Mphesa kapena tsango la chisangalalo

Mphesa ndiye mabulosi amoyo. Zakudya zopatsa thanzi, zamagulu ake komanso zamankhwala zimadziwika kwambiri. Mphesa zimakhala ndi shuga wambiri - glucose ndi fructose, organic acid - tartaric, malic, citric, oxalic, glucarboxylic, etc. Kuphatikiza pazinthu zachilengedwe, msuzi wa zipatso umakhala ndi pafupifupi 1.5% ya mchere - potaziyamu, sodium, phosphorous, iron, aluminiyamu , ayodini, bromine, boron ndi zambiri zazikulu ndi zazikulu. Mphesa zimakhala ndi mavitamini A (carotene), B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), C (ascorbic acid). Kuphatikiza koyenera kwa organic ndi mchere zinthu kumapangitsa kukoma ndi kununkhira kwatsopano kwa zipatso ndi mphesa - timadziti ndi vin, ma compotes ndi marinades.

Chitsamba champhesa © Normanack

Mphesa, Latin - Vitis.

Mitundu ya mbewu za banja Mphesa, komanso zipatso za mbewu, zomwe mwa mawonekedwe okhwima ndi zipatso zokoma.

Mphukira za mphesa zimatchedwa mpesa. Mbewu ya mphesa imapereka mphukira yaying'ono mchaka choyamba mutamera kumera. Kuchokera pa masamba ofikira masamba ake, kutalika, mphukira zophuka bwino chaka chamawa, kenako, chaka chamawa, kuphukira kulikonse kumapereka mphukira zofooka zambiri, zomwe zimazizira pansi pa masamba awo nthawi yophukira, kotero kuti mphukira imodzi yokha yatsalira kuchokera kuwombera Internode ndi kuthawa kufupikitsidwa.

Maluwa ndi ocheperako, omwe amatengedwa mumtengo wamaluwa. Zipatso ndi zipatso za ozungulira kapena zopangika, zomwe zimatisonkhanitsidwa mumitundu yambiri kapena yosasamba kwambiri. Mtundu wa zipatso umasiyanasiyana kutengera mitundu (yachikasu, yobiriwira, yamtambo yamtambo, yofiirira, yakuda, ndi zina).

Mphesa © Romtomtom

Mawonekedwe a mphesa zokulira

Mpesa umalowedwa ndipo umamera momasuka m'malo otetezedwa ndi mphepo komanso malo otentha. Olima ena alima bwino mphesa ndi nyengo yochepa yakukula m'chigawo cha Moscow. Zosiyanasiyana ndi zipatso zakuda zimafuna kutentha kwambiri kuposa mitundu yokhala ndi zipatso zowala. Chifukwa chake, m'malo ozizira bwino, otsirizawa amakhala akuluakulu, ngakhale pali mitundu yambiri yolimba ndi zipatso zakuda.

Mphesa © Bernt Rostad

Dothi komanso malo a mphesa

Mpesa umalolera kumadothi osiyanasiyana pansi pazoyenera ziwiri: dothi losanjidwa ndi ngalande yabwino liyenera kukhala lakuya, ndi PH - 6.5-7.0. Carbonates sioyenera chifukwa cha chiwopsezo cha chlorosis. Kusankhidwa kwa malo obzala mphesa ndikofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa uyenera kutetezedwa ku mphepo ndikuwatsegukira dzuwa. M'malo otentha, mphesa zimamera bwino kwambiri. Malo otsetsereka moyang'ana kumwera kapena kumwera chakumadzulo ndioyenereradi. M'malo ozizira, mphesa zimatha kubzalidwa khoma kapena mpanda woyang'ana kumwera. Osabzala mpesawo m'malo osachedwa ndi ozizira.

Mphesa © roblisameehan

Kukonzekera dothi lodzala mphesa

Ngati pali chiopsezo chakuchulukitsa kwa dothi ndi chinyezi, ndikofunikira kuyikira kukhetsa. Masabata awiri musanabzalidwe, konzani dothi ndi kukumba-tiwiri. Chotsani nthaka yayitali ndikugwiritsa ntchito laimu pamtunda wa 200 g pa 1 m2. Ngati dothi silili bwino, onjezani manyowa kapena kompositi (wheelchair imodzi pa 2 square metres) ndi feteleza wosiyanasiyana wamaminidwe. Mphesa zimafunikira kachitidwe kothandizira mawaya opingasa. Ngati mpesa wakula moyang'anizana ndi khoma, ikani waya patali 25-25 cm kuchokera kwa wina. Kuti mupeze mipesa pamalo otsegulira, yendetsa masentimita 60 mu nthaka ndi matabwa a 2 mita kutalika kwakutalika kwa 2.5-3,5 m. Limbikitsani nsanamira zopambanitsa ndi zogwiriziza. Waya umodzi umatambasulidwa masentimita 40 pamwamba pa nthaka, ndipo pamwamba pake pamaimilanso zingwe 30 masentimita awiri (kotero kuti amawoloka pagawo lililonse). Ikani njanji mu waya pamalo aliwonse kuti mudzabzala m'tsogolo.

Mphesa © farlane

Kubzala mphesa

Mutha kubzala mpesa kuyambira Okutobala mpaka Marichi. Komabe, mawuwa amagwira ntchito kumadera akumwera okha kumene nthaka simazizira nthawi yozizira. M'madera ena, nthawi yabwino yobzala ndi masika (masamba asanatseguke). Kubzala ndi kudula kosemedwa kumachitika nthawi yamaluwa pakumata panthaka yakuya pafupifupi 10-11 ° C. Siyani mpesa wofowoka (osapitirira 0.5 mm mulifupi) nthawi yachisanu mu wowonjezera kutentha ndikuwubzala munthaka nthawi yakutha ngati chisanu ithe . Bzalani mpesa pafupi ndi khoma kapena mpanda wolimba pa mtunda wa mamita 1.2. Chimodzi kuchokera pa chinzake ndi masentimita 40 kuchokera kukhoma, pamalo potseguka - patali mamita 1,2-1,5 kuchokera kwa wina ndi mzere wokhala ndi malire a 1.5-2 m. Onani kuti malo olumikizira, ngati mpesa wamanikizidwa, uli pamwamba pamtunda wa dothi. Sungani mpesa pachithandizo. Thirani ndi mulch pa manyowa kapena manyowa.

Mphesa © Scops

Kudula ndi kuthirira mphesa

Onjezani feteleza wama mineral. Chapakatikati, mulch ndi wosanjikiza wa kompositi yokumbika 2.5-3,5 masentimita. Mpesa umazindikira kukomoka kwa nthaka mu nthaka. Utsi 250 g wa magnesium sulfate kuchepetsedwa mu 10 L madzi. Bwerezani pambuyo pa masabata awiri. Nthawi yonse yokukula, kamodzi pa sabata, dyetsani mitundu ya mphesa zamtundu wamadzi ndi feteleza wamadzi mpaka zipatso zipse. Mpesa womwe umakhazikitsidwa khoma umafunika kuthirira nthawi zonse.

Mphesa © atomic0x

Kututa

Ngakhale mphesa zitapakidwa utoto kwathunthu, zimakhalabe zosakhwima, popeza zimafunikira nthawi yophatikiza shuga. Nthawi imeneyi imachokera ku masabata 4-5 a mitundu yoyambirira mpaka masabata 8-10 mitundu ya mochedwa. Kukhudza zipatsozo kumawononga mipweya ya sera, chifukwa chake kudula masamba a mphesa ndi secateurs ndi nthambi.

Mphesa © TooFarNorth

Kudulira

Mukadulira mphesa, muyenera kuyesa momwe mungathere kuti mphukira zomwe zatsala kuti zibala zipatso ndi:

1. Popanda kuwonongeka (matalala, mkangano), popanda zizindikiro zamatenda (zowola imvi, kuwombera imfa), kupsa bwino mpaka kutalika kwakukulu.
2. Mphukira zikhale za makulidwe apakatikati, ndi mulifupi mwake 6-12 mm (izi zikugwiranso ntchito pakatchire akuluakulu, kumene, mpesa ndi wowonda). Mphukira zoonda kwambiri ndi mtengo wochepa uli ndi zinthu zochepa zosungika. Mphukira zochulukirapo kwambiri nthawi yayitali zimakhala ndi ma internode, zazitali komanso zophukira bwino zipatso, ndizovuta kugwa ndikusweka mosavuta.

Ngati ndi kotheka, tetezani mphukira zamuyaya (malaya, mphuno, mapewa) ku zovuta zazikulu pakudulira, chifukwa mabala awa samayandama mphesa.

Ngati mukufuna kukwaniritsa zokolola zapamwamba zambiri komanso nthawi yayitali kubzala mitengo ya mphesa, musangosiyiratu maso 8-12 pa 1 m2 ya danga lokhalamo munthu wamkulu. Pansi pamikhalidwe yokhazikika, sipangakhale zolakwika mukamatula masamba ophukira popanda kuwerengera maso kuti malo ake akhale mu trellis. Ine.e. chingwe kapena chopanga (ngati mumanga mphukirazo mozungulira waya wam'munsi) - kulibe ndikuwombana ndi mivi yobala zipatso za nthambi zina ndi tchire loyandikana. Tchire zilizonse zikagwa kapena zitakulirakulira, kuchepa kwa mbewu kungalipiridwe ndi ndalama zambiri posiya tchuthi champhamvu cham'mphepete popanda kuwonongeka pa mbewu yabwino.

Mphesa © Bernt Rostad

Kudulira pambuyo pa kuwonongeka kwa chisanu (ndi chikhalidwe chosabisa)

Ngati zowonongeka ndi chisanu chazizira, ndikofunikira kusiyanitsa kuwonongeka kwa maso ndi kuwonongeka kwa nkhuni. Ngati kuwonongeka kwa maso, kukula kwake komwe kumatsimikiziridwa pakuwatsegulira ndi mpeni wakuthwa (tsamba), mutha kukwanitsa kulipidwa, ndikusiya maso ochulukirapo mukadula. Komabe, kusiya maso kwambiri sikulimbikitsidwa, chifukwa izi zimakulitsa kuchuluka kwa ntchito zobiriwira chifukwa cha kupangidwa kwa mphukira kuchokera kumizu yambiri komanso yogona. Ngati nyengo yachisanu ikuphwanya mafupa a chitsamba cha mpesa, kuphatikizapo manja (gawo la tsinde), ndiye kuti mutha kuyesabe kupulumutsa kumene kubzala mwa kudulira gawo la chitsamba. Ndi mapangidwe opinimbira kwambiri opindika pang'ono, mapangidwe a mafupa atsopano a chitsamba ndiwotheka, monga m'minda yaying'ono.

Njira yodulira mphesa

Pofuna kudulira mphesa muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito chodulira chakapeto komanso chosalala cha mphesa, kusiya kudula koyera. Kudula nkhuni zakale kumayenera kuchitika kumakona ang'ono (malo ocheperako) osati pafupi kwambiri ndi maziko a mphukira kapena phewa. Mphukira zapachaka zimadulidwa kwambiri pamwamba pa diso lakumunsi (1-3 cm pamwambapa).

Mphesa © pakaper

Matenda ndi Tizilombo

Kuti mudziwe matendawa molondola, ndikofunikira kuti muphunzire zovuta za mawonekedwe ake mwa mawonekedwe ake Zizindikiro zofananira zimayambitsidwa ndi matenda osiyanasiyana.

Malinga ndi kutalika kwa matendawa, mphesa zimagawika kukhala zazing'ono komanso zina.

The causative othandizira matenda opatsirana (esca, excorioz, eutipiosis, bacteriosis, ma virus) ndiwosakanikirana ndi mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala opangira minda yamphesa ndipo amatha kukhala malo abwinobwino. Matendawa amafalikira pa nthawi yomwe michere imafalitsa mphesa pogwiritsa ntchito zida ndi zida, zida zamavuto, zochepa - mungu ndi mbewu.

Kupezeka kwa matenda oyamba ndi nyengo (kakulidwe, oidium, imvi zowola, anthracnose, rubella, zola yoyera) kumatsimikiziridwa pachaka ndi boma la kuchuluka kwa matenda obwera nthawi yachisanu, omwe amachitika makamaka chifukwa cha nyengo ya nyengo yam'mbuyomu yomwe ikukula ndipo ikhoza kuloseredwa.

Mildew (downy mildew) - Amayamba nthawi yakukula mphesa ndipo imakhudza magawo onse obiriwira (masamba, mphukira, inflorescence, zipatso). Matenda oyamba nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mvula ya nthawi yayitali, yozama, kunyowetsa nthaka ndikusiya (kutentha pang'ono kwa mpweya usiku sikutsika kuposa +13). Mukakhala ndi kachilombo, mawanga amafuta amitundu yosiyanasiyana amapanga masamba. Mvula kapena mame zikagwa pamphepete mwa masamba, masamba amawaphimba ndi kaphokoso pamoto wokuyamwa wa mycelium. Kupereka matenda atsopano kapena ziwalo za mphesa zimachitika usiku womwewo, pomwe kuyanika kwoyera kumapangika pa malo owuma. Masamba amayamba kuwuma komanso kuwonongeka pamalopo. Inflorescence ndi zipatso zobiriwira zimasanduka zofiirira ndi zowuma kapena zowola. Mfuti zimadulidwa komanso kukhwima bwino. Zowonongeka pamera zimafika 75% kapena kupitirira. Ndi mvula yayitali, nkhungu, mame, matendawa amakula msanga.

Wothandizila wa causative wa fungus ndi microscopic. Mu nthawi yophukira, nyengo yozizira imakhala pamasamba omwe amakhudzidwa ndi mtundu wocheperako, ndipo imakhala ndi chipolopolo chokhwima chomwe chimatha kupirira chisanu chachikulu. Zimasungidwa bwino nthawi yachisanu pamwamba komanso pansi pa dothi. Chapakatikati, mu dothi lonyowa, oospores amatumphuka ndikupanga zoospores. Malo osungirako zinyama, osunthira mum dontho lamadzi, amalowa munsi wa tsambalo ndikupatsa parciteum mycelium. Mycelium mkati mwa minofuyo imabisika (nthawi ya makulidwe) komanso yosatheka ndi fungicides. Nthawi ya makulitsidwe imatenga masiku 4 mpaka 13, kutengera kutentha, kenako masamba amawonekera. Matenda amatenga pokhapokha mvula, mame kapena chifunga, monga mycelium imamera mu dontho lamadzi lokha. M'madera omwe kutentha kwambiri kumakhalapo nthawi yotentha komanso kwamvula yambiri, mame kapena chifunga kumachitika, khunyu limakula mwamphamvu ndikupangitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu.

• Njira zoyendetsera: Pangani nyengo yofikitsa tchire. Mankhwala othandizira kupewa ndi Bordeaux osakaniza kapena malo ake (awiri asanafike maluwa). Itha kukonzedwa ndikukonzekera motere: Amistar, Efal, Mikal, Delan, Strobi, Ditan-M45, Novozir, Pencozeb, Utan, Acrobat, Ridomil, Ridomil-Golide, Sandofan, Kuproksat, Kartotsid, Copper oxychloride, Agiba-Peakiram, Oksikhom Folpan, Avixil.

Oidium (powdery mildew) - Zimakhudza malo onse obiriwira kuthengo, kutukula pama inflorescence ndi mazira achichepere ndizowopsa. Chophimba chachikulu chikuwonekera ngakhale isanafike pa maluwa mphukira zopangidwa kuchokera ku masamba kuyambira chaka chatha. Mphukira izi, limodzi ndi masamba, zimakutidwa ndi loyera kapena loyera laimvi ndipo limatithandizanso kufalitsa matendawa. Pamasamba, bowa amakula mbali yakumtunda (ndi matenda amphamvu kwambiri imatha kukhala mbali zonse), pomwe amatembenukira bulauni ndi youma. Mphukira zomwe zimakhudzidwa zimayamba kusowa bwino komanso kuzizira nyengo yozizira.

Mu zipatso zakupsa zakapsa, khungu limang'ambika ndikakamizidwa kwa kukula kwa zamkati ndipo mbewu zimawonekera. Chizindikiro cha kuwonongeka kwa mbewu ndi oidium ndi fungo losasangalatsa la nsomba zowola. Matendawa amachititsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa zokolola, kudzikundikira kwachuma, shuga kuchokera ku zipatso zokhala ndi matenda osakhala bwino.

Kukula kwamphamvu kwa oidium kumachitika mwachilengedwe pamtunda wa madigiri 19-24 ndikuwonjezera chinyezi popanda mpweya. Nthawi ya makulitsidwe imatenga masiku 5-7. Zowonongeka pamera zitha kufikira 70-80%.

• Njira zoyendetsera: Pangani zofunikira kuyatsira tchire. Kuwononga matenda oyamba a oidium, chithandizo choyambirira chimachitika m'malo a foci ndikupanga masamba a masamba atatu. Ndiye mankhwalawo musanayambe maluwa ndipo mutangotulutsa maluwa. Kenako, amayang'anira kukula kwa matendawa ndipo ngati kuli kotheka, achite zambiri. Kukonzekereratu: Amistar, Efal, Mikal, Fundazol, Vectra, Rovral, Strobi, Kartotsid, Topaz, Cumulus, Colloidal sulfure, Tiovit-Jet, Atemi S, Falcon, Euparen angapo, Privent, Saprol, Impact.

Mphesa © rallycarterter

Aliyense adzatha kusangalatsa mphesa zawo zokondedwa ndi kukongola kwawo komanso kununkhira ngati mumatsatira malangizo omwe ali pamwambawa kuti mukulitse!

Kuyembekezera ndemanga zanu!