Malinga ndi nthano ya amwenye aku America, amodzi mwa mafuko a milungu ya Aaborijini adapereka mphukira yaying'ono ya mbewu yosadziwika. Anavutikira njira yake kupita ku dzuwa kudutsa m'nkhalango zazitali zamtchire. Munthu wouma khosi uja adakwanitsa kukhala pamalo ake padzuwa ndipo duwa lake lidamasuka, ndikutsuka malilo ake otentha, ndikusanduka chitsamba chamaluwa. Inakula mwachangu kwambiri mpaka dziko lapansi linakutidwa ndi ming'alu, pomwe maso amtundu wakale adatsegula tubers yoyera yoyera. Kulemekeza mwana wamkazi wa mtsogoleri wa fuko lawo, Mani wokongola wa khungu loyera, nzika zotchedwa chomera cha Cassava zoperekedwa ndi milungu. Thumba lamumphu wamakhaka lidali labwino komanso labwino kwambiri. Chitsamba chodabwitsa chinafalikira mwachangu pakati pa mafuko, ndipo aliyense anachipatsa dzina. Chifukwa chake, chinangwa (Cassava) ali ndi mayina ambiri - chinangwa, singkong, mann sampalang, yubi kayu ndi ena. Ndipo lero, chitsamba chodabwitsa kwambiri ndi ma tubers okoma (ngati mana ochokera kumwamba), omwe safuna chisamaliro chapadera, amadyetsa anthu oposa 500 miliyoni padziko lapansi. Cassava pang'onopang'ono ikukhala chakudya chamtsogolo!
Muzu wa Manioc wodalirika, chinangwa (Manihot esculenta). © IITAGulu ndi malo ogawikiramo
Dziko lapa Cassava ndi madera otentha aku America, koma ambiri mwa chikhalidwe ichi amakhala achikulire ku Africa. Pazomwe zili ndi madzi a chimanga mu ziwalo za chomera, chinangwa chimaperekedwa ku banja la euphorbiae, komwe imapatsidwa mtundu wina "Cassava" wokhala ndi mitundu yoposa 100.
Kusinthasintha kwambiri nyengo yanyengo kunathandizira kufalikira kwa banjali m'mapululu otentha, mapiri amvula, kumwera ndi pakati pakati pa Russia ndi CIS. Kuti mucha mizu yathunthu yakucha muyenera kutentha kwapakati pachaka +20 - + 25 ° C. Chifukwa chake, potseguka, timangolima mwaulere kokha m'malo otentha. M'madera akumwera kwa Russian Federation, chikhalidwechi chitha kubzalidwa m'malo otetezedwa ndikukula ngati chomera. Chodziwika kwambiri komanso chodziwika bwino ndi mtundu wa Manioc wokongola kwambiri (Manihot esculenta).
Kufotokozera kwa Cassava
Banja la chinangwa chimayimiriridwa m'dera lodzala ndi zitsamba zosatha, zitsamba, ndipo nthawi zambiri ndi oimira mitengo.
Cassava ndi masamba obiriwira okhazikika nthawi zonse okhala ndi korona wokongola wopanga masamba, omwe amapitilira 3 m kutalika. Tsinde lapakati limagwirizana ndi nthawi. Nthambiyo ndi yofooka, koma malo omwe amakhala ndi masamba akulu obiriwira obiriwira akuwonekera bwino pa tsinde. Tsamba lamtambo ndilopendekera mwamtundu wa masamba a kanjedza a 3-7. Masamba ofananawo amathandizira kukongoletsa zingwe za korona.
Tchire losakhwima la chinangwa ndi mizu. © Jose CruzMaluwa ndi oyera amaso achikasu oyera, ophatikizidwa ndi mabulashi apical pazitali zazitali. Pa burashi lililonse lomwe lili kumtunda ndi maluwa amphongo, ndipo m'munsi - wamkazi. M'moyo wa chinangwa, makamaka pakubala, maluwawo alibe tanthauzo lapadera, koma kupsa kwake kumatsimikizira kukonzekera kwa tubers kuti kukolola.
Chosangalatsa kwambiri ndichomwe chimapangidwa ndi mitundu ya chinangwa. Cassava imatheka, kapena Cassava (Manihot esculenta) wokongola ngati mbewu. Mizu imayimilidwa ndi muzu wokhazikika wotalika mpaka 1 m kutalika ndi 8-10 masentimita. Chifukwa chachiwiri cha kukula kwa mizu, mizu ya 3-8 tuberoid-kutupa (tubers) imapangidwa m'munsi mwa tsinde, mpaka 0,5-1.0 m kutalika, mpaka 20 cm ndi masekeli 5 mpaka 25 kg. Pakatikati pake pamakhala wowuma kwambiri (20-40% mwa kulemera). Ndi machubu ammapu omwe amagulitsa ngati chakudya, koma pokhapokha kukonza: kuyanika, kuwira kapena kutsuka m'madzi. Tizilombo taubweya tambiri timakhala poizoni chifukwa cha zinthu zambiri za prussic acid.
Kodi phala losangalatsa ndi chiyani?
Msika lero ukuimiriridwa ndi mndandanda waukulu wazinthu zamasamba. "Ndodo" zochititsa chidwi ndi dzina lacilendo la chinangwa zomwe zimatha kudya zimagulitsidwa pamsika komanso m'misika. Anthu ochulukirapo chilimwe ayamba kukula osati tomato, tsabola, mbatata, koma amakonda zakudya zachilendo. Cassava ndiyinso yathu yamasamba achilendo kwa ife. Sitha kungokhala mbewu wamba ya masamba, chomera chakunja, komanso ngati bizinesi ikakulilidwa m'malo otetezedwa. Mukangolawa zakudya za chinangwa, wogula azikondanso zakudya zopatsa mphamvu. Musanaganize kuti ndi mtundu wanji ndipo chinangwa chingakulire mnyumba mwanu, timadziwa bwino za kapangidwe kake, mankhwala ake ndikugwiritsira ntchito kuphika ndi kuphika kunyumba.
Zomera za Cassava. © Arthur ChapmanZabwino
Muzu wamphaka wowoneka bwino wofanana ndi mbatata yayikulu, koma mumakhala mulamarine kapena hydrocyanic acid glucoside. Ichi ndi poizoni woyenera ndipo chifukwa chake sichingathe kudyeka mu mawonekedwe ake osaphika. Cassava yodya ndi imodzi mwazinthu zofunikira zomwe zimakhala ndi mchere wofunikira kwambiri womwe umatsimikizira kuti mwana amakula bwino - potaziyamu, magnesium, chitsulo, selenium, zinki ndi calcium. Cassava ali ndi mavitamini B ambiri, komanso A, C, D, E, K ndi zinthu zina zopindulitsa. Chikhalidwe chake ndichuma kwambiri (chimakhala ndi wowuma mpaka 40%).
Mphamvu zakuchiritsa za chinangwa
Pambuyo pakuthira kutentha, muzu wa chinangwa ndi bwino kudya ndipo umagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu akumadera olimawo:
- ngati njira yowonjezera chitetezo chathupi komanso mphamvu,
- Ngati anti-yotupa mankhwala zochizira gout, bursitis, nyamakazi,
- kusintha magazi m'magazi,
- Monga antioxidant chinthu chomwe chimamasula thupi la ma free radicals,
- Ngati wowerengeka mankhwala, poletsa kukalamba kwa thupi la munthu.
Mbeu za chinangwa zamaluba - zabwino zamkaka komanso zamkaka.
Kubzala Cassava. © Slav4Chakudya cha Cassava
Anthu opitilira 500 miliyoni ku Latin America, Africa, Asia, Indonesia amagwiritsa ntchito chinangwa ngati chakudya chosavuta. Chomera chofunikira kwambiri cham'malo otentha chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya m'magawo ena a dziko lapansi, pomwe chimaperekedwa ngati chinthu chotsirizidwa.
Chithandizo cha muzu
Tizirombo tating'onoting'ono timayang'aniridwa kuyambira pakati mpaka pakati, womwe umaphwanyidwa ndikuwuphika kapena kuwira kwa maola angapo m'madzi ozizira. Chochita chotsirizidwa chimayikidwa pa zinyalala ndi wosanjikiza wowonda ndikuwuma kwa maola asanu ndi limodzi mpaka asanu ndi limodzi mpaka owuma kwathunthu. Ndi kukonzekera uku, cyanide imakhala ngati yasindikizidwa kwathunthu ndipo pakukonzekera mbale imakhala yotetezeka kwathunthu kudya.
Kugwiritsa ntchito chakudya chosavuta
Unyinji wouma womwe wamalizidwa umakhala wamphesa kapena phala (monga sago), wodziwika ndi wowuma kwambiri.
- Zotsatira zake ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zopangira mkate, ma pie, chimanga chosiyanasiyana ndi mbale zina ndi zinthu zapamwamba.
- Pazakudya zokhala ndi chimanga, ufa wa chinangwa umatha kusintha ufa wa tirigu m'malo osiyanasiyana.
- Pambuyo pakuthira kutentha, chinangwa chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya cham'mbali cha nsomba ndi nyama, sopo ndi msuzi zimakonzedwa.
- Amapanga ma tchipisi, ma jellies, maswiti ndi zokonda zina zapamwamba: mipira yodziwika ku Thailand, "ngale zakuda", cocktails, teti, compotes, ndi zina zambiri.
Ulimi wa Cassava
Cassava ndichikhalidwe cha lamba wotentha ndipo chimafunikira mikhalidwe ina pakukula kwake - kutentha kwa mpweya kosachepera +25 - +30 ° ะก, kusakhalapo kwa nyengo yayitali, komanso masiku ambiri dzuwa. Izi zimafanana ndi nyengo yakum'mwera kwa Russian Federation kapena imatha kupangidwa m'malo otetezedwa: nyumba zobiriwira, malo obisalamo, minda yozizira komanso ngakhale nyumba zodyeramo mabanja.
Maluwa a Cassava. © Ton RulkensZofunikira za dothi la Cassava
Kuti tikule Cassava, nthaka yopepuka, yopumira, yopanda kutengapo kanthu (makamaka pamchenga wamchenga) yokhala ndi humus yayitali imafunikira. Mafuta angagwiritsidwe ntchito. Dothi liyenera kukhala lotayirira, mbewu sizimalekerera dothi lowonda. Kukhetsa bwino ndikofunikira, chifukwa chikhalidwe sichimavomereza kusayenda kwamadzi, ngakhale chikufunikira kuthirira.
Kukonzekeretsa kubzala
Cassava imangoyambitsidwa kokha mwachilengedwe ndipo imagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zodzala mwa njira zodulidwira zomwe zimakololedwa kuchokera pakati pazinthu zopangidwa bwino zomwe zafika pa miyezi 6 mpaka 12. 15-25 masentimita a zodulidwazo amasungidwa kwa miyezi 2-3 m'malo abwino kapena obzalidwa nthawi yomweyo. Kukhazikika kwa chogwirira ntchito nthawi yobzala sikumachita mbali imodzi (yopingasa, yopendekera, yopingasa). Chofunikira chachikulu: osachepera theka la odulidwa ayenera kukhala m'nthaka. Zabzyala mozungulira, dothi lonama limakutidwa ndi dothi 8-10 cm. Kupanda kutero, zinthu zodzala ziuma. Ndi chinyezi chokwanira, phesi limapanganso mizu yophukira ndi mphukira.
Fomu la Cassava Varigated. © MokkieKubzala chinangwa
Palibe zovuta kulima chinangwa, koma muyenera kusankha mitundu (makamaka yakucha) ndi nthawi yobzala. Kuyambira nthawi yophukira, humus ya 20-30 kg / 10 sq. M imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzinthu zadothi zatha. m Asanabzalidwe, dothi amakumbidwa mpaka ma 15-20 masentimita ndipo nitroammophoska imayambitsidwa pamlingo wa 50-70 g / sq. m. Kutchingira kwakuya ndikosatheka. Mizu yayitali mizu imapangidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuvuta kukolola.
M'dothi lotseguka komanso lotetezedwa, chinangwa chimabzalidwe bwino m'mizere 40 m'lifupi ndi 40-60 masentimita mu mzere umodzi, zomwe zimapanga dothi lofunikira lotetezeka ndikupangitsa kuti lisamasamavutike kusamalira mbewu.
Mukabzala m'njira zosiyanasiyana, zodulidwazo zimayikidwa mizere iwiri m'mizere kapena m'miyala. Kuchulukana kukubwera mosiyanasiyana komanso kulima ndipo pakati pamakhala kudula mzere 60-90 masentimita, komanso pakati pa mizere 80-120 cm.
Chisamaliro cha Cassava
Ngati dothi ndi lachonde kwambiri, ndiye kuti feteleza wa mbewuyo safunika kuthilidwa, makamaka ndi kukolola kwa ma tubers chaka chilichonse. Nthawi yakula, mutha kudyetsa chikhalidwe ndi feteleza wa nayitrogeni-potaziyamu kupalira mwachangu 2 ndi miyezi 4 mutabzala. Ngati mbewu ya chinangwa imachotsedwa pang'onopang'ono kwa zaka zitatu, kuvala bwino kumayamba mchaka chachiwiri chodzala.
Mukukula, zipatso zamitengo 1-2 zimachitika m'minda ya chinangwa, kutsatira malo omwe nthaka ikuluikulu yomwe zimayambira. Kupalira kumalimbikitsidwa mukatha kuthirira. Nthaka mpaka mizere yotsekeka imasungidwa kuti isakhale oyera pamsongole. Kupalira kwadongosolo.
Kutalika kwa nyengo yakukula kwa mitundu yakucha kwambiri ndi 6-8, ndipo kumapeto kwa miyezi 12-16. Nthawi yozizira ikayamba, kukulira kwa zipatso zamakhwawa kumazirala ndikuyamba kumayambiriro kwa mpweya wofunikira ndi chinyezi cha nthaka. Mizu yamizu safa.
Cassava tubers. © IITAKututa
Kufunafuna kukolola chinangwa kumatsimikiziridwa ndi chikasu ndi kugwa kwamasamba, komanso kukhwima kwa mbewu. Nthawi yakufukula ndi milungu 3-4. Ngati mukusonkhanitsa tubers tosapsa kwambiri, zotsatira zake zomalizidwa zimakhala zolimba komanso kugaya bwino.
Choyamba, dulani tsinde la mbewuzo, kusiya masentimita 30 mpaka 40 a hemp. Mwa izi, zodulidwa zimakolola nthawi yomweyo ndikuzibzala panthaka yokonzeka mkati mwa masiku awiri. Mofananamo, ndikudula zimayambira, timizu ta pansi pa chinangwa timachotsedwa kwathunthu. Ngati tchire latsala chaka chamawa, ndiye kuti timizere takuthwa tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono 2-3 timabisika ndikudula, ndikusiya zotsalazo kuti zikule zina.
Zizindikiro za chinangwa zamasamba kuti zisungidwe
Mukakumba, tubers zosaphika timangosungidwa kwa masiku atatu okha ndikuyamba kusinthika. Chifukwa chake, zipatso zam'mapiko nthawi yomweyo kukolola kumatsukidwa kutumphuka, kudula mutizidutswa tating'ono ndikuwuma padzuwa kwa masiku 3-6. Chomaliza choterechi chimasungidwa nthawi yayitali. Kuti mupeze chakudya (ufa, phala), timatumba timanyowa kwa masiku 3-4 m'madzi, timatsukidwa mpaka pakati, timaphwanyidwa ndikuuma kuti timinye. Zinthu zouma zimakhala pamtunda womwe amafunikira (ufa, phala) ndikugwiritsira ntchito cholinga chake.
