Mphesa nthawi zonse zimawonedwa ngati nzika yakumwera, ikufuna kutentha kwambiri. M'madera a chilimwe chachifupi cha Ural ndi Siberian, silinali chikhalidwe cholimbikitsa chaulimi. Komabe, m'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, obereketsa abereka mitundu yatsopano yomwe imatha kulekerera chisanu chachikulu popanda kuwonongeka. Mitundu iyi yatchuka kwambiri pakati pa okonda ndi opanga vinyo ku Urals ndi Siberia.
The Urals ili m'malo awiri nyengo: kutentha komanso subarctic. Kutentha kwa nyengo yozizira m'derali kumayambira -16 ˚˚ ku Southern Urals kupita -24 ˚˚ m'dera la Subpolar. Chilimwe ndi chachifupi, chitha kukhala chowuma komanso chotentha, koma chimatha kukhala mvula komanso kuzizira. Chifukwa cha kusakhazikika kwa nyengo, ma Urals ali m'dera loopsa laulimi. Komabe, malinga ndi malamulo aulimi, ndipo apa mutha kukolola zipatso zabwino za dzuwa.
Kusankha kwa mitundu ya mphesa pakukula mu Urals
Kupambana kwa kubzala ndi kubzala mphesa ku Urals kumangotengera luso lolondola laulimi, komanso kusankha kosiyanasiyana. Mitundu iyenera kusankhidwa yokhayokha, yozizira. Ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa bwino pakati pa kukana chisanu ndi kutentha kwa dzinja. Tsoka ilo, ngakhale opanga zinthu zodzala nthawi zina amakhala ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito mawu amenewa. Kukana chisanu kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndiko kulekerera kwake kuzizira kwakanthawi popanda kuwonongeka. Hardiness yozizira ndiyo kuthekera kopulumuka popanda kutaya mpaka kasupe wokhala ndi kutentha kwakukulu kwa nyengo yozizira. Kwambiri nyengo yozizira ya mphesa, kumpoto imatha kukhala itakula.
Malinga ndi nthawi yakucha kwa ma Urals, ndikofunikira kusankha mitundu ya mphesa yoyambirira (masiku 90-110) ndi sing'anga koyambirira (masiku 115-130). Mitundu yotsatirayi yatsimikizira kukhala yabwino kwambiri mu nyengo ya Ural nyengo:
- Mukukumbukira Dombrowskaya - koyambirira (masiku 90-100). Magulu mpaka 400 g, zipatso zakuda, zopanda mbewu.
- Mukukumbukira Shatilov - koyambirira (masiku 100), ozizira kwambiri. Zipatso ndizopepuka.
- Oyambirira pinki nutmeg - masiku 110, pinki, zipatso onunkhira. Gulu la mpaka 700 g.
- Samokhvalovich - koyambirira (masiku 110). Gulu la mpaka 200 g, wandiweyani. Zipatsozi ndi zonunkhira, zofiirira.
- Olga kapena Kukongola Kumpoto - koyambirira (masiku 110). Gulu la mpaka 600 g, zipatso za amber-chikasu.
- Aleshenkin kapena Alesha - sing'anga koyambirira (masiku 115). Gulu la mpaka 700 g, zipatso zopepuka, amber.
- Negro - koyambirira koyambirira (masiku 125). Gulu la mpaka 600 g, zipatso zake ndi zofiirira, zokoma.
- Lidiya - sing'anga koyambirira (masiku 125). Gulu la mpaka 200 g, zipatso zake ndi zachikasu-zapinki, zonunkhira.
- White muscat Shatilova - wapakatikati oyambirira (masiku 130). Magulu amakula mpaka 1 makilogalamu, zipatso zake zimakhala zachikaso, zonunkhira. Opindulitsa kwambiri kalasi.
Ogwiritsa ntchito vinyo omwe ali ndi chidwi mdera la Ural akulangizidwa kuti ayambe ndi mitundu "Kukumbukira Shatilov", "Mukumbukira Dombrovskaya", "Aleshenkin". Mitundu iyi ndi yosasamala kwambiri, yosavuta kusamalira komanso yozizira.
Kubzala ndi kukula
Kubzala mbande kumachitika bwino mu theka lachiwiri la June -Julayi, pomwe vuto la chisanu likudutsa ndipo nthaka ikuwotha mpaka +15 ˚˚. Podzala, muyenera kusankha malo owoneka bwino kwambiri pamalowo, kuchokera pomwe dzuwa silimachoka tsiku lonse. Pamalo pobzala mphesa, dothi liyenera kukhala lotayirira, lopatsa thanzi, lonyowa- komanso lopumira.
Malo osachepera 1 m amaperekedwa pachitsamba chilichonse2. Tchire limodzi lingabzalidwe m'maenje 1 X 1 X 1 mita kukula. Ngati mukufuna kubzala zitsamba mzere, muyenera kukonzekera ngalande yakuya mita 1 ndikuzama. Kutalika kwake kumawerengeredwa ndi kuchuluka kwa tchire: osachepera 1 mita pachomera chilichonse. Malo abwino koposa ngalandeyo ndi kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kumwera. Pansi pa dzenje kapena ngalande, ndikofunikira kukonza ngalande: yikani 20-30 masentimita amiyala ikuluikulu, miyala yamwala. Thirani wosanjikiza dongo kapena masentimita ang'onoang'ono owonjezedwa. Dzenje lotsalalo limadzaza ndi chisakanizo cha mchenga (kapena vermiculite), humus okhwima ndi dothi la m'munda. Fosphoric ndi potaziyamu feteleza, phulusa lamatabwa lingathe kuwonjezeredwa ndi kusakaniza.
Kudzala dzenje kwakonzedwa miyezi iwiri musanadzalemo mbande, pafupifupi mu Marichi-Epulo. Thirirani dzimbalo kangapo kuti dothi lomwe linali mmalirimo linyowe. Dothi silifikira m'mphepete mwa 20 cm. Chaka chamawa, dzenjelo lifunika kudzazidwa ndi dothi pamwamba, ndipo nthawi yomweyo, mphesa ziyenera kutalikirana mpaka kutalika kwa 30 cm. Ma bus omwe akukula mu ngalande ayenera kutalikiramo monga mbatata - ndi chisa. Njira imeneyi imakupatsani mwayi wokuza kutentha m'nthaka mozungulira tchire.
Kuti mmera pakati pa dzenje lakonzedwa, kukunani bowo laling'ono, kuthirira ndi madzi ndi mphesa zobzala. Dziko lapansi mozungulira mmera limapangidwa. Madzi nthaka ikamuma, koma osati kwambiri. Mbewu zikayamba kukula, kuthirira kumayimitsidwa - mphesa zimakhala ndi madzi okwanira omwe ali m'nthaka. Mwathunthu chilimwe muyenera kutulutsa okwanira 2-3.
Malo okhalamo okhalamo sayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pobzala mphesa, chifukwa mmera umafunikira chisanu chogona kuti zitheke bwino nyengo yachisanu.
Poyamba, ndipo nthawi zina wachiwiri, chaka, mbande za mphesa sizidulidwa. Ayenera kukhala ndi mizu yayikulu ndikukula mipesa 1-2 yotalika mita. Chifukwa cha izi, mphukira zolimba kwambiri zimasankhidwa kuchokera kumera, ndipo zina zonse zimasweka m'mene zimawonekera. Mutha kusiya mphukira yowonjezera musanagwe - zosunga zobwezeretsera. M'dzinja, mpesa wofooka kwambiri umachotsedwa.
Ngati mphukira imodzi yokha yasiyidwa pachikono, ndiye kuti ili pafupi ndi maziko muyenera kusiyira mwana wopondera ndikutsinira pamodzi ndi mpesa waukulu. Chaka chotsatira, mwana wopeza uyu adzapeza mpesa ukukula. Pa chomera, nthawi zonse muyenera kusiya mphukira yamphongo imodzi - yopukutira mungu.
Kuchepetsa mphesa m'chilimwe chimaphatikizapo kuthirira, kutsina, kusanja (kudina masamba a mipesa), mulching nthaka. Kutsirira kuyenera kuchitika pansi pazu ndi madzi ambiri kuti dothi ladzala bwino. Osathirira mphesa pamwamba pa masamba, makamaka kutentha. Pafupi ndi tchire ndibwino kubzala siderata, udzu womera ukhoza kusiyidwa pomwepo kuti mulch nthaka - uwu umakonda kwambiri mphesa. Mu Julayi, ntchito m'munda wamphesa uyenera kuteteza mbewu ku fungal matenda. Kumayambiriro kwa mwezi, kuthira feteleza ndi zovuta feteleza kuyenera kuchitidwa.
Mphesa nthawi zonse zimapanga masamba ambiri ndi maburashi azipatso kuposa momwe amatha "kudya." Ngati onse aloledwa kukhwima, chitsamba chimafooka ndipo zipatso zake zimakhala zochepa. Ndipo kwa chilimwe chochepa cha Ural, sangathe kukhwima pa nthawi. Chifukwa chake, gawo la maburashi kuchokera ku mphesa liyenera kuchotsedwa. Nthawi zambiri siyani mazira atatu pa mpesa. Ngati maburashi awiri akhazikika limodzi, amachotsa ang'ono ndi ofooka. Kapenanso mutha kulola mabulashi onse kuti azikhala ndi mungu, kenako muzichotsa masango ofooka komanso osowa.
Pakukolola zipatso, zimayenera kupendedwa bwino ndikuchotsedwa zowonongeka ndi matenda. Mu Seputembala, masamba amayenera kuchotsedwa pang'onopang'ono ku mtengo wazipatso kuti adziwitse zipatso dzuwa. Osachotsa masamba onse nthawi imodzi - izi zingayambitse kuwotcha kwa mphesa ndi mipesa.
Mphesa zikamakula ndipo zipatso zikakhwima, mphesa zimalimbitsidwa pothandizidwa. Itha kukhala mtengo wopendekera, trellis, chisamba.
Kudulira mphesa
Kudulira mipesa ndikofunikira kuwonjezera zokolola, komanso kukonzekera nyengo yachisanu. Kudulira kumachitika nyengo yonseyo (kumatula mizere) ndi kugwa. Kudulira kwa malambe kumachitika ukatha zokolola, kumayambiriro kwa chisanu choyamba.
Oyamba kumene olima amafunsa funso: momwe angadulire mphesa m'chilimwe? Kudulira kwa chilimwe kumaphatikizapo:
- Kudulira mphesa zamipesa zinauma nthawi yachisanu;
- Kuchotsa thumba losakhwima komanso losowa kwambiri.
- Kuchotsa pafupipafupi kwa stepons ndi mphukira zofowoka.
- Coinage (kutsina) kuyambira pakati pa Julayi mpaka kumapeto kwa Ogasiti.
- Kuphatikizana kwa korona mu Seputembala - kuchotsedwa kwa masamba. Masamba omwe amabisa mabisiketi, masamba otsika, komanso masamba akale ndi odwala amachotsedwa.
Mothandizidwa ndi kudulira kwa yophukira, mipesa yazipatso (mikono yazifupi) ndi mphukira za m'malo mwake imapangidwa. Kwa dera la Ural, choyenera kwambiri ndikutenga kwa miyendo inayi. Mipesa inayi imakhazikitsidwa pa tsinde ndi nthambi yazipatso ndi mphukira (mfundo) zoyika m'malo.
Nthawi yoyamba yomwe mpesa ndi wopeza (ngati alipo) azidulidwa kutalika kwa masamba 4-6, kuchotsa masamba onse, tinyanga, masamba. Kenako mipesa imakongoleredwa pamwamba panthaka kuti ikhale yozizira.
M'chaka chachiwiri, mphukira zatsopano zimapanga masamba ophukira. Mwa awa, 4 mwa olimba kwambiri atsalira (2 pa mpesa uliwonse), ndipo ena onse amachotsedwa. Pakutha kwa mphukira izi kudzakhazikitsa mipesa yaying'ono, yomwe chaka chamawa ikhoza kukondweretsa yoyamba yokolola.
Gawo lobala zipatso kwambiri la mpesa lili pakati. Izi ziyenera kukumbukiridwa mukamadulira nthawi yophukira, ndikusiya masamba 8-10. Chapakatikati, pamunsi pa mpesa uliwonse, ndikofunikira kusiya mphukira yamphamvu, yomwe imaphukira chilimwe ndikupanga mphukira yowonjezera ya mpesa wolimba. Pambuyo pa zaka 3-4 za zipatso, mipesa imadulidwa mu kugwa, kusiya chitsa chochepa, ndikusintha ndi masamba ang'onoang'ono osiyidwa. Chifukwa chake, mphesa zamphongo zakubadwa za 3-4 zitha kumera pamizu yokhazikitsidwa zaka makumi awiri ndi zitatu.
Mutha kuwona kudulira kwa mphesa mukugwa mu kanema:
Pogona mphesa nthawi yachisanu
Pesi mphesa nthawi yachisanu ndi nkhani yabwino. Khalidwe lachitetezo limatengera kutetezeka kwa tchire ndi kututa kwa chaka chamawa. Ndikosatheka kuphimba mphesa kwambiri, chifukwa chifukwa cha kutentha pa impso, nkhungu imatha kupanga ndikuwawononga. Ndikofunikira kuphimba mphesa pomwe kutentha kwa mpweya kumatsikira mpaka -5 ° C ndipo pamwamba penipeni pamaundana. Kum'mwera kwa Urals, izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala pakati pa Novembala. Masamba a mphesa, makamaka mitundu yosemedwa, amatha kupirira chisanu cha -20 ˚˚, chifukwa chake adzapulumuka mwanjira imeneyi.
Mpesa sizitha kuyikidwa mwachindunji pansi, apo ayi mchaka zimatha kunyowa ndikamazula nthaka. Ndikwabwino kuyiyika pa gridi yamatabwa kapena panjinga ya singano youma ya pine. Kuchokera pamwambapa, ayenera kuphimbidwa ndi nthambi za payini kapena spruce spruce, nsalu yopanda matope angapo zigawo zingapo, ndi tarpaulin. Ngati tchire laling'ono, ndiye kuti mutha kugwiritsa ntchito njira yogona pobisalira: sinthani mipesa kukhala mphete, gonani pamiyeso ya singano zowuma ndikuphimba ndi bokosi lamatabwa kapena chidebe kuchokera pamwamba. Pamwamba pa bokosilo ponyani nthambi za spruce kapena udzu wakuda.
Chapamwamba kwambiri chokutira ndi filimu, ruberoid kapena slate. Pambuyo pake, imangodikirira chisanu. M'nyengo yozizira kumatha kukhala chipale chofewa komanso choperewera. Mulimonsemo, pofika nthawi yamayambiriro owundana kwambiri, makulidwe a chipale chofewa pamphepete mwa mphesa ayenera kukhala osachepera 40. Kutalika kwa chisanu koteroko kumathandizira kuti kutentha kosatha kusungidwe pogona nthawi yonse yozizira. Ngati pali chipale chofewa, ndiye kuti ndibwino kuyitentha m'munda wamphesa.
Chapakatikati, chisanu chitasungunuka, pogona kuyenera kutsegulidwa kuti apatse mpweya wabwino ku mipesa. Mphukira isanayambe, masamba a mphesa saopa chisanu, koma amayenera kuphimbidwa ndi zowotchera dzuwa ndi nthambi yopanda nsalu kapena nthambi zosalaza.
Ndi chiyambi cha kuyamwa kwamasamba, mphesa ziyeneranso kuphimbidwanso, makamaka usiku. Mipesa yomwe imasefukira ndi madzi imatha kufa ngati chisanu chitasinthidwa kukhala ayezi. Pogona iyenera kuchotsedwa pokhapokha kumapeto kwaulendu obwerera. Pakadali pano, mphukira zatsopano pamipesa zimakhala ndi nthawi yoti zikule ndi 15-20 masentimita. Pamene mipesa ikulimbikitsidwa pamiyala, masamba ena ang'onoang'ono amatha kudulidwa. Chifukwa chake, ndikudulira kwapfupi kwa yophukira, muyenera kusiya masamba 2-3 kwambiri - kuti mukhale ndi inshuwaransi.
Ngakhale kunali kotentha komanso nyengo yachilimwe, Urals lero ndi malo abwino kwambiri okulitsa mphesa. Mwa zoyeserera za okonda zipatso zamadzuwa m'derali, ndizotheka kupeza zokolola zambiri.
