Kulima bwino mbande zathanzi kumafunikira magwiridwe antchito oyenera. Ngati ntchitoyi idachitika moyenera, malinga ndi zofunikira zaukadaulo wofesa ndi kusamalira, ndiye kuti kubzala mbande ndi njira yosavuta ndipo zinthu zobzala zibzalidwe m'malo athanzi. Koma zimachitikanso kuti mphukira zathanzi, zochezeka zimayamba kufota ndipo patatha masiku 1-3 mbande zimafa.
Mbewu zotentha za tsabola.
Zomwe zitha kukhala zowonongeka kwa mbewu zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuphwanya zofunika paulimi kuzikhalidwe zomwe zikukula (kukula kosakwanira, kutentha pang'ono, chinyezi chambiri, overfeeding, ndi zina zotere), ndipo chifukwa chake, kuwonongeka kwa mbande zofooka ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matenda m'nthaka m'nthawi ya matenda oyamba ndi mabakiteriya ndi mwendo wakuda, zowola ndi ena. Nkhaniyi yajambulidwa momwe mungapewere matenda omwe amabwera chifukwa cholakwika, momwe mungagonjetse mwendo wakuda ndi matenda ena.
Malamulo osavuta okula mbande zathanzi
Njira za Agrotechnical ndizopewera kwambiri, koma ngati njira zosavuta izi sizitsatiridwa, ndiye kuti zingakhale zovuta kulima mbande zathanzi.
1. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda osakaniza mbande
Kuwonongeka kwa dothi ndi zosakaniza mukamakula mbande mumbale, mapoto, makaseti ndi ziwiya zina ziyenera kuchitidwa monga muyeso wofunika wa agrotechnical.
Tikukulangizani kuti muwerenge zinthu zathu: Momwe mungakonzekeretsere dothi kuti lifesere mbande?
Ngati simunathe kuyeretsa dothi musanalowe, mutha kuthira mankhwala osagwiritsa ntchito njira imodzi kapena yanu yoyambayo.
- Nthaka yokonzedwa imakhetsedwa ndi madzi otentha, momwe potaziyamu permanganate imasungunuka (yankho la 1-2%). Pakupita masiku awiri, nthaka yosungunuka imasakanizidwa, youma. Pambuyo masiku atatu, bwerezani njirayi ndi njira yotsekemera. Sungunulani 100 g wa koloko yophika ndi 10 l madzi. Mukamachita phwando lililonse, dothi limaphwa ndipo limasakanizika.
- Masabata awiri musanafesere mbewu, dothi losakanizidwa limathandizidwa ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zachilengedwe: planriz, phytosporin, Ekomik zokolola, Baikal EM-1 malinga ndi malingaliro.
- Musanabzale, mutha kuthira dothi ndi Bordeaux madzi (1% yankho) kapena mkuwa sulfate (0.5% yankho). Ndondomeko ya mayankho iyenera kukhala yotsika kuti isatenthe mizu yaying'ono pa mbande.
Pambuyo pogaya mankhwala ophera tizilombo, dothi losakanizika limaphwanyidwa, mitsuko yodzazidwa, kuthiriridwa ndi madzi ofunda omwe adatenthedwa mpaka 24 ° C ndikubzala munthaka.
Zindikirika. Mbande zomwe zimakhazikitsidwa mumiphika wa peat ndi makhaseti apulasitiki sikuti sizikhala ndi mwendo wakuda.
2. Kusasamala malo osaloledwa
Malo acidic ndi abwino pakupanga matenda a fungus a dothi. Chifukwa chake, musanafesere mbewu za mbande, ndikofunikira kuyang'ana dothi ngati acidity (pepala la litmus). Zabwino kwambiri zimawonedwa kuti ndi pH = 6.0-6.5. Kuti achepetse nthaka pogwiritsa ntchito laimu, ufa wa dolomite, phulusa la nkhuni. Malo opanda mbali ndiofunika kwambiri kwa mbande. Ndi acidity yochulukirapo, michere ina imakhala yovuta kuimera. Olima ena amalima dothi pansi pa mbande ndi phulusa louma ndi kuphatikiza ndi mchenga, kukhalabe osalowerera nthaka komanso nthawi yomweyo kuyipukuta ndi chinyezi chambiri.
3. Kutsata ndi kuchulukana kwa mbande zoyimirira ndi mbande
Mu wowonjezera kutentha pamadera akulu, kufesa kuyenera kuchitika ndi zofunikira, kuti musamadye kwambiri kuchuluka kwa mbewu. Tizilombo tambiri tating'onoting'ono titha kuonongedwa ndikumatula zofooka zochepa: musatulutse ndi kutsina mbande yolimba panthaka.
Mbande zonyentchera zimapanga chake chonyowa komanso zimapangitsa kukula kwa matenda a mycelium. Kuchepetsa mbande kumasiya mtunda pakati pa mbande za 1.5-2 cm, zomwe zimapereka mpweya wabwino ndikuwunika kokwanira kwa mmera uliwonse. Mukabzala mbande mumbale zosiyanasiyana, ndibwino kubzala mbeu ziwiri zilizonse, ndipo mutamera, muchotse chomera chofooka (komanso ndikanina).
4. Kugwirizana ndi kutentha kwa mpweya ndi nthaka
Monga lamulo, mbewu zobzalidwa chifukwa cha mbande ndizokonda kutentha. Chifukwa chake, kuyang'anira mosamalitsa kwa mpweya wofunikira ndi kutentha kwa nthaka kumafunikira. Kumera kwa nyemba kumayambira pa kutentha kwa mlengalenga + 16 ... + 18 ° С, koma mbande zimawoneka mwachangu kwambiri pamene mpweya umayamba kutentha + 25 ... + 30 ° С, kutengera mbewu. Atangotulutsa misa, kutentha kwa mpweya kuyenera kuchepetsedwa kukhala + 16 ... + 18 ° C kuti mphukira zisatambasuke. Mwanjira imeneyi, mbande zimapanga mizu mwachangu. M'tsogolomu, boma lolondola la mbande za masamba ambiri azamasamba limasiyanasiyana masana + 20 ... + 25 ° С, komanso usiku + 16 ... + 18 ° С.
Tikukulangizani kuti mutchere khutu pazinthu zathu: Kubzala mbande.
Zosafunika kwenikweni kwa mbande ndi kutentha kwa dothi. Kuzizira kwambiri komanso kutentha kwambiri, kumayambitsa kupsinjika kwa mbewu zazing'ono. Makulitsidwewo ndi + 18 ... + 22ºС. Ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti nthaka isamatenthedwe. Kutsitsa kutentha pansipa + 16ºº kumapangitsa kuti magazi azitha kuchepa komanso madzi azomera, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mbande zotentha kumachepera.
Mbande ya phwetekere5. Kutsatira ndi ulimi wothirira komanso chinyezi
Dothi pansi pa mbande liyenera kukhala lonyowa. Thirani mbande ndi madzi kutentha mpaka + 20 ° C m'mawa, osati kangapo kawiri pa sabata, koma ndibwino mutayanika nthaka. Tikakulila kunyumba, mbande zimamwetsedwa m'mphepete mwa tank, mu wowonjezera kutentha - m'malire.
M'masiku oyambira 6 mpaka 10, kuthirira mbande kumachitika kuti madzi asagwere mbewuzo. Kutsirira pafupipafupi komanso kuchulukitsa kumapangitsa kuti nthaka ikhale yovuta, ntchito ya mizu. Kuphatikiza apo, chinyezi chowonjezereka cha dothi ndi mpweya zimathandizira kukulitsa mwachangu matenda a fungus, ndipo mbande zazing'ono zimatha kufa. Chifukwa chake, mutathirira, dothi lonyowa kwambiri liyenera kumayanitsidwa ndi mchenga wouma (izi ndizabwino), kapena pitani kuthilira kudzera m'matumba.
Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito tizigawo ting'onoting'ono ta peat kapena ma humus owuma kuti mulch nthaka yothiriridwa. Chinyezi chokwanira cha mpweya ziyenera kusungidwa pamlingo wa 70-75%. Kuti muchepetse chinyezi, chipindacho chimathandizira mpweya, koma osakonzekera.
6. Popanda kuyambiranso, musatenge mbande zapamwamba
Ngati nyumba zilola, ndipo mbande zochepa zimafunikira, ndiye kuti zotengera zimawonekera pazenera zimawunikidwa bwino masana. Koma nthawi zina, mosasamala kuchuluka kwa mbande zomwe zakula, ndikofunikira kuti muwonjezere, makamaka pofesa mbewu mu Januware-February.
Kwa mbande, maola otsimikizika masana ndiosachepera maola 12-14 patsiku, koma kumayambiriro kwa kasupe ndi nthawi yozizira, mpaka 50% yazofunikira zowunikira zimaperekedwa kwa mbewu. Pakuwala kotsika, mbewuzo zimakhala chlorotic, zotambalala ndikugwera molunjika kuzowala. Chifukwa chake, zosintha zimayikidwa muzipinda zanyumba ndi nyumba zosungiramo mitengo kuti zipatse mbande muyezo woyenera ndi kulimba kwowunikira, koma osati ndi magetsi amoto, koma apadera omwe ali ndi kuzizira kowala.
Mbeu za dosing nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuyambira 7 koloko mpaka 20 p.m. Omwe alimi ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito phytolamp kapena kuwala kwa masana. Pakadali pano, wamaluwa ambiri obiriwira akusinthira ku magetsi a LED. Amatulutsa mawonekedwe ofiira ndi owoneka ngati buluu, omwe amasintha kukula kwa mbande, zomwe sizimawalitsa kutentha ndipo zimapatsa mphamvu pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu.
7. Musadyetse mbande zambiri
Mukamagula dothi lopakidwa kale kuti mbande zikulire panyumba, simuyenera kuwonjezera mafeteleza ena, makamaka a nayitrogeni. Ngati dothi lakonzedwa mosakonzekera, ndiye kuti mbewu ziyenera kudyetsedwa. Ngakhale ndi dothi losakanizika bwino, mutha kuchita popanda kuthira feteleza, makamaka mbewu zomwe mbande zake zimakhala ndi nthawi yayifupi (masiku 27-35).
Zomera zomwe zimamera nthawi zonse pamakhala masamba obiriwira, tsinde lolimba silifuna chakudya chowonjezera. Zakudya zowonjezera za nayitrogeni ndizopweteka kwambiri kwa mbande. Zimayambitsa kutalika kwa mbewu ndi malo okhala. Zimayambira kukhala zowonda, zopepuka, komanso zowala patali, masamba ake amakhala amtundu wowawa kwambiri. Kuchepetsa kwambiri mbewu kumathandiza kuti mbewu zisachedwe kufalikira. Popewa kumwa mopitirira muyeso, mbande musanadumphidwe sizikusowa kudyetsedwa.
Patadutsa masiku 7-15 kutola, kudya kwa foraar ndi kemira, nitroammophos, kulowetsedwa kwa phulusa kumachitika ndi kuwonjezera kwa zoyambitsa kukula - epin, zircon ndi ena. Ngati mbande zadzala ndi nayitrogeni, ndikotheka kuthirira madzi ambiri ndikuthothira madziwo pang'onopang'ono, ndikulowetsa nthaka ndi mchenga wouma wokhala ndi masentimita awiri. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono timayamba kuwola ndipo timagwiritsa ntchito nayitrogeni m'nthaka pazinthu izi. Kusintha zakudya zopatsa thanzi panthawiyi, mbewu zimatha kuwaza ndi ferovit (chelate iron).
Mwendo wakuda pa mbande za fodya.
Njira Zoyesera Matenda Akulimitsa
Njira za agrochemical ndiye njira yachangu kwambiri komanso yodalirika yotetezera mbande kuti zisawonongedwe ndi matenda. Mwa matenda, matenda oopsa kwambiri ndi zotupa okhala ndi matenda oyamba ndi bakiteriya. Mwendo wakuda ndi woopsa kwambiri pambewu. Kukula kwa matendawa ndiwokwera kwambiri - kwa epiphytotic. Pakupita masiku atatu, mizu ya mbewu imakhudzidwa ndi mycelium ndipo mbande zimafa. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kutsatira zonse za agrotechnical zofunika pakukula mbande.
Kodi chimathandiza bwanji kuti miyendo yakuda ikhale mbande?
Ngakhale akukonzekera kubzala mbande, zina mwa zoumbidwa ndi dothi, kapena sclerotia, zikadalipobe ndipo zikupuma. Amadziunjikira m'nthaka, pamtundu wa zinyalala, pa mbewu, pamiyala yamatabwa yamipanda yobiriwira. Matenda ophatikizidwa pamikhalidwe yoyenera amayamba kuchulukana kwambiri. Mycelium imamera m'nthaka. Pa mizu, kufalikira kwa mbewu kumayamba, komwe kumadziwonetsera kokhako ngati mukufuna kubzala ndi kufikitsa mbande. Choyimira payekhapayekha cha matenda odwala chimagwirizirana m'munda wopitilira kwakanthawi kochepa. Ngati njira zachangu sizitengedwa, mbande imatha kufa kwathunthu. Kuti muteteze bwino mbewu, ndikofunikira kugwira ntchito ya agrotechnical ndi agrochemical mofananirana.
Zida zapadera zakugonjetsedwa kwa mwendo wakuda
Ngati zofunikira zonse zaukadaulo wa zaulimi zakwaniritsidwa, koma mbande zikamagawanika, zimakula mwachangu, ndiye kuti mbande kapena mbande zazing'ono zikudwala. Pakadwala matenda ali ndi mwendo wakuda, phesi lomwe limakhala pansi limadetsedwa, dera lakuda limayang'ana bwino. Matendawa amayambitsidwa ndi mitundu ingapo ya bowa wa nthaka: ina imakhudza mbande za masiku oyambira kukula ndi kukula. Zomera zing'onozing'ono zomwe zadwala panthawiyi zimadetsedwa, mucous, ndi kuvunda pamalo omwe mycelium imakula mkati mwazomera (mizu, khosi mizu, gawo lotsikira la mmera). Magulu ena a mafangayi amakhudza mbande yachikulire yokonzekera kubzala. Matenda ake amadziwoneka ngati mawonekedwe a kuwonda ndi kuchita khungu (mpaka lakuda) la khosi lamizu, kuyanika kwa gawo la matenda. Chomera sichimafa, koma chofesedwa m'nthaka chimadwala kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo sichikhala ndi zinthu zopanda thanzi (mutu wa kabichi mbewu zimakhudzidwa kwambiri).
Zoyenera kuchita ngati mbande zakumana ndi phesi yakuda?
Masiku oyambira mbande nthawi zambiri samamwe madzi, kuti asakwiyitse malo ogona. Ngati sizotheka kuthana ndi chitukuko cha matendawa, mbewu zodwala zimachotsedwa ndikuwotchedwa. Gawo la dothi, pomwe panali matenda omwe anali ndi matenda, limachotsedwa, ndipo malowo amathandizidwa ndi kulowetsedwa kwa phulusa. Nthawi zambiri, njira zoterezi zimakonzedwa pasadakhale kuti musawononge nthawi yamtengo wapatali. Sungunulani makapu awiri a phulusa la nkhuni mu malita awiri a madzi otentha. Kuumirira maola 6-7. Sefa ndi kuwaza mu malita 9-25 amadzi ofunda. Njira iyi yothira mbewu ndi dothi, pafupifupi 1 l / sq. m lalikulu. Panyumba, musanapopera, muyenera kupanga ma tray ndi mbande pamalo amodzi.
Pakadutsa masiku 5 mpaka 100 mbande, mbande zimagwidwa ndi kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi yankho la humate-EM, zomwe zimachulukitsa chitetezo chathupi komanso nthawi yomweyo zimakhudza tizirombo. Yankho limakonzedwa pamlingo wa 1 kapu pa 10 l ya madzi ofunda. Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito kukonzekera kwina kwamthupi.
Masiku ano, akatswiri afotokoza mndandanda wawukulu wokonzekera zamankhwala ndi zamankhwala othandiza kuziteteza mbande kumatenda osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo mwendo wakuda. Ndi mbande yomwe ikulira yokha, ndikotetezeka kwa thanzi la banja kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe. Amawononga bwino bowa komanso matenda am'madzi pazomera ndipo alibe vuto lililonse kwa anthu ndi ziweto.
Malinga ndi malangizowo, kukonzekera kwa biofungicidal kumalola kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa kwa dothi ndi nyengo yonse kukula kwa mbande, komwe kungateteze kwathunthu kumatenda osati ndi mwendo wakuda, komanso ndi zowola, powdery mildew, blight mochedwa, peronosporosis ndi matenda ena. Ntchito kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndikugwiritsa ntchito nthaka potsatira malangizo - alirin-B, phytosporin-M, trichodermin, dzinair-SP, phytolavin-300, bactofit, etc.
Njira yothanirana ndi mwendo wakuda ndikumamasula komanso kukweza. Kutseguka kwa kutumphuka kumakulitsa mpweya wofikira kumizu, ndikupatula njira zowola. Pakatha masiku awiri ndi atatu kuti mbande zikuluzikulu, zikumera zimasalidwa ndikuthiriridwa pogwiritsa ntchito timabowo ndi poyambira. Mbande zizikhala zouma nthawi imeneyi.
Asanatolere mbeu, pofuna kupewa, dothi losakanizika limathandizidwa ndi salfa ya colloidal pamlingo wa 5 g pa mita imodzi. Mutha kuwonjezera kristalo kapena kemiru mu mulingo wochepetsetsa kwambiri pakusakaniza ndi dothi ndikusakaniza bwino. Mawonekedwe opezeka ndi kupezeka kwa zinthu zina mu feteleza zingathandize mbewu mutasambira mwachangu kuti zizolowera zinthu zatsopano. Omwe alimi, asanalande mbande, kuti ateteze ku mwendo wakuda, onjezani mankhwala Barriers, Barriers, Fitosporin ku dothi losakaniza ndikusakaniza bwino. Zomera pambuyo pokulima kotere mulibe mwendo wakuda.
Kukonzekera kotchinga ndi chotchinga, monga muli mkuwa, sikuletsa osati fungal zokha, komanso matenda opatsirana ndi ma virus. Chifukwa chake, akulimbikitsidwa kuti abweretsedwe kuti ateteze mbande zachikulire ku mwendo wakuda musanabzalire m'malo okhazikika. Asanafike, zomwe tafotokozazi tafotokozazi Barriers, Barrier kapena njira yankho la phytosporin, trichodermin, Planriz imalowetsedwa mu zitsime. Ngati palibe kukonzekera, ndiye kuti musanaza mbande, chitsime chilichonse chimathiridwa tsiku limodzi kusanachitike ndikuwonjezeka ndi 1% ya potaziyamu permanganate.
Chifukwa chake, pakuwona zofunikira zonse zaukadaulo waulimi pakukula mbande, mutha kupeza zofunikira kubzala.
Yang'anani! M'm ndemanga patsamba lino, tikufunsani kuti mugawane zinsinsi zanu ndi njira zotsimikiziridwa zokulira mbande zathanzi.
