Mapeyala olimidwa (Arachis hypogaea), omwe amatchedwanso mtedza, limbo zapansi panthaka, akufunika kwambiri. Mwasayansi, nandolo ndi nthito, osati mtedza. Nthanga zimachokera ku South America, kumeneko anali wotchuka ngakhale pamene madera akutali anali asanadziwe ndi Columbus. Otsutsa achi Spain adabweretsa chikhalidwe ichi ku Europe, ndipo idadza ku Africa pambuyo pake chifukwa cha Apwitikizi, kumene zipatso zamkati zimatchuka kwambiri, chifukwa sizongokhala ndi zopatsa thanzi zokha, komanso zimakula bwino pamadothi osowa. Pambuyo pake, chizolowezi ichi chidabweretsedwa kukhala ogulitsa akapolo ku North America. Cha zaka makumi atatu za zana la 16, ma peanu adapita ku Philippines ndi oyendetsa sitima aku Spain, ndipo adabweretsa ku India ndi Macau ndi Apwitikizi. Pambuyo pake, chomera ichi chinafika ku China ndikukhala chipulumutso chenicheni kuchokera ku njala mpaka kwa okhala komweko. Kulima kwa mafakitale kwa mbewuyi ku South Carolina kudayamba kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, pamene azungu adadyetsa magulu ankhondo onsewa pankhondo yapakati pa Kummwera ndi Kumpoto. Kwa zaka zambiri zamandazi zakhala zikuonedwa ngati chakudya cha anthu osauka, pankhaniyi, alimi sanalabadire kwambiri izi. Komabe, zonse zidasintha mu 1903, pomwe George Washington Carver, wogulitsa zamalimidwe ku America, adatha kupanga zopitilira mazana atatu kuchokera pachomera chotere, monga: zodzikongoletsera, utoto, sopo ochapira, zakumwa, mankhwala, inki yosindikiza, wowononga tizilombo, ndi zina zambiri. e. Ndipo popeza zaka zakututa za thonje zidavutika kwambiri ndi udzu, Carver adatha kuwalimbikitsa alimi kuti asinthanitse kulima kwa mtedza ndi kulima thonje, lomwe lidachepetsa nthaka. Zotsatira zake, mbewu iyi idakhala mbewu yayikulu yamayiko akum'mwera, ndipo chipilala chidamangidwanso ku Carver mumzinda wa Dothan, Alabama. Masiku ano, mtedza umalimidwa pamakampani azigawo zosiyanasiyana USSR (Transcaucasia, Ukraine, ndi zina).
Zinthu za Peanut
Nandolo zophukira ndimabungwe omwe amafika mpaka kutalika kwa 0.7 m. Mphukira zake zimakhala ndi nthambi zambiri. Muzu muzu umapangidwa nthambi zake. Mphukira zowoneka bwino kapena zowongoka zimakhazikika pang'ono, nthambi zammbali zimalunjikitsidwa m'mwamba kapena zabodza. Pali masamba a masamba owerengeka ophatikizidwa ndi masamba, amafika masentimita 3 mpaka 11 kutalika, petioleyo idapukutidwa ndipo pali magawo awiri a timapepala tolozera. Ma inflorescence a axillary inflorescence amakhala ndi maluwa a 4-7 ofiira ofiira kapena oyera. Moyo wa duwa lililonse umangokhala maola 24 okha, koma maluwa ake ndi ataliatali, amayamba m'masiku omaliza a June kapena masiku oyamba a Julayi, ndipo amatha kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira. Zipatsozi zimatulutsa nyemba ziwiri-zinayi-zopangika, zimafikira kutalika kwa 15-60 mm, ndipo pamwamba pawo pali mawonekedwe a kangaude. Pakucha, zipatsozo zimapinda pansi panthaka kenako ndikugwamo. Ndi padziko lapansi kuti zipse. Mbewu za mbewuyi ndizofanana ndi nyemba, zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe owundikira, ndipo pamwamba zimakutidwa ndi khungu la pinki, lofiirira, lamaso achikasu kapena la kirimu zonona. Kukucha kumawonedwa mu Seputembala kapena Okutobala.
Zakudya zakunja
Zambiri Kukula kwa Peanut
Kwa peyala zokulira, malo otseguka ndi dzuwa ndi oyenera, pomwe mulibe mthunzi pang'ono kuchokera kuzomera kapena nyumba zina. Kukula kwa chikhalidwe ichi kumawonedwa pokhapokha pamtunda wa 20 madigiri. Ngati kutentha sikunakhale kovomerezeka kuposa madigiri angapo, ndiye kuti kutha kwa tchire kumatha. Monga lamulo, nandolo potseguka zimamera m'malo otentha, pomwe kufesa mbewu m'nthaka kumapangidwa nthawi yomwe masamba a mthethe amatulutsa. Ku Russia, makamaka zigawo zomwe zimakhala ndi nyengo yozizira, tikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito njira yotsalira polima mtedza.
Nthawi yoti mubzale poyera
Nthanga zibzalidwe mchaka cha dothi lotentha (pafupifupi 12-14 madigiri), pomwe zimapangidwa mutabzala masamba. Nthawi ino, monga lamulo, imagwera pakati pa Meyi kapena pambuyo pake. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti chisanu chobwerera chimatha kuwononga chikhalidwe ichi. Nthochi zongokubzala zitha kugulidwa kumsika kapena ku malo ogulitsira, koma muyenera kukumbukira kuti siziyenera kukhala ndi maswiti, kuziziritsa kapena kuwaza mchere.
Malamulo otembenuza mbewu
Mukakulima mtedza, momwe mumawonera kasinthidwe kazomera ndikofunikira. Mbewuyi imamera bwino pambuyo pa nkhaka, mbatata, kabichi ndi tomato, makamaka ngati chinthu chachilengedwe chinafotokozedwa m'nthaka nthawi yaulimi. Ndipo malo omwe ma nyemba zimamera (nandolo, malengedwe, nyemba ndi nyemba) sioyenera kubzala, chifukwa pali mwayi waukulu wokulitsa mizu.
Dothi labwino
Nthaka yoyenera iyenera kukhala yopepuka, yonyowa komanso yosalowerera, pomwe ikuyenera kukhala ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba a magnesium, humus ndi calcium. Mchenga wamchenga kapena dothi lakuda ndibwino. Nthaka yoyesedwa siyabwino ndi mtedza, ndipo nthaka yokhala ndi acidic iyenera kukhala ikuchepera isanafesere. Pofesa chikhalidwe ichi, malowa ayenera kukonzedwa pasadakhale. Kuti muchite izi, muyenera kukumba dothi lomwe likugwa mpaka kufika pakuya kwa 0.25 mpaka 0,3 m, ndikupanga humus mkati mwake (pa mita imodzi imodzi ya chiwembu cha ma kilogalamu 1-3). Pomalizira, malowa amakumbidwanso, koma mwakuya pang'ono, ndipo Nitrofoska (50 magalamu pa mita imodzi ya malo) ayenera kuwonjezeredwa dothi.
Malamulo akumalo
Kuti mubzale chikhalidwe ichi, muyenera kukonzekera mabowo akuya masentimita khumi, omwe ayenera kukhala osasunthika, mtunda pakati pawo ukhale wofanana ndi theka la mita. Malo otalikirana azikhala a 0.25-0.3 m. Mukabzala zipatso za mtedza m'mundamo, njira yolumikizira mitengo imagwiritsidwa ntchito molingana ndi pulani ya 0.7x0.7 m kapena 0.6x0.6 mamita. m'mizere ndikofunikira kusiya mtunda wamtali wa 0.6-0.7 m, komanso pakati pa toyesa-mzere - kuchokera pa 15 mpaka 20 sentimita.
M'dzenje limodzi mbeu zitatu za kukula kwakukulu ziyenera kuyikidwamo, chifukwa nthangala zazing'ono nthawi zambiri sizimera. Mbewu zikafesedwa, mbewuzo zimayenera kuthiriridwa bwino, kugwiritsa ntchito payipi ndi shawa mutu kuti, kuti asasambe mbewu, kukakamizika kuyenera kupangidwa kukhala kofooka.
Kukula Nandolo M'munda
Kusamalira mtedza ndikosavuta mokwanira. M'nthawi yadzuwa, iyenera kuthiriridwa munthawi yake, komanso malowo azikhala ndi udzu munthawi yake komanso malo ake akumasuka, osayiwala za mavalidwe apamwamba. Iyenera kuwunika makamaka ngati udzu udakali wocheperako komanso wamtali. Pakachotsa udzu, kumasula dothi kumatha kuchitika, mosinthana. Masabata 6-8 mutabzala, maluwa ayenera kutha. Pakadali pano, thumba losunga mazira limayamba kukula ndikugwada pansi pamalowo, pomwepo lidzakulira pansi, pomwe kucha zipatso kumayang'aniridwa. Mazira atayamba kugwada pansi, tchire liyenera kukumbiriridwa ndi dothi lotayirira komanso lonyowa (ngati mbatata), pamenepa wolandila afika pakulandidwa mofulumira. Hill akhoza m'malo mwa mulching pamwamba malowo ndi utuchi, peat, humus kapena mchenga, pomwe makulidwe osayenera sayenera kukhala osakwana 50 mm. Pafupifupi, zipatso 30-50 zimapangidwa pansi pa chomera chilichonse, ndipo mbewu 1-7 zimakhala mu uliwonse wa iwo.
Momwe mungamwere
Chikhalidwe ichi chimafuna dothi lonyowa, koma sayenera kunyowa kwambiri. Kuthirira kuyenera kuchitika pambuyo kuti nthaka yayuma. Tchire likayamba kuphuka, lifunika kuthirira yambiri, lomwe limakonzedwa nthawi 1-2 m'masiku 7 m'mawa. Pamene tchire limaphuka, kufunikira kwakukulu sikungothirira, koma kupukutira mbewu ndi mfuti yofukizira, yomwe imapangidwa madzulo nthawi 1 m'masiku 1-2. Ngati nyengo yamvula imawonedwa pakubala zipatso, ndiye kuti pamwamba pamalowo muyenera kuphimbidwa ndi pulasitiki wokutira. Ndipo nthawi yayitali youma, kumwaza kumalimbikitsidwa pachikhalidwe ichi, ngati sizingatheke kuzikonza, ndiye kuti muyenera kuthilira tchire m'mbali mwa mizere yomwe ili pakati pa mizere. Nyengo, chomera chidzafunika madzi anayi kapena asanu.
Feteleza
Mbewuzo zikafika msentimita 10, zidzafunika kuthira feteleza, popeza izi zimaphatikizidwa ndi zinthu zotsatirazi: 40 magalamu a mchere wa potaziyamu, 20 magalamu a ammonium nitrate ndi magalamu 70 a superphosphate amatengedwa pa ndowa imodzi yamadzi. Kumayambiriro kwa zipatso, tchire limalimbikitsidwa kuti lizipatsidwanso chakudya, koma kudyetsa sikofunikira.
Kukula Ziphuphu Kunyumba
Sankhani mbewu zathanzi komanso zamphamvu zomwe ziyenera kudzazidwa ndi madzi usiku, mutatha kuwonjezera dontho limodzi la Epin. Kale m'mawa pa mbewu mumatha kuwona timiphukira tating'ono tofiirira. Tengani chidebe chachikulu ndikudzaza ndi dothi lotayirira, pomwe zofesedwa. Mbande izidzamera mwachangu, ndipo tchire likaphuka, ndiye kuti maukwati atamera, pomwepo maluwawo adzakhazikika ndikulowa munthaka, pomwe zipatso zimamera.
Mbande zizitetezedwa ku zojambula zilizonse, ziyenera kuyikidwa pazenera lakumwera. Masana, tchire liyenera kuti limetezedwe. Kuthirira kuyenera kukhala mwadongosolo, koma osaloleza madzimadzi kuti asamire mu gawo lapansi. M'masiku otentha, tchire liyenera kukhala lonyowa ndi mfuti yokuwombani, munthawi imeneyi akangaude sangathe kukhazikika pa iwo. Pambuyo pa masabata 10-12 patatha kuonekera mbande, masamba amasamba amayamba kusintha mtundu kukhala wofiyira, ndipo izi zikuwonetsa kuti nyemba zomwe zili munthaka zimacha kale.
Tizilombo ndi matenda a nandolo okhala ndi chithunzi
Nthochi zimatha kukhudzidwa ndi powdery mildew, phylostictosis, alternariosis, fusarium wilt ndi imvi zowola.
Powdery mildew
Pa gawo loyambirira la powdery mildew, mawanga amodzi amtundu wa powdery amapangidwa mbali zonse za masamba. Popita nthawi, amakula mpaka kuphimba mbale yonseyo, chifukwa chake, pepalalo limakhala lachikaso ndikufa. Sikuti masamba amakhudzidwa, komanso mphukira, komanso maimbidwe. Ngati tchire lakhudzidwa kwambiri, ndiye kuti liyenera kuthiridwa ndi yankho la kukonzekera fungicidal, mwachitsanzo: Quadris, Sinthani, Topaz, Bravo, Ridomil, Skor kapena Horus.
Phyllosticosis
Masamba owoneka ndi masamba (phylostictosis) siowopsa poyerekeza ndi phokoso la ufa, koma nandolo amayenera kuthandizidwa. Pa chitsamba chomwe chakhudzidwa, malo owoneka a bulauni amawonekera, omwe amakula m'mimba mwake mpaka 0,6 cm. Pakapita nthawi, pakati paziphalaphala, minofu imafa, pomwe malire akutembenukira bulauni. Kwambiri, matendawa amakhala ndi chinyezi chambiri. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuthana ndi matenda oterewa mwa kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi mitundu yambiri ya fungicidal othandizira.
Alternariosis
Masamba obiriwira masamba (alternariosis) amakula zaka zomwe, kumapeto kwa kukula, nyengo yofunda ndi yachinyezi imawonedwa. Mu tchire lomwe lakhudzidwa, masamba amtundu wakuda amawoneka m'mphepete mwa masamba, mpaka pafupifupi 15 sentimita kudutsa. Popita nthawi, malo ang'onoang'ono amakula ndikuphatikizana, chifukwa chomwe m'mphepete mwa mapepala chimatha. Pamaso pa mawaya pali zokutira zakuda za bowa wakuda. Pofuna kupewa, muyenera kutsatira malamulo a sayansi yaulimi pachikhalidwe ichi, chifukwa cha izi, tchire limayamba kugonjetsedwa ndi mabakiteriya okhala ndi tizilombo.
Fusarium ikufuna
Ngati tchire lakhudzidwa ndi Fusarium wilting, ndiye kuti ili ndi mizu. Zomera zokha zimasiya kukula, mbali zake zapamwamba zimasanduka zachikaso ndikufa mwachangu. Matendawa ndi owopsa chifukwa amatsika kwakanthawi, koma akamayenda komanso kuyika nyemba, zimakula mwachangu, chifukwa, chitsamba chimafa mbewu isanakololedwe. Kuti mupewe, ndikofunikira kutsatira malamulo aukadaulo wa zaulimi, komanso muyenera kukolola nthawi yake.
Gray zowola
Kukula kwa imvi zowola kumawonedwa kumapeto kwa tchire lamaluwa. Mu mbewu zomwe zakhudzidwa, mawanga amtundu wowoneka-bulauni amawoneka, kuchokera pambale yaziphattu limodzi ndi petioles amapita kumera. Chifukwa cha izi, kumtunda kwa tsinde kumafota ndikufa. Panalibe kupangira nyemba pamatchi omwe akhudzidwa. Ndipo ngati zipatsozo zapanga kale, ndiye kuti chisokonezo chawo chimachitika. Matendawa amakula msanga m'masabata omaliza a nthawi yachilimwe, ngati kunja kuli kotentha komanso kotentha. Popewa kukula kwa imvi zowola, ndikofunikira kukulitsa chikhalidwe chotere pamtunda wapamwamba.
Pafupipafupi, mtedza umadwala ndi zowola, cercosporosis, dwarfism, kapena ramulariosis.
Tizilombo
Aphid, mphukira kapena mbozi zitha kukhala moyo pachikhalidwe ichi. Kuti tichotse tizirombo totere, pamwamba pamalopo tiyenera kukhala ndi dothi la fumbi kapena phulusa la nkhuni. Kuti tichotsere zoponya, tchire ziyenera kumaliliridwa ndi osatetezedwa.
Ndizovuta kwambiri kuchotsa kachilomboka (mphutsi ya kachilomboka), yomwe imakhala m'nthaka. Ngakhale chipatsochi chimaphimbidwa ndi chipolopolo, tizirombo tosaka tizirombo tomwe timadyako timadyako. Mutha kuthana ndi tizilombo ngati amenewa mothandizidwa ndi misampha. Kuti muchite izi, kukumba mabowo m'malo angapo pamalowo, ikani zidutswa za kaloti, beets kapena mbatata mwa iwo. Mabowo kumtunda ayenera okutidwa ndi chidutswa, bolodi kapena chitsulo. Pakapita kanthawi, msampha utsegule ndikuwononga masamba, kuphatikizapo tizirombo tina. Kuti tipewe, ndikofunikira kutsatira malamulo aukadaulo waulimi, kuyang'anira kuzungulira kwa mbewu, komanso kupalira munthawi yake.
Kusonkhanitsa ndi kusungiramo
Masamba a peyala atasanduka chikasu, zipatso ziwiri zimayenera kuchotsedwa pansi. Ngati mbewu zitha kutulutsidwa mosavuta, ndiye kuti nthawi yakututa. Monga lamulo, kuyeretsa kumachitika panthawi yomwe kutentha kwa mumsewu kumakhala mkati mwa madigiri 10. Komabe, sizoyenera kuchedwetsa kusonkhanitsa zipatso, chifukwa ngati dothi likuuma, mbewu zikhala zowawa, ndipo sizingadyedwe. Zotuta zikhale patsiku louma komanso lopanda mitambo. Kuti muchotse nyemba panthaka, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito pitchfork.
Zipatso zokumbidwazo zimayenera kumasulidwa ku mphukira. Amaikidwa m'malo otetemera mu mpweya wabwino kuti ziume. Zipolopolo zawo zikauma bwino, zipatsozo zimatsanulidwa m'matumba ovala zovala, zomwe zimasungidwa m'chipinda chozizira (pafupifupi madigiri 10), chipinda chowuma chomwe chili ndi mpweya wabwino.
Mitundu ndi mitundu yamapichesi
Banja la a Legume lili ndi mitundu pafupifupi 70 ya msuzi. Ku South America, pali mitundu ingapo ya mbewuyi yomwe imalimidwa, ndipo kunja kwa kontrakitalayi mitundu yokhayo iwiri yokha ndi yomwe imalima, izi: Mapeyala a Pinto ndi peanu. Pali mitundu yambiri ya masamba a karoti, omwe amagawidwa m'magulu anayi:
- Gulu la Spain (mitundu yaku Spain). Nthanga yaying'onoyi imalimidwa kumwera chakumadzulo ndi kumwera chakum'mawa kwa United States, komanso ku South Africa. Poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina, imakhala ndi mafuta ochulukirapo. Mu chomera choterocho, chipolopolo chofiirira chimakwirira maso ang'onoang'ono.Monga lamulo, zipatsozi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga batala la peanut, mchere ndi mtedza wokazinga. Otsatsa wamkulu kwambiri amitundu yamitundu imeneyi ndi Oklahoma ndi Texas. Mitundu yabwino kwambiri ya gululi: Dixie Spanish, Spentex, Argentina, Spaneth, Natal wamba, Star, Comet, Spanhoma, Florispan, Spankromm, Tamspan 90, O'Lin, Spanko, Vilko, White Core, Shafers Spanish, ndi ena.
- Gulu la Valencia. Mitundu yambiri ya gululi ili ndi ngale zazikulu. Kutalika kwa chitsamba cholimba ndi pafupifupi 1.25 m, zipatso zosalala ndizoyambira-zitatu. Mbewu zooneka ngati zokutira zimakutidwa ndi chipolopolo chofiirira, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa redskins (redskins). Gululi limadziwika kuti gulu laling'ono la Spain.
- Gulu Lothamanga. Mitundu yomwe imaphatikizidwa ndi gululi imakhala yotchukira kwambiri, kukoma kwake ndiwokwera kuposa mitundu ya Spain, ndipo zipatso zotere ndizabwino kwambiri. Zipatso zooneka ngati zopindika ndizokulirapo. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga batala la peanut, komanso masamba amchere amchere a mowa. Mitundu yabwino kwambiri ya gululi: Dixie Runner, Wothamanga Poyambirira, Virginia Bunch 67, Bradford Runner, chimphona cha ku Aigupto, North Carolina Runner 56-15, Georgia Green, Runner Wothamanga 458, Woyimba Southeast 56-15, etc.
- Gulu la Virginia. Mumitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nandolo, zipatsozo ndizazikulu ndikusankhidwa, zimayikidwa mu chipolopolo ndikugwiritsa ntchito pokonza confectionery. Mitundu yabwino kwambiri: Shurait, Gull, Wilson, Gregory, Virginia 98R, Perry, Virginia 92R, North Carolina 7, North Carolina 9 ndi ena.
Katundu wa Peanut: Zowopsa ndi Zopindulitsa
Ubwino wa Nandolo
Zipatso za nandolo zimakhala ndi linoleic, pantothenic ndi folic acid, mafuta am'madzi, glutenins, mapuloteni osakanikirana, mafuta owonjezera, mavitamini A, E, D, PP, B1 ndi B2, iron, macrocell magnesium, phosphorous ndi potaziyamu. Nyemba zimakhala ndi antioxidants, zomwe zimadziwika kuti ndizothandiza kwambiri kupewa matenda a mtima. Ma antioxidants oterowo amapezekabe mumakangaza, vinyo wofiira, sitiroberi ndi mabulosi akuda. M'mapuloteni a chomerachi, kuchuluka kwa ma amino acid kumawonedwa, chifukwa cha izi amadziwika bwino ndi thupi la munthu.
Mafuta, omwe ali m'gulu la zipatso, amakhala ndi choleretic pang'ono, motero amalimbikitsidwa chifukwa cha zilonda zam'mimbazi. Folic acid imathandizira kukonzanso maselo mthupi la munthu. Ndipo ma antioxidants, omwe ali ambiri mumankhwala, amathandizira kuteteza maselo ku ma radicals aulere, komanso njira yabwino kwambiri yopewa matenda a mtima, atherosclerosis, mtima ischemia, kukalamba msanga komanso mapangidwe a maselo a khansa.
Zipatso za mbewu zoterezi zimakhudza kwambiri munthu yemwe ali ndi chisangalalo chochuluka, zimathandizira kubwezeretsa mphamvu msanga, kuthandiza kusintha kukumbukira, kuwonjezera mphamvu, kuwonjezera chilakolako chogonana ndikuchotsa kusowa tulo. Popeza mtedza umakhala ndi mapuloteni ambiri, umathandizira kumverera kwa kukhuta, pankhaniyi, akatswiri azakudya nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito ngati maziko a zakudya zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu azichepetsa thupi. Ndipo zimadziwikanso kuti mu zipatso zotere mulibe cholesterol.
Contraindication
Ngati pali nandolo mwamphamvu kwambiri, ndiye kuti itha kuvulaza ngakhale munthu wathanzi. Pankhani imeneyi, pakugwiritsa ntchito ndikofunikira kudziwa muyeso, makamaka kwa anthu omwe ali ndi kunenepa kwambiri. Ngati munthu amakonda kuchita ziwengo, ndiye kuti mtedza ungam'vulaze, makamaka ngati zipatsozo zimadyedwa pamodzi ndi khungu, lomwe limakhala ndi ziwindi zolimba. Sizingathe kudyedwa ndi arthrosis ndi nyamakazi. Muyenera kukumbukiranso kuti kudya zipatso za rancid kapena zachikombole kungayambitse poyizoni.
