Kabichi yoyera ndi imodzi mwamasamba abwino m'munda uliwonse. Lakhala likukulidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira kalekale padziko lonse lapansi. Ku Russia, kabichi idatenganso dziko lakwawo. Alimi a ku Russia akhala akuti ndi olima. Ndipo popeza kabichiyo ndi malo osungiramo mavitamini, kabichi yoyera ndimakakamizidwa wokhala mabedi athu nyengo ndi nyengo mpaka lero. Pazinthu zonse zovuta kuzimilira kwake m'mundamo - nkhani yathu.
Kabichi yoyera.
Zojambula zamtundu wa kabichi yoyera
Dimba kabichi (Brassica oleracea) imaphatikizapo mitundu ingapo kuphatikiza kabichi - Brassica oleracea var. oleracea; izi zimaphatikizapo mitundu yoyera ndi yofiira.
White kabichi - chikhalidwe chakale, monga mitundu ina ya kabichi (kupatula Beijing ndi Chitchaina) amachokera ku nyama zamtchire zomwe zimamera madera aku Mediterranean ku Western Europe ndi North Africa.
Mitu ya kabichi imakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri komanso machiritso. Muli mavitamini ofunikira m'thupi la munthu (C, P, etc.), ma organic acid, mchere wamchere, osakhazikika, anthocyanins, etc.
Kabichi ndiomera wazaka ziwiri. M'chaka choyamba amapanga mutu wa kabichi, ndipo mchaka chachiwiri amapanga tsinde lopanda maluwa ndikupereka mbewu. Mitu ya kabichi imakhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyana, kukula, mtundu, kachulukidwe kutengera mitundu ndi kukula kwa mikhalidwe. Unyinji wamutuwu umachokera pa 300 g mpaka 10 kg kapena kuposa. Ichi ndi chomera chosagwira ozizira ndi mizu yolimba bwino, yomwe imafalikira m'dothi lalikulu mpaka 40-50 cm.
Zoyenera kukula kabichi
Chiwerengero cha kabichi kuti kutentha
Kabichi ndi mbewu yoletsa kuzizira kwambiri. Komabe, pamlingo uliwonse wa kakulidwe ndi kakulidwe, zimasiyanasiyana mosiyana ndi kutentha kwa boma. Mbewu zimayamba kumera pa kutentha kwa 3-4 ° C, kutentha kwapamwamba kwambiri kwam'madzi ndi 18-20 ° C. Poyamba, mbande zimawonekera patatha masiku 8-12, lachiwiri - patsiku la 3-4.
Zomera za kabichi zikupitilizabe kukula pa 5-10 ° C, komabe, kutentha kwa 12-15 ° C ndikwabwino pakukula ndikukula kwa mbande, ndi 15-18 ° C kwa mbewu zachikale. Kutentha kwamtunda wa 25 ° C kumayipa mutu. Poterepa, kukula kwa minofu kumawonedwa, masamba akumunsi amatayidwa, mitu ya kabichi ikasweka. Zonsezi zimabweretsa kuchepa kwa zokolola ndikupanga magulu ang'onoang'ono osakhazikika a kabichi.
Kuyika kwa kabichi kuti kuwala
Kuwala ndi imodzi mwazomwe zimasungirako mphamvu, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga organic kanthu. Kukula mwachizolowezi ndi kukula kwa mbeu zimatengera kuchuluka kwake komanso mtundu wa kuwala, komanso kutalika kwa nthawi ya masana.
Kabichi ndi chomera chofuna magetsi. Ubale wake ndi kuunika kumasintha pomwe ukukula nukukula. Chomera chimapanga kwambiri kufunika kwa kuwunikira mu nthawi yamera. Kupanda kuwala kwa nthawi ino kumayambitsa kukulira kwa mbewu, kumachepetsa kukana kwawo matenda osiyanasiyana a fungus, mapangidwe a masamba ang'onoang'ono, ndipo pambuyo pake - mitu yotayirira.
Zadziwika kuti ndikasinthidwa mwamphamvu, mwachitsanzo, kabichi ikakula m'mizere pakati pa zipatso, mitu nthawi zambiri sipanga konse.
Mwachilengedwe, kabichi ndi chomera cha tsiku lalitali (mitundu yamitundu yakumpoto). Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma ecotypes aku Mediterranean (Suriya ndi ena) ndi mbewu zazifupi. M'chaka choyamba cha kukula ndi tsiku lalitali, kabichi amakhala ndi njira zowonetsera zamtundu umodzi zomwe zimatsimikizira kupangika kwa ziwalo zoberekera (maluwa akuuluka) mchaka chachiwiri.
Kukula kwambiri komanso kukhazikika kwa kabichi yoyera kumawonedwa ndi tsiku lalitali ndikuwunikira kwakukuru, komwe, limodzi ndi ma ray omaliza, pali zambiri zazifupi.
Chiwerengero cha kabichi kuti chinyezi
Kabichi ndi chomera chowononga chinyezi kwambiri. Kufunika kwake konyowa kumafotokozeredwa ndi mawonekedwe a morphological: gawo lalikulu lamasamba ndikupanga malo osaya a mizu. Zimasintha kutengera magawo a kukula ndi kakulidwe ka nthawi ya magengenis.
Nthawi yovuta kwambiri komanso magawo a chinyezi chofunikira ndi: kumera, kuphuka mmera mutabzala panthaka, kapangidwe ka mutu. Panthawi yopanga mitu ya kabichi, zofunikira zofunikira kuti nthaka ndi chinyezi ziziwonjezeka.
Zabwino kwambiri panthawi yonse yakukula zimawonedwa ngati chinyezi panthaka 80% yotsika chinyezi kwambiri komanso chinyezi cha 80-90%. Ndi kuchepa kwa chinyezi cha dothi mpaka 60% HB, masamba amakhala amphwaphwi komanso opinki, m'mphepete mwake amawerama pang'ono, phesi la kabichi koyambirira koyambirira limapindika ndipo mutu wochepa wosakhazikika umapangidwa msanga.
Komabe, chinyezi chambiri kwambiri, makamaka kutentha kochepa, chimaletsa kukula kwa kabichi ndikupanga mitu ya kabichi; anthocyanin pigment (mawanga) amawoneka pamasamba ndi petioles, mbewu zimayambitsa matenda a bacteriosis.
Kufunika kwa mbeu chinyezi kumasiyanasiyana osati nyengo komanso nyengo komanso nyengo zachitukuko, komanso mothandizidwa ndi zina. Mitundu yoyambira kabichi yoyambirira, yodziwika bwino kwambiri komanso yomwe ikukula msanga, imafuna chinyezi chambiri kuposa mochedwa kucha. Zomera zobzalidwa ndi mbande ndizofunikira kwambiri chinyezi m'nthaka kuposa mbewu zobzalidwa ndi njere m'dothi.
Kabichi yoyera yoyera m'mundamo.
Kuwerengera kwa kabichi kunthaka komanso zakudya
Kabichi ndi imodzi mwazomera zofunikira kwambiri chonde chonde. Imakhalanso bwino pamtundu wanthaka komanso pamchenga wamchenga wokhala ndi mapangidwe olimba komanso okhathamira kwambiri. Dothi lamchenga, pomwe zinthu zopanga humus zimalowetsedwa mmalo mwake, ndizoyenera kwambiri kabichi yamtundu woyamba wakucha.
Nthaka yokukula kabichi iyenera kulimidwa bwino, imakhala ndi michere yambiri, yopanda mbali kapena acidic pang'ono. Mukakulitsa dothi, zakudya zochepa zimafunikira kuthiridwa. Kabichi imafuna dothi lomangidwa, lachonde, lochita bwino, ndipo limayankha bwino kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wapamwamba ndi mchere wa dothi, makamaka m'malo.
Ndi chonde chokwanira, mtundu wa dothi lenilenilo silili lofunika kwambiri pamtengowu, kupatulapo loamy kwambiri, acidic, modabwitsa komanso madzi, osavomerezeka chifukwa kabichi. Pa dothi lokhazikika, limakhudzidwa ndi matenda a keel, zomwe zimapangitsa kutsika kwakukulu.
Mitundu ya kabichi yoyambirira imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi keel kuposa kabichi yakucha, chifukwa chake imafunikira kuti ibzalidwe pa dothi losakhala acidified. Kabichi imayankha bwino ku laimu, womwe umatha kuyikidwa mu yophukira kapena masika masabata 2-3 musanabzale.
Udindo wa feteleza kabichi kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yakukula ndikofunika kwambiri. Nthawi imeneyi, dothi limakhala ndi nayitrogeni wocheperako ngati mbewu. Feteleza zachilengedwe pansi pa kabichi yoyambirira kucha imayambitsidwa mu mawonekedwe a humus. Kugwiritsa ntchito manyowa atsopano sikothandiza, popeza kuti zinthu zachilengedwe sizikhala ndi nthawi yoti ziwonongeke nthawi ya mbewu.
Mitundu ya kabichi ya Mid- ndi mochedwa-yayipikika pafupifupi dothi lililonse (kupatula ma dothi apansi) zimayankha bwino kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wachilengedwe. Komabe, manyowa okha sangapereke kabichi mokwanira ndi michere, chifukwa kuwola kwake munthaka komanso kumasulidwa kwa michere yomwe imapezekanso muzomera zimachitika pang'onopang'ono kusiyana ndi kufunikira kwake kwa zakudya. Zotsatira zake, kabichi imakula ndikukula bwino ndikuphatikizidwa ndi feteleza wachilengedwe komanso michere.
Kuchita bwino kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya feteleza wa kabichi sikudalira mtundu wa dothi lokha, komanso paulimi wake, zomwe zili ndi michere mkati mwake, nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito feteleza, kuthirira. Kuti mupeze zipatso zabwino kwambiri za kabichi yoyera, ndikofunikira kuti michere yonse ikhale m'lingo woyenera kwambiri.
Kutsegulira nthaka ndi mbewu zopanda
Kudula koyamba kwa dothi komanso kuwononga namsongole kumachitika pambuyo pakupulumuka kwa mbewu zobzalidwa. Kudula kwa nthaka komwe kumachitika pofunikanso pakatha masiku 7-8 kapena kuthirira mpaka masamba atatsekedwa munjira.
Kulima koyamba kumachitika mpaka kukuya kwa 4-5 cm.Ukuzama kwa kulimidwa kwachiwiri ndi masentimita 6-8, zotsatirazi mpaka masamba atatsekedwa - 8-10 masentimita.Ulifupi wa malo achitetezo kuzungulira mbewuzo uyenera kukhala osachepera 12-14 cm.
Kulipira koyamba kwa mitundu yoyambirira kumachitika patadutsa masiku 15 mpaka 20 ndikuwokoka, ndipo mitundu yotsiriza - masiku 25 pambuyo pake. Pambuyo pake kutulutsa kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa mizu ndi tsamba lotsekera. Hilling ikuchitika pambuyo kuthirira kapena pamwamba kuvala, ndikukhazikitsa pansi mpaka masamba owona. Njirayi imayambitsa kukula kwa mizu yowonjezera.
Kuchita kwachiwiri kumachitika masiku 10-12 pambuyo oyamba. Mitundu yokhala ndi chitsa chachifupi ndi yokwanira pa hilling imodzi.
Wokani kabichi.
Kuvala kabichi
Kutengera chonde m'nthaka ndi feteleza wopakidwa tirigu wamkulu ndikubzala kale, kabichi amadyetsedwa katatu munthawi yonse yomwe ikula. Komanso, kudyetsa kumathandiza kwambiri pagawo la kukula kwambiri kwa masamba komanso nthawi yopanga mitu ya kabichi.
Pankhaniyi, munthu ayenera kukumbukira nthawi zonse kuti popanga masamba, kabichi, makamaka kumpoto, amafunika feteleza wa nayitrogeni, chifukwa koyambirira kwam'mawa pamatenthedwe kwambiri, njira za Microbiology m'nthaka, makamaka zolemera, ndizofooka. Chifukwa chake, michere yopezeka mu mawonekedwe azomera siyokwanira.
Chovala choyambirira chapamwamba chimachitika masiku 10-15 pambuyo pokweza mbande. Kuti muchite izi, mullein imaphatikizidwa ndi madzi muyezo wa 1:10, ndikugwiritsa ntchito 0,5 l pachomera chilichonse. Palibe mullein, kuvala pamwamba kumatha kuchitika ndi madzi yankho la feteleza wa mchere - 10 g wa urea, 20 g wa superphosphate ndi 10 g wa feteleza wa potaziyamu 10 malita a madzi.
Ngati, ndikudulira mbande m'nthaka, feteleza wokwanira, makamaka feteleza wa nayitrogeni, atawonjezeredwa kuzitsime, ndiye kuti kuvala koyamba koyamba kungasiyidwe.
Chovala chachiwiri chapamwamba chimachitika masiku 25-30 mutabzala mbande, i.e., masiku 10-15 pambuyo kuvala koyambirira koyamba. Poterepa, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito kulowetsedwa kwa mullein m'madzi muyezo wa 1: 10, kupanga 0,5 l kulowetsedwa pachomera chilichonse. Monga lamulo, chovala chapamwamba ichi chimaphatikizidwa ndi hilling.ovala izi ziwiri zapamwamba zimapangidwa pansi pa kabichi yamitundu yonse yoyambilira komanso yomaliza. Koma imathandiza makamaka koyambirira kwa kabichi.
Chovala chachitatu chapamwamba chokhacho cha kabichi cha sing'anga komanso mochedwa chimachitika masiku 15 pambuyo pa chovala chachiwiri chapamwamba kuti chithandizire kukula kwa mutu wa kabichi. Kuti muchite izi, kulowetsedwa komwe kwa mullein, 30 g ya superphosphate imasungunuka mu 10 l yamadzi, kumawononga 1-1,5 l pachomera chilichonse. Ngati ndi kotheka, patatha masiku 20 ndi yankho limodzi, ndikofunikira kuchita chondla cha kabichi.
Ngati munabalalitsa feteleza wamafuta kuzomera zouma, muyenera kuwunika mosamala kuti feteleza asagwere masamba kuti asawonongeke, makamaka masamba akakhala onyowa
Kupewa Kubera Mitu
M'malo abwino kutentha ndi chinyezi, nthawi zambiri kabichi imacha nthawi yokolola isanakwane. Ngati pakadali pano kukula kwawo kusathe, atha kusokonekera.
Kuti mupewe vutoli, mitu yokonzeka ya kabichi, ngati nthawi yakukolola isanafike, muyenera kupindika maulendo angapo kuwongolera kamodzi kuti muphwanye mizu kapena kudula pang'ono mizu ndi fosholo. Izi zimachepetsa kwambiri kupezeka kwa michere ndi kuletsa kukula kwa kabichi, chifukwa chake mikwingwirima ya mitu kabichi.
Matenda a tizilombo ndi kabichi
Tizilombo tambiri timawononga kabichi nthawi yonse ya nyengo - zophukira zopepuka ndi nsabwe za m'masamba, azungu a kabichi ndi pfumbi, njenjete. Zomera ziyenera kuthandizidwa masiku onse a 7-10 ndi mankhwala a Sumyalfa, Zolon, Sherpa, Karate, Aktellik, Volaton, etc.
Nkhani ina yoyipa ndi ntchentche kabichi. Kuuluka kwake kumayambira kumapeto kwa Epulo, pomwe nthaka imayamba kutentha mpaka madigiri 12-13. Khungwa louluka limayikira mazira pakhosi la chomera kapena m'nthaka pafupi naye. Mphutsi zodzutsa zimalowa m'mizu, kudulira pakati pake, chifukwa pomwe mbewuzo zimayamba kufota (makamaka nyengo yofunda, yotentha), masamba amakhala otsogola bwino, amakula pang'ono kapena amasiya kwathunthu, ndipo nthawi zambiri mbewu zimafa.
Mazira a kabichi njereza.
Njira Zowongolera Kabichi
Kutsatira kwambiri kasinthasintha wa mbeu, kukhalabe ndi ulimi wabwino kwambiri, njira zoteteza (kuchiyambiyambi kwa chilimwe cha agulugufe) ndi mankhwala ophatikizidwa pamwambapa ndiye njira zazikulu zowongolera.
Ngati chomera chawonongeka, onjezani 0.15-0.2% peresenti ya "Bi-58" kapena "Bazudin" pamizu. Kudya - 0,25-0.3 malita pachomera chilichonse. Ndiwothandiza kuyambitsa mukadzala granular “Phosphamide” kapena granular superphosphate etched “Phosphamide” (“Bi-58”).
Mwa matenda, ovulaza kwambiri ndi mabacteria and mucous bacteria, fusarium wilt.
Kuteteza Matenda
Mavalidwe a mbewu, kasinthasintha wa mbeu, kukhalabe ndi maziko olimapo ndi njira zazikulu zoletsa komanso kuthana ndi matenda a kabichi.
Kabichi imadziwika kuti ndi nyumba yosungiramo thanzi, chifukwa ndimakomedwe abwino, imakhala ndi machiritso abwino: kubwezeretsa, analgesic, anti-kutupa, mankhwala opatsirana, bactericidal, anti-sclerotic, heestatic, diuretic, machiritso a bala, normalizing kagayidwe kachakudya ndikuwongolera mavitamini ambiri, muli mavitamini ambiri .
