndi ofowoka omwe amakhala ndi timinisitini wamphamvu komanso khungu lowala lomwe limakutidwa ndi sera. Mwachitsanzo, ma kabati abwino a kabichi a mtundu wa Slava 1305, Moscow mochedwa 9 amawonongeka mosavuta ndikusungidwa mpaka Disembala, ndipo Amager 611, Zimovka 1474 yokhala ndi coarser ndi masamba owuma kwambiri ndi oyenera kusungirako yozizira-masika (mpaka Marichi - Epulo).

Anyezi Karatalsky wokhala ndi yowutsa mudyo wamkati komanso woonda kwambiri wopingasa umodzi, womwe, mophatikiza, amachotsedwa mosavuta, amasachedwa kuwonongeka ndikuphukira. M'malo mwake, miyeso iwiri yopingasa yokhala ndi mbali ziwiri za Bessonovsky kwa nthawi yayitali ititeteza kuti isawonongeke. Mwambiri, kusunga komanso kusungika kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana nthawi zambiri kumakhala kophatikizana ndi matenda.

Kutalika kosiyanasiyana kwa masamba azamasamba: m'malo abwino, nkhaka zitha kusungidwa kwa masabata 2-4 osataya kukoma, tomato - 1.5-2 miyezi, mbatata, kabichi - 8-9 miyezi, ndi anyezi, mwachitsanzo, chaka kapena kupitirira.

Milandu yomwe ikukula imakhudza kwambiri chitetezo cha zinthu nthawi yosunga nthawi yozizira. Kuchokera m'malo oterera, okhala ndi mphwembe, komanso kuchokera kumadothi osaphika amvula, masamba amasanduka opanda kanthu kuposa amchenga othinana ndi onyentchera. Kuchepetsa kwa dothi lokhala ndi manyowa osapsa komanso michere ya michere yokhala ndi nayitrogeni yambiri kumayambitsa kutaya kwakukulu kwa kupanga chifukwa cha matenda.

Ulimi wothirira umakhudzanso kusunga kwa zinthu, makamaka musanakolole.. Kuthirira kwambiri kudzatsogolera kukuwotcha kwa mizu ya kaloti ndi mitu ya kabichi. Kuchepa ndi kuthilira kwa minofu kumachulukanso, kuchuluka kwa zowonongeka pamakonzedwe kumawonjezera, zomwe zimabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa zinthu ndi matenda. Kuthirira kochulukirapo ndi kuvala pamwamba masabata awiri musanakolole kabichi, ngakhale kumathandizira kuwonjezeka kwa zokolola, koma nthawi yomweyo kungayambitse kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa atsogoleri a kabichi kale kumayambiriro kwa yosungirako.

Nthawi yotsuka sikutsatira. Amatsimikizika ndi kuchuluka kwa kucha kwa mbewu ndi nyengo zina. Ndikofunika kukolola masamba pa masiku abwino kuti muumitse zipatso padzuwa ndi kamphepo kake (komabe, osazilola kuti ziume), sansani dothi, ndikulekanitsani osagwirizana, owonongeka ndi odwala kuti adzagwiritse ntchito kapena kukonza. Anyezi ndi adyo amafunika kuyanika nthawi yayitali mutakolola (1 - 2 milungu) pa kakhola kapena pansi pa denga, maola angapo ndikokwanira kuti muzu wazomera, kabichi, mbatata.

Pafupifupi masamba onse amakhala ndi kusintha kwa thupi pambuyo pa kuzizira, pambuyo pake amasungidwa moyipa (kupatula kabichi yamapeto mitundu, yomwe imatha kupirira zipatso zowuma). Chifukwa chake, muyenera kuchotsa mabedi chisanu chisanu, simungayike mbewu pachiwopsezo.

Zosapsa, komanso mazira osachedwa kapena chinyezi chodzaza, mbewu za muzu, mitu ya kabichi imawonongeka mosavuta mukakolola. Kudzera, mabala a pakhungu, nthendayo imalowa mosavuta mkati mwathupi ndipo zinthu zimayamba kuwola.

Muyenera kudziwa momwe mungayeretsere. Masamba obzala amakumbidwa pansi ndi pitchfork, ndikuwasunga masamba. Ndikwabwino kuti musadule nsonga, osapotoza, koma kudula ndi mpeni wakuthwa, ndikusiya kutalika kwa 1.0-1.5 cm. Magawo awa amachiritsidwa mwachangu, njira yopatsirana imatsekeka. Mitu ya kabichi imadulidwa ndi zokutira kapena masamba awiri kapena atatu a rosette. Mu anyezi ndi adyo, khosi louma limadulidwa ndi mpeni kapena secateurs kutalika kwa 2-4 cm kuchokera ku babu.

Ikani masamba osungira onse mu chidebe ndipo popanda icho - chochuluka m'mapewa. Njira yabwino kwambiri

Cellar

komabe. Zogulitsa zikakhala ndi zowola zonyowa, zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa zimangokhala m'makoma a phukusi, ndikupangitsa kuchepekera. Mabokosi okumbika kapena okhwima, matumba ndi matumba opangidwa ndi polyethylene kapena pepala lakuda amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutengera mtundu wa chinthu. Zing'onozing'ono zokhala ndi zotungira (2 - 5 makilogalamu), ndizosavuta kuyang'anira chitetezo chamasamba, koma mabokosi ndi matumba okhala ndi 15 - 20 kg sizikhala malo osungira pang'ono. Mabokosi okhala ndi mbewa ndi abwino kulongedza masamba omwe saopa kusokosera (anyezi), masamba azizilombo odzola (karoti, parsley, udzu winawake) amasungidwa m'matumba a film kwanthawi yayitali.

Ndi yabwino kuyika mbatata ndi beets m'mbale zokhala ndi poyikamo pansi ndi 1-1.5 m, mbewu zamizu m'mabampu kapena m'mabokosi okhala ndi mchenga wolowererapo. Kabichi imayikidwa tating'ono ndi kocherig mmwamba kapena mutu uliwonse umayesedwa payokha.

Pakusungira kwa masamba kwa nthawi yayitali, cellars ozizira, cellars, maenje, oyikidwa m'manda kapena osungira pansi ndioyenera. Popewa kuti asatenthedwe ndi matenda, amakhala ndi mankhwala opha ndi mandimu, sulfure zamkuwa, ndi zina zotere nthawi iliyonse yotentha. Mpweya wabwino uyenera kuphatikizidwa kuti muchotse chinyezi chambiri (mukakolola mu nyengo yamvula) ndikuchepetsa kutentha. Pausiku wozizira, magetsi ndi zotseguka zotsekedwa zimatsekedwa, ndipo masana, ngati kutentha kumakhala kwakukulu kuposa m'nyumba, kutseka. Kwa masamba, ndikofunikira kuti msanga (masiku angapo) muchepetse kutentha mpaka mulingo woyenera, koma mbatata zomwe zimatchedwa "chithandizo" nthawi ziwiri masabata atatu mpaka atatu zimafunikira kutentha (10-16 °). Poterepa, mutha kuphatikiza magulu awiri.

Masamba mokhudzana ndi malo osungira amasungidwa m'magulu awiri. Okonda kutentha (tomato, nkhaka, biringanya) pa kutentha pafupi ndi ziro, amasiya kukoma, amatha kupsa ndi kusungika kwa nthawi yayitali. Zomera zosagwira pozizira (kabichi, anyezi, adyo, masamba obiriwira ndi saladi) ndizosungidwa bwino kwambiri -1, + 2 °. Zinthu zokhala ndi khungu lowonda, zokutira kwa sera, masikelo oteteza (phwetekere, anyezi, adyo) sizifota ndi chinyezi chotsika kwambiri cha 70-85%; pa mbewu yazipatso, amadyera, kabichi, muyenera kupanga chinyezi (onani tebulo). Kuchepetsa chinyezi polowetsa chipinda chazizira, nyengo yabwino; onjezerani mwa kupopera madzi oyera.

Kuti musunge masamba ambiri omwe ali ndi zofunika zosiyanasiyana m'boma, muyenera kudziwa momwe kutentha m'chipindacho kumagawidwira: kumazizira pansi komanso pazitseko zakunja kusiyana ndi mashelufu ndi padenga. Kusiyanako nthawi zina kumafika mpaka 3-5 °. Chinyontho chofunikira mumtundu uliwonse wa zinthu ndizosavuta kuyang'anira pogwiritsa ntchito filimu yopyapyala ya pulasitiki, matumba, zopangira m'mabokosi, zophatikizira ndi mchenga wonyowa, zofunda ndi matting, etc. Simungavule mwamphamvu chidebe cha pulasitiki: masamba atsopano amatulutsa kaboni dayokisa pakupumira, ngati alipo owonjezera, zitha kukula.

Zachidziwikire, malo osungira zinyalala sangakhale opangidwa nthawi zonse. Zinthu zovuta pakukula, kukolola, kusungira zimathandizira kuti zinthu zizivunda. Nayi matenda omwe amapezeka kwambiri pamasamba ndi njira zowongolera.

Gray zowola kabichi. Masamba akunja amakhala mucous, utoto wofiirira ngati utoto wokhala ndi sclerotia yakuda yambiri umayamba pa iwo. Mtsogolomo, zowola zimakhudza masamba amkati a mutu. Kuti zisungidwe, za thanzi, zowoneka bwino, mitu yowoneka bwino ya kabichi yokhala ndi mitundu yokhala ndi masamba awiri kapena atatu okutetemera ndi tsamba lalitali la masentimita awiri limasankhidwa. Kwa prophylaxis, mitu ya kabichi imaphwanyidwa ndi choko chowuma - 2-3% mwa kulemera kwa kabichi. Mukawola - kutuluka m'mabatani ndikuchotsa masamba.

Cervical anyezi zowola. Makosi a mababu amadetsa, kufewetsa komanso mucilage, mawonekedwe awo ndi okutidwa ndi imvi. Feteleza wa phosphate ndi potaziyamu kumakulitsa kukana kuvunda, manyowa amathandizira kumatendawa. Asanaikidwe kuti asungidwe, anyezi wouma amawotcha 45 "kwa maola 12-14. Zowola zikawoneka, muyenera kuthana mwachangu ndi anyezi wonse.

White karoti Woyera. Fental lesion imabweretsa kutayika kwakukulu. Zomera zokhala zofewa zimasinthidwa, zokutidwa ndi loyera loyera loyera ndi sclerotia yayikulu yakuda. Njira zodzitetezera: kuimitsa dothi acidic, kuvala zovala za potashi ndi phosphorous, kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa kawiri pamwezi usanakolole ndi madzi a Bordeaux.

Phomosis ndi kuzungulira wakuda kwa kaloti - zowola zowuma. Mawanga akuda kapena akuda amawoneka pamizu, yomwe pambuyo pake imafalikira mu mbewu yonse. Njira zodzichenjezera ndi zofanana ndi zomwe zimachokera ku zowola zoyera.

Zouma komanso zonyowa mbatata nthawi zambiri, onjezerani pamwamba ndi matenthedwe musanakolole. Chifukwa chake, kuyanika, kusanja mosamala, kukana tubers wodwala ndikuwonongeka mutakolola, komanso pazaka za matenda ambiri komanso nthawi ya "chithandizo", ndiye chinsinsi cha kuteteza mbatata kwambiri.

Njira zodzitetezera ku matenda ndizosinthana kwa mbewu pamalowo, kubzala kapena kufesa mbewu zofananira pamalo amodzi kale zisanachitike zaka zisanu ndi zinayi. Kufesa kapena kubzala zinthu sikuyenera kukhala kosatetezedwa (kuvala mbewu mu njira ya 0,5-1% potaziyamu wa potaziyamu). Kukolola kwa nyundo za mbewu zonse kumakhala kofunika pamalowo; nsonga za mbewu zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi matenda ziyenera kutenthedwa. Nthaka imakumbidwa kwambiri ndikutulutsa madzi mosungira.

Kuchokera pazopangira V. Lebedeva