Kukula nkhaka mu wowonjezera kutentha: maupangiri wamaluwa

Ziphuphu zimatha kulimidwa paliponse pobiriwira komanso m'mabedi otseguka, koma koyambirira, mbewuyo imakhala yabwino komanso yambiri. Izi ndichifukwa chakulengedwa kwa nyengo yabwino kwambiri komanso kutetezedwa kwakukulu kwa mbewu kuzinthu zakunja. Ndipo ngati mugwiritsa ntchito upangiri wa odziwa zamaluwa pakubala nkhaka, mutha kulimbikitsa chikhalidwe ichi potsatira.

Ichi ndi chomera chowjambulitsa, chosinthira, chosakanizira, chodutsa mungu. Oyambitsa mungu akuluakulu ndi tizilombo: njuchi, njuchi, koma nyerere zimatha kuphuka.

Mitundu ya Parthenocarpic imabala zipatso popanda mungu. Partenocarpic hybrids wa nkhaka, mosiyana ndi njuchi mungu wosakanizidwa ndi mitundu, amakonda kwambiri kusowa kwa kuyatsa, komwe kumakhudza kwambiri kukula, kukula ndi maluwa a nkhaka. Pokhala ndi kuwala kosakwanira, mbewuzo zimayamba kufooka, kukhala zazitali, kuchepa kwa masamba komanso kusintha kwa mitundu. Maluwa a mbewu akuchedwa, kugwa kwa thumba losunga mazira kumayamba. Mawonekedwe a Necrotic amawonekera pamasamba. Zovuta zamtunduwu zimayendera limodzi ndi matenda opatsirana (alternariosis ndi virosis). Mukakulitsa ma perthenocarpics mu greenj m'nyumba zamafilimu, ndikofunikira kulabadira kuthekera kwa kanemayo kuti athe kufalitsa kuwala, mtundu wa mawonekedwe ake, kuchuluka kwa zigawo za filimu, ndi kuipitsa. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti kuwonongeka kwa madenga kumachepetsa kuwunikira mpaka 50%.

Mulingo woyenera kukula nkhaka mu wowonjezera kutentha

Chimodzi mwazomwe zimatsimikizira kuti ntchito yolima nkhaka ndiyabwino: kuwunikira kwa mbewu ndi kutentha ndizofunikira kuti kuwonjezera zipatso zamtundu; izi ziyenera kuyendetsedwa. Kwambiri kuwunikira, kutentha kwambiri kumatha kusungidwa mu wowonjezera kutentha mwa kuwongolera bwino kuchuluka kwa kutentha kwa usana ndi usiku.

Mbewu za nkhaka zimayamba kumera pa 12-13 ° C, komabe kutentha kokulirapo ndi 25 ° C, pomwe mbande zimawonekera patatha masiku 4-6 mutabzala. Kutentha kotsika ndi 15 ° C, kukula kwa mbewu kumachedwetsedwa, pa 8-10 ° C mbewuzo sizimalephera, kutentha kumatentha mpaka 3-4 ° C, patatha masiku atatu mbewu zikafa. Mphukira mbande ndizovuta kwambiri mu gawo la cotyledon; mu gawo la masamba enieni a 1-2, kukana kuzizira kumakulitsidwa kwambiri.

Mu parthenocarpic hybrids wa nkhaka wokhala ndi maluwa amtundu wamaluwa ndi maluwa (Olimba mtima ndi ena ambiri), kutentha kwatsiku kumachepetsa kukula. Kusiyana pakati pa kutentha kwa usiku ndi usana mu wowonjezera kutentha kwa filimu sikuyenera kupitirira 10 ° C.

Panthawi yokukula mbande zamatango, nyengo zotsatirazi zimawonedwa: mpaka mbande zitawonekera, kutentha kwa mpweya ndi gawo lapansi zimasungidwa pa 26-28 ° С. Pambuyo kumera mu nyengo yamdima ya 23-24 ° C, nyengo yamvula - 20-22, usiku - 18-19 ° C. Kutentha kwamadzi kuthirira ndi 22-23 ° C.

Mutabzala mbande zamatcheni sabata yoyamba kukula, nyengo zomwe zili munyengo yobiriwira ziyenera kukhala zabwino kwambiri: kutentha kumakhala pa mlingo wa 22-24 ° С. Kuyambira sabata yachiwiri mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zipatso - 20-22 ° C. Kutentha kwabwino kwa maluwa ndi umuna wa maluwa kumayesedwa kuti ndi 18-21 ° C. Pamatenthedwe oposa 25 ° C, masamba obiriwira amakula msanga, ndipo mutakolola, kupuma pang'ono kumachitika. Mitengo yanyengo yausiku pamunsi pa 18 ° C imatha kutenthedwa ndi nthaka osachepera 21 ° C. Kwa mbewu zazing'ono za nkhaka kumayambiriro kwa ulimi, kutentha kwa gawo lapansi kumasungidwa pa 18-20 ° C.

Nkhaka ambiri amamwa madzi munthawi ya kukula kwambiri kwa masamba ndi mapangidwe ambiri. Mulingo woyenera wa chinyezi komanso chinyezi chokwanira bwino pakukula komanso zipatso za nkhaka ziyenera kukhalabe mumitundu 70-80%.

Dongosolo la mizu limayankha moyenera pakusinthana kwa mafuta. Gawo lotayirira, lololeka bwino kwa mpweya, madzi ndi kutentha, limalimbikitsa kukula ndi kukula kwa mbewu, kuwonjezera zipatso.

China chomwe chimalima nkhaka ndi kuchuluka kwa kaboni dayokisa m'gulimu, komwe ndi gwero la zakudya za kaboni pamtengowo. Mpweya wa kaboni dayokosi uli ndi 0.3%, ndikuwonjezeka nthawi 5-10 m'malo otetezedwa, zokolola zimachulukanso.

Chifukwa chake, kuti tikuze nkhaka munjira yomwe ukadaulo waluso umanenera, yang'anani izi pazinthu zomwe zikukhudza zokolola: kuwunikira bwino, kusunga bwino mpweya wam'mizere ndi nthaka, kuthekera kokula bwino ndikukhazikitsa mapangidwe zipatso, kuonetsetsa kuti zokolola zambiri ndizabwino kwambiri .

Zimachitika kuti omwewa omwe amakhala m'malo osiyana siyana amakhala mosiyanasiyana. Nthawi zambiri, imakhala ndi mabatani mbali zonse, kapena imakula ndi masamba akuluakulu. Izi zimatengera kwambiri kutentha kwa dothi, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti kutentha kolondola panthawi yakula kuli mgawo la 22-24 ° C. Ngati pamakhala kusinthasintha kwa kutentha, ndiye kuti pali zovuta. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwa michere kumadalira kapangidwe ka dothi. Ngati, komabe, kutentha kwa dothi ndi kotsika, ndiye ndikofunikira kuchita kutentha kwina-pamtunda, kapena kuyatsidwa Kutenthetsa mbali.

Asanathenso zipatso, kutentha kwampweya m'nyengo yobiriwira ndi 18 usiku ndi 21 ° C masana nyengo yamvula. Pakupanga zipatso, kutentha kwausiku kuyenera kukwezedwa mpaka 19-20 ° C, ndipo kutentha kwa masana kumakhalabe chimodzimodzi. Koma ngakhale munthawi yotentha masana, kutentha kwambiri m'malo obiriwira kuyenera kuyendetsedwa, popeza kutentha kumatha kufika 25 ° C ndi kupitilira. Izi zimayang'aniridwa ndi kutsegulidwa kwa ma transoms, koma osalemba, nkhaka sakonda izi.

Monga momwe mchitidwe umasonyezera, kuti mukulitse nkhaka mu wowonjezera kutentha osataya mbewu, muyenera kuyang'anira kutentha kwa usiku, kuyang'ana mbewuzo. Ngati mwadzaza ndi michere yambiri, ndiye kuti kutentha kuyenera kukwezedwa. Kumbukirani kuti kuwongolera kutentha kwa usiku ndikofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa nkhaka imakula usiku. Ngati chomera chikuwoneka kuti chatopa komanso chatsalira pakukula ndi kukula, ndiye kuti muyenera kutsitsa kutentha kuti muzimeretsa zipatso, kupanganso mbewu, ndikuzilola kuti zikule. Koma nthawi yomweyo, samalani kwambiri ndi mapangidwe ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ma banges osakhazikika samayamba. Kuti muchite izi, pa mitengo yonse yanthete zoterezi, uzitsine pepala limodzi ndi 1 thumba losunga mazira. Ndipo m'dzinja-yophukira kutuluka kwa kuluka, ndikofunikira kuchotsa kwathunthu, ndikukhomerera kutalika konse kwa tsinde loyamba la kulumikizidwa koyambirira pa pepala limodzi ndi mtolo umodzi wa mazira.

Kukhazikitsa mbewu zokulitsa nkhaka

Makampani ena (mwachitsanzo, "Gavrish") amathandizira kutentha kwa mbeu kuti iphe matenda oyambitsidwa ndi kachilombo, kotero kusankha kwawo m'madzi kapena njira ya sodium chloride sikulimbikitsidwa. Asanafesere mbewu zomwe sizinapatsidwe, mbewu zimathandizidwa kuthana ndi fungal ndi bacteria bacteria, monga fusarium, verticillosis, ascochitosis ndi matenda ena. Kukonzekera kochulukitsa kopitilira muyeso ndi Extrasol, komwe sikumangotulutsa kachilombo kokha, koma kumalemeretsa mbeu ndi microtiota yothandiza ndikuteteza mbande zachichepere ku zowola kwa nthawi yayitali.

Kukula mbande za nkhaka kumayenera kuchitika m'miphika, kumera kwa mbeu ndikabwino, palibe amene ali ndi vuto ndi izi. Zikuwonekeratu kuti mbande zamtundu wapamwamba ndizofunikira kwambiri pakukolola bwino.

Nthawi yofesa mbewu za nkhaka kuti zikule mbande mu malo osungiramo mafilimu ndi masiku 1-2 a Marichi, kubzala mbande pazaka 20-25 - kuyambira pa Marichi 25 mpaka Epulo 1 - 10, kutengera dera lomwe mukukhala. Mbande zimamera ndi luso la masango kapena mumiphika wokhala ndi mulingo wa 0,5-0.7 l wokhala ndi mauna pansi ndi mawonekedwe abwino, ziyenera kukhala ndi chithokomiro chachikulu komanso chinyezi. Kuphatikiza apo, gawo lapansi limayenera kukonzedwa ndi michere ndi pH ya 5.6-6.3. Zosakaniza zanthete kapena mbande zamaluwa zokulitsa mbande za nkhaka pambewu pano zikugulitsidwa; ndizabwino kwa mbewu.

Mukafesa, ikani piritsi ya Gliocladin mumphika uliwonse. Kubzala kumachitika bwino kwambiri ndi mbeu zouma. Iyenera kuyikidwa zidutswa 1-2 m'maselo a makaseti kapena miphika ndikuwazidwa mmera pamwamba, yotsanuliridwa bwino ndikuphimbidwa pamwamba ndi filimu ya mtundu wa Agrospan yokhala ndi makulidwe osaposa 30 ma microns. Pambuyo pa kutuluka, zophimba zimachotsedwa. Pofuna kuti musatambasule mbande, mbande zimawunikiranso ndipo kutentha kumawongoleredwa.

Kubzala mbewu za nkhaka kuti zikule mu wowonjezera kutentha zimachitika pamlingo wa mbeu 2-2,5 pa 1 m2. Kutalika kwa tsiku kumakupatsani mwayi wokolola wabwino. Ma hybrids amakula bwino ngakhale ndikutalikirana pang'ono pang'ono pang'ono kutentha kwa nyengo yozizira, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti nyengo zomwe zikula mchilimwe ndizowakwanira.

Mawonekedwe a mapangidwe nkhaka akamakula mu wowonjezera kutentha

Mutabzala, zoyesayesa zazikulu pakulima nkhaka ziyenera kuthandizidwa popanga mbewu. Ndi izi, zovuta zimapezeka ambiri alimi azamasamba. Tiyeni tilingalire za mapangidwe a nkhaka m'malo obiriwira, omwe ndioyeneranso malo otseguka, pomwe masamba a nkhaka amakula pa gridi ya trellis.

Zophatikiza zambiri ndizoyenera kukula pansi pa filimu. Koma zokonda zimaperekedwabe kwa olima masamba ndi zipatso zazifupi, popeza zipatso za nkhaka zamtundu wotere zimatha kukonzekera mtsogolo. Zophatikiza zamtundu wamtundu wa tub tub tub yabwino ndizoyenereradi izi, monga Kulimbika, Golide Cockerel, Masha, Mjeremani, Meringue, Julia, Valentina, Kosinsky, Murashka, Shchedrik, Emerald Earrings ndi ena ambiri.

Zomwe zimapangidwa pozungulira izi kwa omwe amalima masamba ndizoti zimangofunika kupangidwa kokha ngati mbewuzo zimangirizidwa ndi trellis. Ngati amangofalikira pabedi, ndiye kuti safunika kuti apangidwe.

Mukakulitsa nkhaka pa maukonde a trellis, zibzalani mbande kapena kubzala mbewu patali 20-30 cm kuchokera kwa inzake. Zitsime zokhala ndi mbewu kapena mbande za 1-2 zimakhala pamtunda wa 90cm mzere ndi 120-150 masentimita pakati pa mizere. Mitundu ya Shrub ndi ma hybrids amabzalidwa malinga ndi chiwembu 90 x 90 cm.

Mukamangirira mbewuzo ku trellis, iyenera kukhala yayitali mamita 2.2, kenako muyenera kupanga monga mwa nyumba zobiriwira nthawi yozizira, ndiye kuti, khungu pansi ndikuchotsa zolimba pambuyo mpaka 5stode ndikukulanso nthambi zofananira (kuluka) monga mu wowonjezera kutentha yozizira. Potere, unyinji wamasamba sukula kwambiri, ndipo zipatso zomwe zili bwino zidzachitika.

Chofunikira kwambiri pakukula nkhaka pa trellis ndiko kupanga bwino kwa mbeu. Pakapangika zipatso zazing'onozing'ono komanso zazifupi zomwe zimakhala ndi zipatso zambiri, mphukira yoyamba ndi mazira amachotsedwa pafupifupi mpaka 70 cm.Then, komanso zipatso zazitali, pali njira zitatu zopangira tsinde lalikulu ndi kuluka. Nthawi zambiri, zosakanizira zamtundu wamtundu wamtundu wa zipatso zomwe zidasankhidwa mwatsopano, monga Korolek, Julia, Oriole, Alice, adachita kuluka, ndipo kenako osalimbikitsa kuti tiwapange, ndibwino kusiya zonse monga zili. Ngakhale zili choncho, gawo lina la kuluka kumapeto kwake kuyenera kuti lizikhalanso ndikokhazikika.

Momwe mungamangire nkhaka mukamakula pa trellis, zomwe zikuwoneka pachithunzichi:

Kusamalira mbewu nthawi yamera

Monga chomera chokonda madzi, nkhaka imafunikira kuthirira nthawi zonse. Kukula kothirira kumatengera nyengo nyengo ndi kukula kwa kutentha.

Chinyezi chadothi chiyenera kukhala osachepera 70%. Mukukula kwa mbeu, kuthilira kumachitika ndi madzi osavuta othirira ndikuphatikizidwa munthawi yomweyo kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wa mchere.

Nkhaka amadziwika ndi kukula mwachangu komanso chitukuko. Zimapanga zipatso zochuluka munthawi yochepa, chifukwa chake, pakakulitsa, chakudya chofunikira kwambiri cham'madzi ndizofunikira. Kuvala kwapamwamba kumachitika pafupipafupi kamodzi pa sabata pazakudya zabwino. Kuti muchite izi, ndikofunikira kuti mupange kusanthula kwa mankhwala kupezeka kwa michere. Zinthu zofunika kwambiri za nkhaka ndi boron, zinc, molybdenum, ayodini, cobalt, mkuwa ndi manganese. Zofufuza zitha kuthiridwa muzu, komanso kudya masamba 2-3 nthawi yakula ndi mitundu yamafuta ya feteleza. Nthawi kuyambira kubzala mbande kumayambiriro kwa maluwa, kuphatikiza feteleza wa nayitrogeni ndikofunikira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mapangidwe azinthu zambiri azomera.

Munthawi ya maluwa ambiri, feteleza wa phosphate amawonjezeredwa feteleza wa nayitrogeni, ndipo munthawi ya zipatso zochulukirapo, potashi ndi magnesium amawonjezedwa kuti apange bwino thumba losunga mazira. Nthawi yomweyo, mitengo ya feteleza wa nayitrogeni imachepetsedwa nthawi 2 poyerekeza ndi kavalidwe koyamba kapamwamba.

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti kuchuluka kwa michere ya nitrogen kumathandizira kukula kwa masamba ndi mphukira, koma kumachepetsa chiwerengero cha maluwa achikazi.

Pogwiritsa ntchito foliar, feteleza monga Megafol, omwe amathandiza kuthana ndi nkhawa pazomera, ndipo Plantofol wopanga zipatso zabwino amagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Malamulo ogwiritsira ntchito kuvala mukamakula nkhaka mu wowonjezera kutentha

Ambiri amaopa kuphatikiza, koma pachabe. Kuti tikule mbewu zamkaka zochuluka momwe mungathere, kuvala pamwamba ndikofunikira, kokha kuyenera kuchitidwa moyenera. Pali feteleza wapadera wa nkhaka. Koma mulimonsemo, nkhaka zidzakusangalatsani ndi zokolola zabwino kwambiri, ngati kompositi kapena humus nkuziwonjezera panthaka musanabzale. Dothi liyenera kukhala lopepuka komanso lotayirira. Mphukira zikapangidwa pamiyendo ndipo maluwa oyamba amawonekera, onjezerani kompositi kapena feteleza wina wachilengedwe mu kanjira. Masamba achikasu amawonetsa kuti mbewu zamatchu zilibe nayitrogeni wokwanira ndipo zimafunikanso kudya zina.

Zomera zonse za banja la maungu ndizogwiritsa ntchito feteleza wopatsa ndipo zimapereka zokolola zochulukirapo mpaka 50% polima nkhaka pa ulimi wothirira. Ndikathirira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza, zokolola zowirikiza kawiri ndikuwonjezera shuga, pomwe kuthirira popanda feteleza kumachepetsa.

Pa zinthu zomwe zimatsata, nkhaka ndizovuta kwambiri pakusowa kwa boron, manganese, chitsulo ndi zinc.

Pokumba mu kugwa, mutha kupanga manyowa pamlingo wa 2-3 kg pa 1 m2 ndi feteleza wa phosphorous-potaziyamu wa 60 g / m2.

Chapakatikati, asanabzale kapena kubzala, ammonium nitrate imayambitsidwa mu Dota 15-20 g pa 2 m2 kapena feteleza wovuta (Fertik wagon, Azofosku, etc.).

Malangizo opangira chakudya chabwinobwino mukamakula nkhaka:

Mu magawo oyamba opanga masamba owona a 2-3, ndikuthandizira kuthana ndi Listovy 18-18-18 ndi ma microelements pamlingo wa 20 g pa 10 malita a madzi kapena Extrasol palimodzi ndi theka la mitengo ya Listy kapena Plantofol 20-20-20, yomwe imachepetsa zovuta zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mankhwala atipire kukula kwazomera, kuonjezera kuyamwa kwa michere ndikuletsa matenda ambiri. Tsopano feteleza ochulukirapo awonjezeredwa nkhaka: Tinthu topatsa thanzi, nkhaka ya Crystal, Raikat (Yoyamba, Kukula, Final). Pakachitika nyengo yovuta (chisanu, chilala, kusintha kwa kutentha, ndi zina), makonzedwe a Novosil, Razormin, Floron, Megafol amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Gawo la 5-6 la masamba awa, kuti athandize kukula kwa ngodya yapautuku komanso kupititsa patsogolo kwa mbewuzo, feteleza wa Master Yellow 13-40-13 kapena feteleza wa Plantofol 10 -54-10 + 10, amawerengedwa pa 1-1,5 g pa 10 malita.
Mu gawo loyambira maluwa, Master Red 10-18-32 + Micro 2-3 g ndi kuwonjezera kwa Extrasol 10 ml ndi Novosil 1 ml (El-1 - 1 ampoule).
Sabata ina iliyonse, ndizothandiza kwambiri pakupanga zinthu zachilengedwe kugwiritsa ntchito mchere wa Parnik - kukonza aerosol pamlingo wa piritsi 1 la 20 g pa 40 m2 ndi piritsi ya 200 g pa 400 m2.The aerosol yopangidwa chifukwa cha kuyaka kumakhala ma macro- ndi micronutrients mu mawonekedwe a chelate, omwe samangothandiza kuthetsa kupsinjika, kuvala pamwamba ndi mic- micronutrients, komanso kusintha zipatso bwino komanso njira yabwino ya photosynthesis.
Munthawi ya kukula ndi kuphukira, masiku 10 aliwonse muyenera kupatsa feteleza wa Fertik Teplichnoe mzere 10-8-33 kapena Leaf 20-4-20 mu 2 g pa 10 l wamadzi ndikuphatikiza ndi 10 ml Extrasol kapena Master red 10-18-32 + yaying'ono pa mlingo. 3-4 g pa 10 malita a madzi. Panthawi ya zipatso zochulukirapo, nkhaka ndizofunikira kwambiri pakusowa kwa kufufuza zinthu, monga chitsulo, zinki, manganese. Chifukwa chiyani gwiritsani ntchito microfertilizer monga Microvit (Standard, Microvit chelate chachitsulo, zinc) kapena microfertilizer monga Brexil.

Pazovala pamwamba pamizu yothirira, kukhathamiritsa madzi osungunuka pang'ono:

ndi kusowa kwa nayitrogeni - ammonium nitrate, urea;
ndi kusowa kwa phosphorous - Master chikasu 13-40-13 + + yaying'ono, potaziyamu monophosphate, phosphoric acid;
ndikusowa kwa potaziyamu - Master Crista (9-0-46), Master Brown 3-11-38-4 + Micro;
ndi kusowa kwa calcium - calcium nitrate (calcite).

Ma biostimulants mu madongosolo othirira amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Mukabzala mbande - Radifarm muyezo wa 30-50 ml / 100 m2. Pambuyo masiku 7, bwerezani mankhwalawo ndi theka. Pofesa mbewu mwachindunji m'nthaka, mankhwalawo ayenera kuchitika mu gawo la tsamba loyambirira.

Kuti mugwirepo bwino mizu ya chomera chophukira ndikuwonjezera zochita za m'nthaka - Viva, womwe umayikidwa patatha masiku 15 mpaka 20 mutabzala kapena kumayambiriro kwa masika masika 1 l / 100 m2. Kumayambiriro kwa mapangidwe zipatso - 1 lita, aliyense 20 masiku 20-25 chimodzimodzi.

Pamavuto, Megafol. Mankhwala onsewa amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamapaundi otseguka. Ngati sizikupezeka m'masitolo odziwika "Mbewu", ena mwa mankhwalawa atha kusintha malo ndi mtundu wamba wa Raikata, Nutrivanta.

Tekinoloje yokulitsa nkhaka pakukonzanso kwachiwiri

Kusamalira nkhaka zikakula m'minda yanyumba zikuchulukirachulukira chaka chilichonse: nyengo yotentha nyengo yotentha, matenda ndi tizirombo timafupikitsa moyo wa chomera cha nkhaka. Ambiri amalima nkhaka mbali ziwiri, osatha kukuza masamba awo munthawi imodzi. Kunyalanyaza vutoli kumayambitsa kusakhutira ndi mbewu.

Kugwiritsa ntchito kotembenukira kwachiwiri (chilimwe-yophukira) sikovomerezeka m'mitundu yonse, komabe, mavuto awa athetsa. Choyamba, izi zimagwira ntchito kwa nkhaka, yemwe maluwa ake ndi akulu kwambiri kuposa phwetekere, tsabola, biringanya. Vuto la 'kukalamba' silikumveka. Koma ukadaulo wapangidwa kuti ukonzenso mbewu pakumera nkhaka. Koyamba kwa iwo, zikwapu zamkango zimachotsedwa ku trellis (mwachilengedwe, atasiyapo kale kuthirira kuti zisasweke), ndikutsitsidwa pansi (ndikugundika) ndikuwazidwa ndi zosakaniza zonyowa. Mizu yowonjezereka ikukweza mafunde atsopano mu zipatso zam'munsi. Kachiwiri, mmera wina wabzalira pafupi ndi chomera chachikulu, ndikumasungira malo oti udyerepo. Mbewu ikayamba kutha kuchoka pachomera chachikulu, imakhala “zaka” zopanda chiyembekezo, imachotsedwa, kenako ana nkuikanso.

Pakati pazomera zamasamba, nkhaka imayimira kukhwima kwake koyambirira (imaphuka kale patsiku la 30 mpaka 40, ndikupanga tsamba lobiriwira woyamba atatha masiku 10-12), motero kupuma popanda mbewu ndikochepa kwambiri. Njira yobwezeretsanso, yomwe ili ndi zosankha zosiyanasiyana zokhudzana ndi nthawi yakusintha ndi kutsimikiza kwa mkhalidwe wa "chiyembekezo" chomera chachikulu, chofanana kwambiri ndi kutembenukira kwachiwiri, sikudziwika kwenikweni m'derali.

Komabe, kusiyanitsa chikhalidwe chatsopanozi, chikhalidwe cha nkhaka pakufalitsa kokwanira chikuyenera kumaliza mu Julayi. Poterepa, mutha kuyikanso kusintha kwachiwiri. Kugwira kwake ntchito kumawonjezeka ndi kulephera kwa mbewu, monga momwe zinaliri m'zaka zokulira kwa powdery mildew.

Kuti mulime bwino nkhaka m'dzinja, ndibwino kuti musankhe zina zakantha, popeza ntchito njuchi nthawi imeneyi zimachepa. Mbande zimayamba kukula pakati pa Julayi. Mtsogolomo, kuthirira ndizochepa kupewa nthaka ndi chinyezi cha mpweya zomwe zimayambitsa matenda oyamba ndi fungus. Malinga ndi malamulo okulira nkhaka mu wowonjezera kutentha munyengo yachiwiri, kuthirira ndi shawa yotsitsimula (10 s) ndiyofunikira tsiku lililonse. Mukathirira, musaiwale kugwiritsa ntchito kukonzekera kwachilengedwe monga Extrasol. Ndipo kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa, kuphatikiza Extrasol (10 ml) ndi Novosil ngati kavalidwe kabwino kapamwamba. Kuphatikiza apo, kumayambiriro kwa Seputembala, kuvala pamwamba kumayenera kuchepetsedwa, chifukwa ngati kuwala kosakwanira kumafooketsa mbewu, ndikupangitsa kukondweretsa kwa njira zathupi. Pazakudya michere, ndikofunikira kuwonjezera mlingo wa potaziyamu. Pachifukwa ichi, gwiritsani ntchito Aquariums kapena Fertika wokhala ndi potaziyamu yambiri. Mitundu yodziwika kwambiri yodziwika bwino yodziyimira nkhaka zam'madzi yotentha: Kulimba F1, Voyage F1, Break F1, Meringue, Mjeremani, Angelina F1, omwe amalimbana ndi powdery mildew, ndi hybrids zatsopano za kampani ya Gavrish.

Chifukwa chake, lero kutembenukira kwachiwiri (chilimwe-yophukira) ndikosowa, ndipo ngakhale pamtundu wa nkhaka; wotchuka kwambiri akupitilizidwa. Kugwira kwake ntchito kumawonjezera pazaka zolephera m'munda.

Mavuto ndi zolakwika zomwe zingachitike

Ambiri wamaluwa, ngakhale akudziwa kulima bwino nkhaka mu wowonjezera kutentha, amakumana ndi mavuto.

Nthawi zina nkhaka zimaphuka, koma osakhazikitsa zipatso. Pakhoza kukhala zifukwa zambiri izi: Kubzala mbande zokhala ndi mbewu zatsopano, kapena mbewu zobzalidwa zidapatsidwa feteleza wa nayitrogeni, kapena kuthiriridwa ndi madzi ozizira (kutentha pansi pa 25 ° C). Iyenera kutenthetsedwa ndi kutentha kosachepera 2-3 madigiri kuposa kutentha kwambiri.

Kodi mukukula bwanji nkhaka kuti musayang'ane muvutoli? Kusintha kayendedwe ka madzi, mutha kuyang'anira kukula ndi kukula kwa mbewu. Ndi kuchepa kwa dothi komanso chinyezi cha mpweya, turgor imafooka, kutuluka kwa chakudya chamatsamba kuchokera masamba kumachepa. Kukula kwa photosynthesis kumachepetsedwa. Njira zakukula zimachedwetsedwa, ndipo kusintha kwa mbewu kukhala maluwa kwamathandizira. Koma vuto ndi loti, chinyezi chocheperako, kusintha kwa zinthu zomwe zimachitika ndi mizu zimachulukirachulukira, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mchere kuchokera munthaka kumakulanso. Mu nkhaka, izi zimatsogolera pakupanga maluwa amphongo. Pa chinyezi chokwera kwambiri, njira yotseketsa mchere imalowedwa m'malo ndikusankha kutsata kwa mizu ya nkhaka, ndikuwonetsa mapangidwe achikazi a maluwa. Kutentha kokwanira kumawonjezera maselo a maselo, kumathandizira photosynthesis ndi kugwiritsa ntchito assimilants pakukula kwa tsinde, masamba ndi zipatso.

Kupititsa patsogolo kukula kwa tsinde, masamba ndi zipatso za nkhaka, gwiritsani ntchito zomwe zimatchedwa ma poultices - zanyowetsa mpweya panthaka makamaka mu wowonjezera kutentha ndi kuthirira ndi zikhalidwe zazing'ono pamlingo wa 1.5-2 malita pa 1 m2. Chipamba chimachitika nyengo yotentha, pamasiku pakati pa kuthirira kwakukulu, pamene dothi limakhalabe chonyowa ndipo malo ake ndi mpweya zimawuma. Kuti muchite izi, fafaniza makhoma, makina oyendayenda ndi magetsi. Madzi amachoka nanyowetsa mpweya. Pambuyo pa chifuwa, mawindo samatseguka.

Kuti muchite bwino, ikani zida zowotchera ndi mullein mu wowonjezera kutentha, pakuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa mpweya mumlengalenga kumawonjezera kukondwerera kwawo ndi kudzipereka.

Dyetsani pafupipafupi ndi yankho la zitosi za mbalame (1: 12-15), kapena ndi yankho la mullein (1: 10), komanso ndi chiyambi cha zipatso - ndi kulowetsedwa kwa superphosphate (40 g pa 10 malita a madzi), kapena Fertica Lux, nkhaka ya Cristallon, Nkhaka wamtundu wabwino, Agrolux wa nkhaka, potaziyamu nitrate, etc.

Kuti mukule bwino nkhaka, monga momwe umasonyezera, muyenera kuchotsa maluwa ndi mphukira zam'mphepete m'malo otsika. Kuchititsa khungu m'munsi mwa chomera cha nkhaka ndi ntchito yofunika pa zifukwa zitatu:

zipatso mwa iwo zimakulira pang'onopang'ono, ndipo zokolola kuchokera kuzinthu izi zimapezeka nthawi yomweyo monga kuchokera pamwambapa;
ndikuyamba kudzaza zipatso zapansi, kukula kwa mizu kumachepa, ndipo izi zimafooketsa mbewu;
mbewu zidakali zochepa ndipo zimasowa muzakudya.

Zotsatira zake, kulephera kwa zipatso kumachitika - nkhaka zotsatirazi zimangokulira ndikukula posachedwa.

Kusintha kwa zipatso pamtunduwo, ndiko kuti, kumayera, zimatengera zomwe zikukula. Makamaka, chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri ndi kutentha kwambiri, nkhaka, makamaka oyipitsa njuchi, wokhala ndi "malaya aku Russia" (uwu ndi mtundu wawo - wopepuka, wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yobiriwira ndi mphuno yoyera) amatha kukhala wopweteketsa. Koma, popeza asintha mtundu, sasintha kakomedwe kawo ndikukhalabe chokoma. Izi sizoyenera kuopa.

Ngati, ndikumera nkhaka mu wowonjezera kutentha, masamba amafundidwa chaka chilichonse ndi madontho achikasu kapena mawanga omwe amawuma kenako nkugwa, ndiye kuti uwu ndi matenda owoneka ngati maolivi. Zomwezo zitha kukhala poyera. Izi zikutanthauza kuti nkhaka zikuyenera kusintha "malo okhala", simungathe kuzilima zaka zambiri m'malo amodzi, ngakhale mutabwereranso komwe zidadutsa chaka chimodzi zikadzaberekanso matendawa. Mutha kubwereranso ku malo omwe simunakhaleko zaka 4, kapena kuyamba kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa mozama, gwiritsani ntchito mkuwa wokhala ndi kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi mitundu yotsalira pazomera, mwachitsanzo F1 Cappuccino, F1 Liliput, F1 Zanachka.

Mukaona kuti mbewu zanu zamatcheni zimafota msipu ndi malo otseguka, kenako nkuzimiririka, mutha kuwona kuti mizu yakuola. Zitha kuchitika pa mbande, mbande, ndi kale pazomera zazikulu za zipatso. Kuola kwa mizu kumatha kuchitika chifukwa chothirira pafupipafupi, makamaka madzi ozizira: mwachitsanzo, kuthirira mwachindunji kuchokera kuchitsime kapena ku dongosolo lamagetsi. Kutentha kwamadzi kuthirira nkhaka kuyenera kukhala madigiri awiri kuposa chilengedwe. Kuphatikiza apo, zotsatirazi zimayambitsa kusoka: kutentha kwambiri ndi kuthamanga kwa nthaka, ndikutsatira kuthirira kambiri. Sinthani dothi nthawi zambiri pobzala kapena kubzala manyowa obiriwira kuti muchotse kufinya, gwiritsani ntchito manyowa, ndipo mutabzala pamalo osabisikanso zaka zina zinayi. Kuti mupewe kuwola kwa mizu, ma hybrids a nkhaka F1 Zyatek, F1 Harmonist, F1 Dubrovsky, F1 Borovichok, F1 Bobrik, F1 Berendey, F1 Cappuccino, F1 Liliput, wogonjetsedwa ndi matendawa, ayenera kukhala wamkulu.

Maziko opezera khola la nkhaka pamtundu wa maluwa ndiwo njira yoyenera. Ambiri maluwa achikazi amatulutsa chomera cha nkhaka nthawi yomweyo, pamakhala mpikisano pakati pa zipatso ndi maluwa, ndipo chifukwa, mbali ina ya timimba tambiri timasanduka chikasu ndikusowa. Kuti mupewe izi, njira yotsatirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito: magawo atatu a 3-4 amachititsidwa khungu, ndiye kuti mphukira zonse za mbali zimachotsedwa mpaka trellis. Kumtunda kwa chomera musiyeni mphukira 2-3, zomwe zimatsina pambuyo pa tsamba la 2-3. Tsinde lalikulu limayikidwa pa trellis ndikutsina pofika chomera chapafupi. Mitundu yamalungo yamtundu wamaluwa amapangira F1 Liliput, Mphete za F1 Emerald, F1 Crisp Bed, F1 Quadrille, F1 Red Mullet.

Pa nkhani ya kukula-nkhaka nkhaka ndi tomato yemweyo wowonjezera kutentha. Saliyonse wamaluwa omwe akuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi omwe angathe kugula kapena kutulutsa mitengo yosiyana yosiyanasiyana ya mbewu zosiyanasiyana. Kulima kotheka kumatha kutengera nyengo zina. Chowonadi ndi chakuti mbewu izi zimakhala ndi mitundu yokwanira kuthirira, chinyezi ndi kutentha. Uwu ndi ngozi! Muyenera kulima nkhaka ndi phwetekere pamabedi osiyana, mbali zonse, zogawika pakati ndikuyenda ndikuyika chophimba patali ndi makanema pakati pazikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Madzi othirira amayeneranso kukhala ndi zolowera zosiyana pa mbewu iliyonse, mosasamala kanthu kuti kuthirira kapena madontho osavuta kumagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Kututa

Kututa nkhaka kumachitika pafupifupi masiku onse awiri. Kuti mupeze mbewu yabwino kwambiri, zipatsozo ziyenera kukololedwa mu ukada wonse. Kuchulukitsa komanso kusonkhanitsa zipatso zosapsa kumayambitsa mbewu zambiri.

Zipatso za nkhaka za malo otetezedwa zimagawidwa m'mitundu itatu - maapulo, gherini ndi amadyera.