About feteleza wa phosphate mwatsatanetsatane

Phosphoridi ndi imodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pazomera zachilengedwe. Ambiri molakwika amamupatsa iye malo achitatu chofunikira, koma izi sizowona. M'malo mwake, izi ndizosafunikira kwenikweni monga nayitrogeni ndi potaziyamu; zimatenga nawo mbali machitidwe osiyanasiyana a metabolic komanso zimapatsa mphamvu kuzomera. Phosphorous ndiam'magulu a DNA ndi RNA, komanso imaphatikizidwanso m'zinthu zina zofunika kuti pakhale moyo. Poganizira izi, phosphorous ikhoza kuyikidwa pamtengo ndi nayitrogeni ndi potaziyamu, popanda iyo, kukula kwathunthu kwazomera sikungatheke.

Ngati timayankhula mwachindunji za feteleza wa phosphate, poyankha funso kuti "ndi chiyani?", Yankho lidzakhala motere: awa ndi feteleza omwe amaikidwa m'magulu ngati mchere ndi mchere. Kutengera ndi mbeu yomwe yakula, kuchuluka kwa feteleza uku ndikofunika.

Ngati phosphorous ndi yochuluka m'nthaka, ndiye kuti mbewuzo zimakula bwino, pachimake, kubala zipatso. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti kuchuluka kwa phosphorous m'nthaka samawonedwa kawirikawiri, koma ngakhale ngati kulibe vuto lililonse. Chowonadi ndi chakuti phosphorous imawonedwa ngati chinthu chokhacho chomwe mbewu zimatha kudya kuchokera m'nthaka yambiri momwe zimafunikira.

Kodi kufunikira kwa feteleza wa phosphate ndi chiyani?

Kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wa phosphorous, kuonetsetsa kuchuluka kwa dothi m'nthaka, kumatsimikizira kukhazikika kwa mbewu, kuwonjezera chitetezo chawo, komanso kusintha maonekedwe. Mukanyalanyaza kukhazikitsidwa kwa phosphorous mu dothi, ndiye kuti kuvutikaku kwakukulu kudzachokera ku ziwalo zoberekera za mbewu, zomwe zimasiya kugwira ntchito, chifukwa chake, izi sizingawononge kubereka. Pochulukidwa kwambiri phosphorous pazomera, kulibe mbewu, mavwende ndi ma gour, kukula kwa zotupa ndi masamba amachoka, nthawi zambiri mbewu zimataya masamba ena, kapena zonse. Mbewu sizimabala, kukhala masamba azamba wamba, ndi zina zotero.

Zowonadi, momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito feteleza wa phosphorous, makamaka, kuopsa kwa izi, zimadalira mtundu wa dothi. Musaiwale kuti phosphorous imagwira bwino kwambiri mogwirizana ndi nayitrogeni. Phosphorous ndi nayitrogeni akakhala zochuluka m'nthaka, makamaka ngati dothi lakuda, mizu yobzala imakula bwino komanso mwachangu, imafalikira kwambiri munthaka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chilala chambiri ndikuchepetsa kufunika kothirira pafupipafupi.

Ngati tsamba lanu lili ndi dothi lamtchire, ndiye kuti muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wa phosphorous pamodzi ndi nayitrogeni. Kupanda kutero, ngati pali kuchepa kwa nayitrogeni m'nthaka, njala ya phosphorous imawonedwa, ngakhale pali phosphorous yokwanira m'nthaka. Kuphatikiza pa dothi lamtchire, kuyambitsa nayitrogeni, kuphatikiza phosphorous, kumathandizanso pama dothi a "otopa", opanda chonde komanso omwe kuchuluka kwa acidity kumakulitsidwa.

Chizindikiro cha kuperewera kwa phosphorous mu chomera.

Kodi feteleza wa phosphate amapangidwa bwanji?

Kupanga feteleza okhala ndi phosphorous kumaphatikizaponso njira zingapo zamankhwala osiyanasiyana. Monga mukudziwa, pakuphatikizira kwa feteleza ngati uyu mumapezeka zinthu za mwala wa phosphate ndi zina. Njira yodzikonzera yokha ili ndendende pakugawanitsa mitundu ingapo ya mankhwala awa. Ukadaulo womwewo umakhala mukupera ore kukhala mawonekedwe a ufa, kuupangira mphamvu zamitundu mitundu, mwachitsanzo, phosphoric. Chotsatira chimabwera kuchepa kwa phosphate, ndipo pomalizira pake, chithandizo cha kutentha. Zotsatira zake, mitundu yambiri ya feteleza yomwe imakhala ndi phosphorous imapezeka, yomwe, malinga ndi momwe amagulidwira, amagawidwa m'magulu angapo.

Gawo la feteleza wa phosphate

Gulu loyamba feteleza wa phosphorous sungunuka m'madzi. Gululi limaphatikizapo superphosphate, superphosphate iwiri, komanso superphosphate. Feteleza izi zimathandizira bwino kukula kwa mizu ndikuthandizira kuti zilimbikitse.

Gulu lachiwiri - Izi ndi feteleza wa phosphate citrate- ndi mandimu sungunuka. Gululi limaphatikizapo chakudya cham'mafupa, precipitate, komanso thermophosphate. Ma feteleza awa ndi othandiza makamaka asanadzafese mbewu za mbewu zosiyanasiyana. Zomera ndibwino kupangira nthaka ndi phosphorous ikasowa.

Gulu lachitatu - Izi ndi feteleza wosungunuka pang'ono. Gululi limaphatikizapo feteleza monga ammophos, diammophos, mwala wa phosphate, ndi vivianite. Ma fetelezawa amatha kulumikizana ndi ma nitric ndi acid a sulfure, samalumikizana ndi asidi ofooka.

Tilankhule za feteleza mwatsatanetsatane ndikuyamba ndi gulu la madzi sungunuka

Feteleza Amadzimadzi a Phosphate

Superphosphate

Mu malo oyamba komanso pakumva, aliyense ali ndi superphosphate. Kuphatikizidwa kwa superphosphate kumaphatikizapo zinthu zingapo - ndi monocalcium phosphate, phosphoric acid, komanso magnesium ndi sulufule. M'mawonekedwe, superphosphate ndi ufa wopunthira. Superphosphate imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamitundu yamitundu yambiri, nthawi zambiri mosasamala zomwe mbewu zimamera pa iwo. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito zonse mu mawonekedwe owuma komanso mawonekedwe osungunuka; onse mawonekedwe osalala komanso kuphatikiza ndi feteleza ena. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa superphosphate kumathandizira kusakhazikika kwa mbeu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchulukitsa kwa zokolola, kukana matenda osiyanasiyana ndi tizirombo, komanso kutentha pang'ono.

Tomato ndiwo amathandizira kwambiri pakudyetsa superphosphate. Pothira feteleza uyu, kukula kwawo kumathandizira, maluwa amatukuka, ndiku kinkability kumawonjezereka.

Superphosphate imatha kuwonetsedwa nthawi yobzala - pakubzala maenje, mabowo, muyezo wa 12-13 mpaka 19-21 g pa chomera chilichonse. Pa dothi losauka, kuti mbewu izipanga mwachangu phosphorous ndi mbewu, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza mwanjira yosungunuka m'madzi. Ndikofunika kuthirira nthaka yamtchire ya phwetekere ndi fetelezayu nthawi ya maluwa.

Nthawi zambiri, kuchuluka kwake ndi 100 g pa ndowa imodzi, pafupifupi malita 0,5 amathiridwa pansi pa chomera chilichonse.

Doublephosphate iwiri - feteleza uyu ali ndi 51% ya phosphorous, yomwe ili mu mawonekedwe. Nthawi zambiri superphosphate iwiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chovala pamwamba pakugwa. Nthawi zambiri amabweretsa pansi pokumbira dothi laling'ono - ochepa 8-10 g wa feteleza amafunikira pa mita imodzi. Pa dothi losauka, kuwonjezera pa ntchito yophukira, kuthira feteleza amathanso kuchitika kumapeto kwa chaka, popeza kale kusungunula feteleza m'madzi (10 g pa lita, lita imodzi).

Doublephosphate iwiri imakhala pafupi feteleza wa phosphorous wodula kwambiri, koma mitengo yake yogwiritsira ntchito ndiyochepa, kotero pali kupulumutsa. Nthawi zambiri, superphosphate iwiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito kudyetsa mitengo yamitengo ndi zitsamba.

Mlingo wa feteleza uwu umatengera chikhalidwe chomwe umayikidwa. Chifukwa chake, kwa mtundu uliwonse wa currant, 45-55 g ya feteleza ndiyofunikira, kwa raspberries 18-22 g, kwa gooseberries 35-45 g, kwa zipatso zamiyala 65-75 g. Nthawi yomweyo, mitengo yayikulu ya pome ndi zipatso zamiyala yakale kuposa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri imafuna pafupifupi 150 -180 g wa feteleza, ndipo wachichepere (mpaka zaka zitatu) - pafupifupi 65-75 g Zomera zamasamba nthawi zambiri zimadzalidwa mutabzala, pafupifupi feteleza 18-21 g umatha kuthiridwa mu mita imodzi.

Werengani nkhani zathu zatsatanetsatane: Superphosphate - zopindulitsa ndikugwiritsa ntchito.

Superphos

Fetelezayu ndi granule momwe phosphorous ili pafupifupi 41%. Feteleza ndiwothandiza makamaka kwa mbewu zamasamba ndi maluwa, komanso amathanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito ku mitundu ina ya mbewu.

Zizindikiro za vuto la phosphorous mu zakudya za phwetekere.

Mosachepera sungunuka wa phosphate

Ammophos

Ammophos amabwera koyamba, feteleza uyu amapezeka ndi kulowerera phosphoric acid pogwiritsa ntchito ammonia. Zotsatira zake, kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa feteleza ndi phosphorous (oposa 50%), nayitrogeni mu feteleza osachepera (10-12%), komabe, ngakhale ndi izi zochepa, kuyamwa kwa phosphorous ndi mbewu kumakulira.

Ziphuphu zimayankha bwino kuthira feteleza ndi ammophos; mutatha kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza, kukana kwawo pazinthu zachilengedwe kumawonjezeka. Popeza kusowa kwa chlorine mu fetelezayu, komwe nkhaka zimakhala zopanda pake, sizimadwala chlorosis ndi Powoyuka. Kuphatikiza apo, mawonekedwe a ammophos alibe nitrate mankhwala, chifukwa chake ndiwotchuka kwambiri pakati pa wamaluwa.

Ammophos nthawi zambiri amayambitsidwa mu nthawi yophukira ndikuphatikizidwa ndi kukumba dothi, koma feteleza amathanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera podzala mbewu (m'maenje, maenje obzala, ndi zina). Pakufunika kwachangu, feteleza uyu angagwiritsidwe ntchito pagawo lililonse la mbewu.

Ammophos amawonjezeredwa ndi kuchuluka kwa 23-28 g pa mita imodzi ya ndiwo zamasamba, chifukwa maluwa akulu, monga maluwa kapena peonies, mpaka 25 g pa mita lalikulu akhoza kuyikika, chifukwa cha maluwa ang'onoang'ono (usiku wa violet ndi zina), pafupifupi 6-8 g pa mita lalikulu. Mutha kuthira udzu pogwiritsa ntchito 17-19 g pa mita lalikulu, ndipo mitengo yazipatso imafunikira pafupifupi 24 g pa mita imodzi.

Diammophos

Dzina lachiwiri la fetelezayu ndi ammonium hydrogen phosphate. Feteleza uyu amadziwika kuti amatha kukonza zakudya zadothi ndipo nthawi yomweyo amachepetsa acid. Zomwe zimapangidwira fetelezayu ndizoposa 50%, ndipo zimapangidwa bwino ndi feteleza aliyense wachilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, chisakanizo cha diammophos ndi zitosi za mbalame zimawonedwa ngati feteleza wabwino, komabe fetelezayu ayenera kusungunulidwa maulendo 12-14, ndikuumirira kwa masiku 4-5.

Diammophos angagwiritsidwe ntchito pazomera zilizonse. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi yakubzala mbatata pachitsime chilichonse, mutha kuthira supuni ya feteleza uyu.

Popeza kupezeka kwa ammonium hydrogen phosphate mu kapangidwe kake, mbewu zimatha kudyetsedwa zonse musanabzalidwe m'nthaka komanso nthawi ya maluwa. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito madzi ovala pamwamba, ndipo mutha kuthirira mbewu pansi pazu kapena kuthiririra masamba, ndiye kuti kuvala pamwamba.

Musaiwale kuti mukamagwiritsa ntchito feteleza amadzimadzi, ndikofunikira kugawa feteleza mofananirana panthaka kuti feteleza asakumane pamalo amodzi.

Phosphorite ufa

M'mawonekedwe, fetelezayu ndi ufa wofiirira kapena wa imvi. Ubwino wa phosphorite ufa wake ndi wosagwirizana, motero, ukhoza kusungidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza, fetelezayu ndi wopanda fungo. Feteleza uyu amakumana bwino ndi michere acid, zomwe zimapangitsa ma hydrophosphates.

Monga gawo la fetelezayu, mpaka 32% ya phosphorous mu orthophosphate alipo.

Phosphorite ufa nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati feteleza wamkulu yemwe amamuthira mu kugwa. Kuchita bwino kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito fetelezayu kumawonekera pamiyala yokhomera, komanso dothi la dothi, podzolic ndi boggy.

Phosphorite ufa ukhoza kusakanikirana ndi feteleza wina. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito kuti apange manyowa chifukwa cha peat ndi manyowa ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati feteleza wa feteleza wokhala ndi acidity yayikulu.

Pomwe imasungidwa, mwala wotchedwa phosphate simumapezeka; ndi waukhondo, pompopompo, wotetezeka kwathunthu komanso feteleza wotsika mtengo. Feteleza izi ndizokhazo zomwe zimakoka: mukathira ndikuwabalalitsa ndi fumbi lambiri.

Vivianite

Fetelezayu amachokera ku ma ayoni achitsulo omwe amakumba m'madambo. Manyowa ali ndi mtundu wa ufa wonyezimira kapena wamtambo wabuluu. Feteleza amakhala ndi phosphorous 30%, nthawi zina pang'ono. Vivianite ikhoza kukhala yogulitsidwa mwina ndi zodetsa zilizonse kapena zodetsa za peat, zotchedwa peat vivianite, mumtunduwu wa phosphorous mu 13 mpaka 21%. Vivianite mu ntchito ndi katundu ndi yemweyo phosphorite ufa.

Feteleza ndi Ndimu Soluble Phosphate

Chakudya chamfupa

Feteleza uyu amapezeka kuchokera kwachilengedwe pomukuta minofu ya mafupa a nyama za pafamu. Monga gawo la feteleza wa phosphorous mpaka 62%. Feteleza uyu ndiwachilengedwe, samakhala ndi zovulaza zilizonse.

Chakudya chamfupa chitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala kudyetsa mbewu zamitundu yambiri. Makamaka nthawi zambiri fetelezayu amagwiritsidwa ntchito popereka phosphorous kwa mbatata, tomato ndi nkhaka. Maluwa apakhomo ndi zomera zotentha zimafunikiranso kudyetsedwa ndi chakudya cham'mafupa, makamaka ma kanjedza osiyanasiyana, akambuku ndi ficus amayankha bwino pakudya. Zomera zamkati, muyenera kuthira supuni zitatu za ufa wa mafupa mu lita imodzi yamadzi, kuchuluka kwake ndikokwanira pamoto wa malita khumi.

Chepetsa

Kunja, fetelezayu ndi ufa wa imvi kapena wowala. Feteleza uyu akhoza kukhala ndi 24-16 mpaka 29-31% phosphorous. Feteleza uyu ndioyenererana dothi lamtundu uliwonse ndi mbewu zamitundu yambiri. Mtengo ungagwiritsidwe ntchito onse popanga mitundu yayikulu ya feteleza, komanso mavalidwe wamba apamwamba.

Pankhani yogwira ntchito, feteleza uyu samachepetsedwa ngakhale ndi superphosphate, ndipo akagwiritsidwa ntchito nthaka yachilengedwe amathanso kukhala othandiza kwambiri potengera mtundu wa pH.

Thermophosphate

Mu phosphorous thermophosphate imatha kuyambira 13-16 mpaka 29-31%, kutengera mitundu yake. Pali mitundu itatu ya thermophosphate yonse - slag yotseguka-yotseguka, phosphate wosakanizidwa.

Kuchuluka kochepa kwambiri kwa phosphorous - 13-15% kuli Tomoslag. Zimapangidwa ndikukonzanso zitsulo. Tomsk slag ndi m'gulu la feteleza zamchere, chifukwa chake imagwira kwambiri pamtunda wokhala ndi acidity yayikulu. Komabe, itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa dothi lamtundu uliwonse. Kuchita bwino kwa fetelezayu kumatheka chifukwa chosakanikirana ndi dothi.

Phosphorous yambiri ili ndi slag kapena phosphoshlag - mpaka 16%. Feteleza uyu alinso wamchere kwambiri ndipo ndi wofunikira kwambiri pama dothi okhala ndi acidity yayikulu.

Pafupipafupi kuchuluka kwa phosphorous (mpaka 32%) mu phosphate wosokonezeka. Sichotsika ndi superphosphate pakukwaniritsa bwino pamadothi a chernozem.

Phosphorous wa manyowa

Monga mukudziwa, mbewu zomwe zimapangidwa zimakhala ndi zinthu zambiri, palinso phosphorous, komabe, mbewu zambiri sizikhala ndi phosphorous yambiri, koma pali zina zomwe zimakhala ndi kuchuluka kwake. Mwachitsanzo, mu zipatso za phulusa la phosphorous wamba mpaka 1.1%, m'minda yamasamba ochulukirapo, pafupifupi 1.2%, mu zipatso za hawthorn pafupifupi 1,3%, mu udzu wa nthenga zazomera pafupifupi 1% ndi masamba ochulukitsa a thyme pafupifupi 0,8 % Podziwa izi, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito kompositi monga zitsamba ndi zipatso izi kuti mupeze feteleza wabwino wa phosphorous wa mbewu ndi chilengedwe.

Zomwe zimachitika ndizomera zomwe zimakhala ndi phosphorous

Nthawi zambiri, masamba ambiri azomera zambiri amasintha mthunzi wake kukhala wobiriwira wamdima, ndipo ndikakulirakulira, amasintha kukhala wofiirira. Mawonekedwe a tsamba amasintha, mawanga amdima amapezeka pamapepala, pambuyo pake timasamba nthawi zambiri timagwa kwambiri isanachitike. Ndi kuperewera kwakukulu kwa phosphorous m'nthaka, mbewu ndizochepa, osakwaniritsidwa, mitengo imasanduka zitsamba. Mizu yazomera imakula bwino.

Zimayambitsa kuperewera kwa phosphorous

Nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti phosphorous ikuwoneka kukhala yokwanira m'nthaka, koma sikukumba. Izi zimachitika panthaka pomwe makina, herbicides, mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi mankhwala ena amagwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala, pomwe dothi ndilopanda microflora.Phosphorous imangoyamwa bwino ngati dothi silikulima bwino, kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wa potashi ndi nayitrogeni, kapena kungovala kamodzi kokha komwe sikumasiyana nthawi zonse.

Kugwiritsa ntchito moyenera feteleza wa phosphate

Nthawi zambiri nthawi yayikulu yogwiritsira ntchito feteleza wa phosphate ndi m'dzinja. Ma feteleza amenewa amabweretsedwa kuti akumbe dothi, ndikofunika kuwasakaniza bwino ndi dothi. Mwachilengedwe, palibe amene amaletsa izi feteleza kuthira m'nthaka nthawi ya masika ndi chilimwe, ndipo panthawiyi pachaka zimakhala zothandiza kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wosungunuka m'madzi m'malo owuma.