Kuphatikiza pa tizirombo, mbewu za zipatso nthawi zambiri zimakhudzidwa ndi matenda osiyanasiyana. Chimodzi mwa matenda amenewa ndi powdery mildew. Kunja - zikuwoneka ngati zopanda vuto, koma,,, kachilombo koyambitsa matenda koyipa. Powdery mildew mwina ndi matenda ofala kwambiri a fungal omwe amapezeka mu zikhalidwe zonse: maluwa, masamba, mabulosi, ngakhale zipatso. Matenda a Powdery mildew (Erysiphales) amayamba. Nthawi zambiri, matenda oyamba ndi fungus amakhudza mbewu za zipatso zambiri masamba, koma amapezekanso pamtambo, maluwa, ngakhale zipatso. Za iye m'nkhaniyi ndipo tidzakambirana.
Powdery mildew pa jamu.
Powdery mildew - ndi chiyani?
Kumayambiriro kwa chitukuko, bowa wa marsupial umayamba kupanga mycelium, umalumikizidwa ndi appressoria ku tsamba (mphukira, zipatso, ndi zina) ndikuyambitsa haustoria m'misempha yake. M'tsogolomu, momwe zimakhalira, ufa wa nyemba pama masamba ophukira (mphukira ndi zina) zam'munda wa zipatso umayamba kupanga zochulukirapo zowonjezereka ndipo mitundu imadzakhala cleistotia ndi zikwama ndi mashegi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti ngakhale pambuyo poti tsamba la tsamba litafa (chipatso), ufa waufa sufa, umasungidwa bwino m'nthaka, m'malo zinyalala kapena pansi pa khungwa lakale. Ndi kutentha, fangayi imakhala ndi moyo, mothandizidwa ndi conidia, imafalikira mwachangu pamitengo yonse, ndikuyipatsira. Nthawi zambiri kuyambira pomwe matenda a powdery mildew amawonekera pamtunda wa masamba opaka zoyera omwe ali ndi conidia, masiku anayi kapena khumi amadutsa.
Kuchuluka kwa matendawa kumatengera nyengo, chinyezi komanso mpweya, nyengo ya mbewu komanso momwe zilili. Mavuto musanakhazikike kwathunthu nthawi zambiri mumatha theka kapena awiri kapena atatu, kawirikawiri - motalikirapo. Zadziwika kuti nyengo yotentha yokhala ndi chinyezi chambiri m'nthaka komanso mpweya wampweya wolimba umaphukira kwambiri ndipo mbewu zamitunda sizimagwirizana nazo nyengo zotere.
Powdery Mildew Amayambitsa
Powdery mildew ndimatenda omwe amafalitsidwa mosavuta ndi mpweya. M'malo mwake, imakhalapo mlengalenga pamlingo wina kapena wina pafupipafupi, komabe, kuti matenda agwere tsamba (zipatso, kuwombera, ndi zina) kukhazikitsa pa izi, ndikofunikira kuti zinthu zingapo zibwere pamodzi.
Chifukwa, mwachitsanzo, kukula kwa ufa wa phukusi kumayamba kwambiri kutalika kwapa kutentha kwa +16 mpaka +27 madigiri, ngati chinyezi chiri mndandanda wa 65-85%.
Powdery mildew imawoneka pazipatso ndi:
- kusinthasintha pafupipafupi komanso kolimba kutentha;
- kudulira kwamphamvu kukalamba kwa zipatso, zomwe zimachepetsa chitetezo chawo;
- Mlingo wambiri wa nayitrogeni, ochulukitsa kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni m'nthaka;
- makulidwe obiriwira azipatso zomwe sizilola kufalikira kwa mafunde auzimu komanso kupewa kutulutsa kwamphamvu kwa masamba kuchokera pansi masamba ndi nthaka;
- kuphwanya kwa ulimi wothirira, nthaka ikanyowetsedwa kwambiri kapena, m'malo mwake, imathiriridwa madzi kambiri.
Powdery mildew pazipatso za mtengo wa apulo.
Zizindikiro za Powdery Mildew
Nthawi zambiri ufa wa Powy umawonekera pazomera zamalimwe kumapeto kwa chilimwe komanso kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yachilimwe, ndiye kuti, m'chigawo choyamba cha nyengo yotentha. Masamba oyambitsidwa ndi masamba oyambira (mphukira) pazipatso za zipatso atha kupezeka kale pagawo lokhala ndi kuphukika. Powdery mildew, monga tanena kale, imadziwonetsera nthawi zambiri m'minda yazipatso pamasamba a masamba, koma imatha kupezeka nthawi zambiri.
Pakadutsa zaka zingapo, kufalikira kwa matenda a mafangasi kumakhala kwamphamvu kwambiri, kupukusira kwa ufa kumatha kupezeka pa inflorescence, ndipo mutayang'anitsitsa, mutha kuwona mawonekedwe owala kwambiri, oyera komanso amtambo, omwe amachititsa kuti mapangidwe amisala apangidwe.
Utoto woyera umayambiranso kumapangira mphukira, ndipo patapita nthawi, pomwe zotumphukira zowuma za poda zimapsa, zimasanduka zofiirira, zakuda pomwe bowa clematotia amapezeka, yemwe amawoneka ngati madontho akuda.
Chikwangwani chokhala ndi imvi choyera chimawonekeranso masamba ndi petioles, koma m'kupita kwa nthawi sichichita khungu, ndipo nthawi zambiri chimasanduka chofiira. Kukula kwa ufa wa powdery pa masamba masamba kumabweretsa kulepheretsa kukula kwawo, kupindika, nthawi zambiri pamtsempha wamkati, kuyanika ndi kuwola kale kwambiri kuposa momwe amayembekezera.
Kumayambiriro kwa mapangidwe a zipatso, ufa wa powdery ukhoza kuwonekera pa iwo, mumatha kuwonanso zokutira zoyera, zomwe, komabe, zimazimiririka mwachangu, ndikusiyira kumbuyo kwa thumba lonyezimira lomwe limafanana ndi nsalu kwambiri ngati matalala kapena makina ena opangira zipatso.
Ndizosangalatsa kuti kumayambiriro kwa kakulidwe kake, ufa wa powdery kuchokera ku ziwalo zilizonse za chomera amatha kuchotsedwa popanda kufufuza ndi zisanza kapena njira zina, koma patatha masiku ochepa mawanga awonekeranso m'malo omwewo ndipo ali kale ndi zazikulu zazikulu. Ngati simukuchita chilichonse, ndiye kuti mycelium imakhala yowuma pakapita nthawi ndipo imayamba kukhala ndi bulauni. Zipatso za zipatso zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi ufa wa ufa, pamlingo waukulu, zimaleka kukula, kapena njirazi zimachepetsedwa, masamba amasimba ndikugwa msanga, akumveka maluwa ndi masamba.
Powdery mildew inafalikira
Powdery kali kufalikira ku Russia, kumayiko oyandikira, komanso kumayiko a Baltic. Kukula kwa Mealy kumagwira ntchito kwambiri ku Alma-Ata, Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Transcaucasia, komanso ku Armenia ndi Moldova. Pamenepo, digiri yakugonjetsedwa kwa zipatso zam'madziyi mwatsoka ili 90%. Ku Krasnodar Territory, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan ndi Transcarpathia, kuchuluka kwa kugonjetsedwa kwa zipatso zamtundu wa ufa sikuvuta kupitilira 60%; M'mayiko a Baltic, dera la Volga ndi Black Earth zone, kuchuluka kwa zowonongeka ndi Powoyole kumafikira 40%.
Powdery mildew pa mphesa.
Powdery Mildew
Ndi kukula kofooka kwa powdery mildew, kuvulazidwa kwa izo sikungawoneke konse, ndikutukuka mwamphamvu, kuvulaza kungakhale kofunikira kwambiri ndikuwoneka. Monga tanena kale, ufa wa powdery umakhudza mbewu yonse. Mtengo womwe umakhudzidwa ndi ufa wa powdery umafooka, chitetezo chake chimachepa, kufooka ndikukula ndikuwoneka, kapena kukula kwathunthu. Masamba omwe amakhudzidwa amagwa kwambiri isanachitike; maluwa omwe akhudzidwa ndi mazira nawonso amagwa.
Ngati mphukira imakhudzidwa ndi powdery mildew koyamba magawo awo a chitukuko, ndiye kuti nsonga zake zimayamba kuuma kapena kupunduka. Kutengera kuchuluka kwa chitukuko, zokolola zimatha kutsika kuchoka pa 10-15% mpaka 60%.
Kuphatikiza pa zizindikiro zosawoneka bwino, powdery mildew imathandizanso kuzomera. Chifukwa chake, mu mbewu zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi Powawa, nyengo yozizira imachepetsedwa kwambiri, ndipo malangizo a achinyamata mphukira ndi maluwa nthawi zambiri amaundana.
Powdery mildew imakhala yowopsa kwambiri ku nazale, pomwe mbande zimamera pafupi kwambiri ndipo matendawa amafalikira kwambiri muzomera zoyandikana.
Njira zodzitchinjiriza motsutsana ndi powdery mildew
Monga mukudziwa, matenda aliwonse ndiwosavuta kupewa kuposa kuchiritsa, ndiwophatikiza ndi mtundu wa Powdery. Kuti muchepetse chiopsezo cha ufa wa powdery m'minda yazipatso, ndikofunikira kutsatira njira yodzala, kuti muchepetse malo obzala, kuchititsa kuthirira pang'ono - pokhapokha ngati kuli kopanda kunyowetsa nthaka.
Kudulira kwaukhondo, kuphatikiza ndi kupindika kwa korona ndiku cholinga chopewa kukula kwake, kungathandizenso kupewa mawonekedwe a powdery mildew. Kuphatikiza apo, muyenera kukhazikika mu malo oyandikira-tsinde: chotsani zinyalala ndi chomera, masulani nthaka, chotsani namsongole. Musalole kuti namsongole azikula pafupi ndi zipatso, chifukwa muyenera kutcheka kapena kuwononga namsongoleyo.
Popewa kuwoneka ngati ufa wa powdery, ndikofunikira kuchita mankhwala opangira zipatso, akhoza kukhala fungicides, ndiye kuti, mankhwala othana ndi matenda oyamba ndi mafangasi, komanso kukonzekera kwachilengedwe komwe kuli ndi mkuwa - mkuwa wa sulfate, madzi a Bordeaux, mkuwa wa chloroxide ndi zina zotero.
Njira zodzitchinjiriza motsutsana ndi ufa wa ufa zimayenera kuchitika katatu pachaka, ziyenera kuyambitsidwa kumayambiriro kwa kasupe ndikumalizidwa kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira.
Amathandizira kukulitsa chitetezo chokwanira cha zipatso zam'munda ndikuthandizira kukana kwa thupi ku powdery mildew ndi feteleza. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kuwonjezera mchere wa potaziyamu ndi superphosphate (nthawi zambiri 15-20 g pa mtengo uliwonse) m'nthaka.
Powdery mildew pamiyala ya dogwood.
Kugwiritsa ntchito ufa wowongolera wowonda
Ngati ufa wa mphutsi akaukira mbewu za zipatso, ndiye osazengereza kulimbana nawo, uyenera kuyambika mutangowoneka wolemba wina wa powdery poko. Ndikofunikira pano kuyang'ana nthawi yakucha zipatso, ngati sipangadutse milungu itatu isanachitike, ndiye kuti mankhwala sangagwiritsidwe ntchito, zinthu zoyipa zomwe zili mu fungicides zitha kudziunjikiranso zipatso.
Nthawi zambiri zipatso zamatenda omwe amadwala zimathandizidwa ndi ufa wa powdery pamene iwoneka katatu kapena kanayi pa nyengo. Monga tafotokozera kale, kukonzekera kokhala ndi mkuwa kapena fungicides yogwira bwino kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, Topaz, ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazolinga izi. Kuchiza ndi mankhwalawa kapena fayilo ina yovomerezeka kuyenera kuyambika mutangoyamba kumene ziwalo zoyambirira za powdery zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi powdery mildew, kusinthana kamodzi tsiku lililonse la 7 mpaka 11, mpaka zizindikiro za matenda oyamba ndi fungus zithe.
Kuphatikiza pa mankhwala omwe ali m'malo, pali zambiri zotetezeka, koma chifukwa chosagwiritsa ntchito wowerengeka wowongolera ufa wa Powdery. Ndalamazi ndizothandiza kwambiri ngati mbewuzo zidakali zazing'ono, zomwe zimakupatsani kukonzekera lonse mosamala momwe mungathere. Kuphatikiza apo, wowerengeka azitsamba pakuwongolera ufa wa powdery angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngakhale panthawi yomwe kugwiritsa ntchito fungicides ndizoletsedwa pazifukwa zotetezeka.
Mwina njira yofala kwambiri yothanirana ndi powdery mildew ndi yankho la sopo ndi sopo. Kuti mupeze, muyenera kusungunula 60 g wamba sopo wa tebulo ndi 30 g wa sopo wa antibacterial mu ndowa yamadzi kutentha kwa firiji. Zitatha izi, njira yothetsera vutoli imayenera kukonzedwa katatu ndi ufa wowuma womwe udakhudza mbewu za zipatso ndi nthawi ya masiku 7-8.
Njira yabwino yothetsera kulimbana ndi powdery mildew ndi yankho la Whey. Kuti mupeze, muyenera kusungunula lita imodzi yamadzi mu chidebe cha madzi firiji, pambuyo pake kusunthira yankho lake ndikuwathandiza mbewu zomwe zakhudzidwazo nthawi yokhayokha kanayi ndi masiku atatu.
Powdery mildew pamasamba akuda masamba.
Yankho la kefir limathandizanso kuthana ndi powdery mildew. Kuti mupeze yankho, muyenera kutenga lita imodzi ya yogati kapena yogathi yovunda bwino ndikusungunuka mumtsuko, kenako chifukwa chothetsera vuto liyenera kuthandizidwa katatu konse ngati mbewu zinayi.
Zimathandizira kuthana ndi powdery mildew, makamaka pamitengo yaying'ono, ndi decoction yaminda yamahatchi. Muyenera kutenga ma 150 g a malo ogulitsa mahatchi ndi kutsanulira 1.5 malita a madzi, mulole kuti amveke kwa maola 30, kenako kuwira pamoto wochepa kwa mphindi 15. Bola limalola msuzi kuzizirira, kumukhetsa, kuufukiza kasanu ndi madzi ndipo mutha kuchitira zinthu zisanu momwe mungathandizire ndi masiku atatu. Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti decoction iyi ikhoza kusungidwa pamalo abwino osapeza kuwala kwa masiku osaposa khumi.
Ndi kugonjetsedwa pang'ono kwa mbewu za zipatso ndi powdery mildew, yankho la mpiru limathandiza bwino. Kuti mukonzekere, muyenera kutenga supuni ziwiri za ufa wa mpiru ndikusungunuka mu ndowa yamadzi kutentha kwa firiji. Kenako mutha kuthira mbewu ndi njirayi mpaka ufa wa mphutsi ukazimiririka.
Njira yothetsera wa potaziyamu permanganate imathandizanso kuwononga powdery mildew, ngati sipakhala zambiri zake pazomera. M`pofunika kutenga 6-7 g mwachizolowezi mankhwala potaziyamu permanganate ndi kuchepetsa mu ndowa. Ndi yankho ili, kuwonjezera pa mphukira ndi masamba, ndikotheka kukonza zipatso zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi powdery mildew.
Njira yothetsera phulusa imakhala yothandiza kwambiri pazomera zazing'ono zomwe zimakhala ndi matenda pang'ono a ufa. Ndi njira yabwino yovalira bwino yophatikiza ndi feteleza wa potashi ndi zinthu zina. Kukonzekera yankho, muyenera kusungunula phulusa la nkhuni pafupifupi 800 g mumtsuko wamagetsi, kenaka lisiyeni kwa masiku asanu. Pambuyo panthawiyi, onjezani 30 g yamadzi antibacterial sopo kuti muthane ndi vutoli, tsanirani njira ndikutsata mbewu zomwe zakhudzidwa.
Kulowetsanso kwina, komwe kumakhala kuvala bwino pamwambapa komanso njira yolimbanira ndi powdery mildew, ndi kulowetsedwa kwa mullein. Kuti mupeze, muyenera kudzaza 1 makilogalamu a mullein ndi malita 10 a madzi ndikulole kuti amwe kwa masiku atatu. Kenako, kulowetsedwa kuyenera kusefedwa, kuchepetsedwa ndikuthira mkati ndipo mutha kuthira mbewu zomwe zakhudzidwa nayo. Chothandiza kwambiri ndi kulowetsedwa motsutsana ndi powdery mildew musanayambe maluwa.
Powdery mildew pamasamba a honeysuckle.
Anyezi peel, kulowetsedwa kwake ndikovala kwapamwamba, komanso njira yolimbanira ndi powdery mildew. Kuti mupeze, ndikofunikira kutenga 300 g ya anyezi mankhusu ndikuwathira ndi malita 10 a madzi otentha. Zitatha izi, chotengera chizikhala chotsekedwa bwino ndi chivindikiro ndikuloleza kuti chiphulike kwa maola 48. Pambuyo pa nthawi iyi, yankho lake liyenera kusefedwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito kuthana ndi powdery mildew. Njira zoterezi zimathandiza kwambiri maluwa asanafike komanso mutamaliza maluwa komanso kugwa, masamba asanagwe.
Pafupifupi, ufa wowumitsa siwowopsa ngati munthu amene akudziwa za matendawa atayang'ana m'mundawo. Zomwe zidaperekedwa munkhaniyi ndizokwanira kuzindikira matendawa ndikuwononga, kapena, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zopewera, kuti muchepetse kuuma kwa ufa wa zipatso zake.
