The herbaceous osatha chomera cha nkhosa (Helictotrichon) ndi woimira banja Myatlikovye kapena Mbewu. Malinga ndi zomwe zatengedwa kuchokera kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana, mtunduwu umagwirizanitsa mitundu 40-90. Dzinalo lasayansi chomera chotere chidapangidwa kuchokera ku mawu achi Greek, omwe amatanthauza "tsitsi lopindika", izi zimachitika chifukwa chakuti mitundu yoyang'ana pansi imapindika. Kuthengo, nkhosa zimatha kupezeka ku Eurasia (kokha osati kumadera okhala ndi nyengo yotentha), komanso ku South ndi North Africa. Ku Asia komanso kumadera otentha a ku Africa, chikhalidwechi chimapezeka kumapiri. Kupatula, mitundu yonse ya nkhosa ndi msipu wamafuta, koma popeza masamba ake ndi olimba, sawagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya cha ziweto. Nkhosa zobiriwira nthawi zonse, kapena zoyera zoyera, kapena oats opatsa moyo (Latin Helictotrichon sempervirens = Avena candida = Avena sempervirens), yomwe imakulitsidwa ngati phala yokongoletsera, ndiyotchuka kwambiri pakati pa wamaluwa. Koyambira ku Western Western ndi Alps, imapezeka pamalo okwera mamitala 2.4,000 pamwamba pa nyanja.
Zolemba za Nkhosa
Nkhosa zobiriwira nthawi zonse ndizomera zazitali kwambiri zamtundu wa herbaceous, kutalika kwake kumatha kukhala 30 mpaka 100 sentimita. Tchire limatha kukula mpaka 100 cm. Mizu ya nkhosa yotereyi ndi yopanga ndipo imakhala yakuzama kwambiri. Mizere yopapatiza yokhotakhota yopendekeka kutalika kwake imafikira 50 cm, imapanga mtanda wokongola kwambiri. Mitundu yawo imakhala yosiyanasiyana mpaka imvi kubiriwira mpaka imvi. Tsamba limafikira kutalika pafupifupi 1.5 m, pamwamba pake pali mitengo yopyapyala yamtundu wamtundu wobiriwira, mpaka kutalika kwa 40 mpaka 100 mm. Maluwa amawoneka kuyambira Julayi mpaka Ogasiti. Mtunduwu ndiolimba nthawi yozizira, ndipo umakongoletsa kwambiri, mogwirizana ndi izi, umagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri pakupanga mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe.
Kubweretsa nkhosa poyera
Malamulo akumalo
Wamaluwa amakonda kuweta nkhosa pogawa chitsamba, womwe ndi njira yosavuta komanso yachangu. Ngati m'munda mwanu mulibe mbewu yotereyi, ndiye mutha kuulima kuchokera ku mbewu zomwe zagulidwa. Kubzala kwawo kumachitika munthaka nthawi yamasika, pomwe amafunika kuyikidwa m'manda ndi 20 mm okha. Kwa mbande za mbewuyi ndizosavuta kusamalira. Ngati ndi kotheka, amafunika kuthirira, ndipo nthawi zina amasula dothi pafupi ndi mbewu. Mphukira zokulira zimafunikira kubzala, kuti ndizambiri. Mukabzala, mbewu zimatenga dothi lalikulu.
Ngati zingafunike, nkhosa zimatha kudulidwa kudzera mbande. Kubzala mbewu kumachitika kumayambiriro kwa nthawi ya masika. Pachifukwa ichi, miphika payokha imagwiritsidwa ntchito, chifukwa mukalowetsa kapena kukotera mphukira kuchokera pawatchinga wamba, mizu yawo imatha kuwonongeka mosavuta. Mbewu zikamakula, zimayenera kuikidwa zina panthaka, zimalimbikitsidwa kuchita izi mwa njira yodutsa. Kuti muchite izi, mbande zoyambirira zimathiriridwa mokwanira, kenako mpeni umatengedwa ndipo mbali yake yakumbuyo imakokedwa pakati pa gawo lapansi ndi makhoma achidebe chonse pakuzama. Zotsatira zake, zosakaniza za dothi zidzalekana ndi makhoma a mphikawo. Pambuyo pake, chidebe chimayikidwa pambali pake ndipo chitsamba chimachotsedwa mosamala kuchokera pamenepo ndikuphatikizidwa ndi dothi. Kenako imayikidwa dzenje, lomwe liyenera kukonzedwa pasadakhale. Malo aulere m dzenje ndi dothi. Pakubzala, kukoka kapena kukoka chomera ncholetsedwa.
Kuti mukule chikhalidwe chotere, malo owoneka bwino ndi abwino. Ndi yabwino kwambiri ngati ili kum'mwera kwa mundawo. Pa 1 mita lalikulu la malowa tikulimbikitsidwa kubzala mitengo yoposa 4. Mukamapanga udzu wa nkhosa mukabzala pakati pa tchire, imayang'aniridwa mtunda wa 0.4-0.5 m. Ndikabzala chomera chimodzi, mtunda pakati pa tchire lobzalidwa uzikhala waukulu pang'ono. Makulidwe oweta okulirapo ndi owuma komanso opanda nthaka, pomwe ayenera kukhala opanda chonde. Chikhalidwe chotere sichingakula bwino pamtunda wachonde ndi wonyowa, ndipo madera osinthika sayenera. Mukadzala nkhosa pamthunzi, masamba ake amasiya kukongoletsa, chifukwa amasintha kukhala obiriwira.
Kusamalira nkhosa m'munda
Madzala m'madera otentha, nyengo yotere siyenera kuthiriridwa ngakhale masiku otentha komanso owuma. Mtunduwu umasinthasintha nyengo yamapiri, ngati chinyezi chambiri chikuwoneka m'masiku otentha, izi zimasokoneza maluwa. Kuthirira nkhosa ndikofunikira pokhapokha kukakhala chilala kwanthawi yayitali, chifukwa chifukwa chosowa madzi pachitsamba, kukula kwa masamba atsopano kumatha, ndipo wakale ukayamba kuyanika.
Kusunga zokongoletsera za mbewu zotere, sizifunikira kudyetsedwa nthawi zambiri. Pakatha masiku 7 patabzalidwa dothi lotseguka, liyenera kudyetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito feteleza pang'ono. Pambuyo pa izi, kuvala pamwamba kumachitika nthawi imodzi pamnyengo ndi feteleza wama mineral.
Zisanu
Maluwa a mbewu awa akadzatha, inflorescence yomwe idasiya kugwira ntchito ikuyenera kuchotsedwa. Chofufumira choterocho cha malo ogona nthawi yachisanu sichofunikira. M'nyengo yachisanu yoyamba, mtundu wa tchire sukusintha ndipo umakhala wobiriwira. Chapakatikati, masamba opukutidwa masamba amatha kupezeka masamba opindika, amawoneka ngati maloko amtundu. Kuti chomera chikhale chokongola kachiwiri, masamba awa ayenera kutulutsidwa, pomwe muyenera kuyesetsa kugwira dzanja lanu moyandikira m'munsi mwa mbale momwe mungathere. Nthawi yachisanu ikadzatha, mbewuyo iyenera kupangidwanso.
Kuswana kwa nkhosa
Mbewu zoterezi zimafalitsidwa pogawa chitsamba ndi mbewu. About njira yobala mungawerenge pamwambapa. Chisanu chachitatu chikatha, chitsamba chija chimataya kukongola kwake kwakale, chifukwa chake chidzafunika kuchotsedwa padziko lapansi, ndikugawidwa magawo awiri ndikuwoka. Izi zimachitika mu April. Ngati chitsamba chiwalika kapena kugawidwa nthawi yophukira, ndiye kuti chimakhala chofooka kwambiri, ndipo nyengo yachisanu ikatuluka, ndiye kuti zowola zitha kuoneka. Tchire la zaka zitatu limalekerera magawikidwe ndi kupatsirana bwino.
Tizilombo ndi matenda
Nkhosa imakhala ndi kukana kwambiri tizirombo tonse. Ngati nthawi ya chilimwe itakhala yotentha komanso yonyowa, ndipo dothi lomwe limakuliramo silingayende bwino, ndiye kuti mizu ya chitsamba imakhudzidwa ndi matenda oyamba ndi fungus, ndipo zowola zimatha kuonekeranso nthawi yozizira.
Ngati nyengo ndi yotentha komanso chinyezi ndikutentha, ndiye chifukwa cha maluwa amenewa, nkhosazo zimasowa kwambiri, ndipo kumapeto kwa nthawi yotentha, chitsamba chimatha kukhudzidwa ndi dzimbiri. Kuti tipewe matendawa kuti pakhale kulima chimanga, tikulimbikitsidwa kusankha madera omwe anaphulika bwino. Tchire zachimbiri ziyenera kuzilidwa ndi fungicide, mwachitsanzo, madzi a Bordeaux.
Ngati mizu iola, ndiye kuti chitsamba chidzafunika kuchotsedwa muthaka, kenako madera onse okhudzidwawo amadulidwamo. Ikani mabala anuwo kuti awazidwe ndi mafuta osweka. Zitatha izi, mbewuyo imabzala kumalo ena, pomwe tiyenera kukumbukira kuti adzafunika madzi abwino kwambiri.
Mitundu ndi mitundu ya nkhosa yokhala ndi zithunzi ndi mayina
Mitundu yotsatira ya nkhosa ndiyodziwika kwambiri pakati pa wamaluwa:
Sheep Sheep (Helictotrichon desertorum)
Mitundu ya steppe iyi ndi European-West Asia. M'magawo angapo a Russian Federation, mtunduwu umalembedwa mu Red Book ndipo umawoneka kuti uli pangozi. Nkhosa yotereyi imakhala yobiriwira. Kutalika kwa tchire kumatha kusiyanasiyana kuchokera pa 0 mpaka 0,5 mita. Masamba a chomera choterechi amapindidwa. Narrow panicrate inflorescences imakhala ndi 2 kapena 3 spikelets, omwe amafika pafupifupi masentimita 1.4 kutalika. Zipatso za nkhosa ndizofanana ndi za oimira ena a banja la a Cereals, omwe ndi tirigu. Mtunduwu umalimidwa mosiyanasiyana ndipo, monga lamulo, umakula ngati mtengo woyesera.
Nkhosa zoweta (Helictotrichon pubescens), kapena nkhosa ya pubescent
M'mikhalidwe yachilengedwe, nkhosa zamtunduwu zimatha kupezeka ku Caucasus, ku Europe, Russia, Europe, Central ndi Asia Minor, komanso kum'mwera kwa Siberia, pomwe imakonda kukula m'mizere, m'matanthwe ndi mapiri. Kutalika kwa tchire kumasiyana kuchokera pa 0.3 mpaka mita 1.2. Mpweya wakewo ndi wafupi. Monga lamulo, mbale zamasamba zimakhala zophimba ndi tsitsi lalifupi, kupendekera kwa masamba ndi masentimita 0,4-1. Kutalika kwa mantha a inflorescence ndi pafupifupi masentimita 15, amaphatikiza maluwa obiriwira anayi-anayi (omwe amapezeka ndi Mzere wa utoto wofiirira), kutalika kwake ndi masentimita 1.2-1.7. Chomera chodyetsachi chimatha kupereka zokolola zambiri ngati chikhala chodzala ndi udzu kapena madzi osefukira. Mukadzala panthaka youma, masamba omwe amakhala pafupi ndi tchire amakhala olimba kwambiri komanso opepuka kwambiri.
Nkhosa zobiriwira nthawi zonse
Malongosoledwe amtunduwu amapezeka koyambirira kwa nkhaniyi. Pang'onopang'ono, kutchuka kwa mtunduwu pakati pa olima ndi kubereketsa kukukula pang'onopang'ono. Mitundu yamunda wotchuka:
- Pendula - makutu oyenda tchire lakugwa komanso lolemera;
- Robust - imakhala ndi kukana kwambiri ndi dzimbiri, ngakhale nyengo yotentha;
- Sapphire sprudel - mbewuyo imagwirizana ndi dzimbiri, masamba amapaka utoto wonyezimira wamtambo, chithunzi cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu ya siliva pafupi ndi chitsamba.
