Zophatikiza michere: mitundu, malamulo ogwiritsa ntchito

Ambiri wamaluwa lero asiya kwathunthu kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wamafuta, ndipo pachabe. Popanda gawo ili la umuna, ndizovuta kwambiri kukwanitsa chonde chachikulu ndipo chifukwa cha izi, zokolola zabwino. Inde, feteleza wa michere amafunika njira yapadera, koma ndiwachilengedwe, ngati kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawa mutha kuwononga malo anu. Chifukwa chake, tiyeni tiganizire mosamalitsa: chifukwa chiyani feteleza am'madzi ndi ofunika kwambiri komanso momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito molondola.

Feteleza. © Sarah Beecroft

Kodi feteleza wa mchere ndi chiyani?

Zophatikiza michere ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimakhala ndi michere yofunika chomera. Kuphatikizika kwawo kumakhalapo chifukwa chakuti ndi michere ya chinthu chopendekera.

Nthawi zambiri, izi ndizophweka, kapena zotchedwa feteleza wosagwirizana, zomwe zimakhala ndi chinthu chimodzi chopangira zakudya (mwachitsanzo, phosphorous), koma pali gulu la mitundu yambiri, feteleza ovuta okhala ndi zinthu zingapo zingapo nthawi imodzi (mwachitsanzo, nayitrogeni ndi potaziyamu). Zomwe mungagwiritse ntchito zimatengera nthaka ndi kufunika kwa nthaka. Mulimonsemo, feteleza aliyense wamamineramu adalimbikitsa miyambo ndi nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito, zomwe zimatsimikizira kupambana kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwawo.

Mitundu ya feteleza wa mchere

Mwakulingalira kosavuta, feteleza wa mineral amagawidwa kukhala nayitrogeni, potashi ndi phosphorous. Izi ndichifukwa choti nayitrogeni, potaziyamu ndi phosphorous ndiye michere yomwe imatsogolera zomwe zimathandizira pakukula ndikukula kwa mbewu. Zachidziwikire, palibe amene amanyoza kufunika kwa zinthu zina, monga magnesium, zinki, chitsulo, koma zitatu zomwe zidatchulidwa ndizomwe zimayambira. Tiyeni tiwalingalire mwadongosolo.

Feteleza wa Nitrogen

Zizindikiro zakuchepa kwa nayitrogeni m'nthaka

Nthawi zambiri, kuperewera kwa feteleza wa nayitrogeni kumaoneka m'mitengo ya masika. Kukula kwawo sikunalephereke, mphukira zimapangika zofooka, masamba ndi ang'ono, inflorescence ndi ochepa. Pambuyo pake, vutoli limazindikirika ndikuwunika kwa masamba, kuyambira m'mitsempha ndi minofu yoyandikana nayo. Nthawi zambiri, izi zimawonekera pansipa ya mbewu ndikuwuka pang'onopang'ono, pomwe masamba opukutidwa bwino bwino amagwa.

Nitrogen kufa ndi phwetekere. © Mitengo Imene Chonde

Zomwe zimachitika kwambiri pakusowa kwa nayitrogeni ndi phwetekere, mbatata, mitengo ya apulo ndi sitiroberi. Zilibe kanthu kuti mbewu zamtunduwu zimamera pa chiyani - kuchepa kwa nayitrogeni kumaonedwa pa chilichonse.

Mitundu ya feteleza wa Nitrogen

Feteleza wambiri wa nayitrogeni ndi ammonium nitrate ndi urea. Komabe, gululi limaphatikizapo ammonium sulfate, ndi calcium nitrate, ndi sodium nitrate, ndi azofosk, ndi nitroammophosk, ndi ammophos, ndi diammonium phosphate. Zonsezi zimapangidwa mosiyanasiyana ndipo zimakhudza mosiyanasiyana nthaka ndi mbewu. Chifukwa chake, urea acidates lapansi, ndi calcium, sodium ndi ammonium nitrate alkalinize. Beetroot amayankha bwino sodium nitrate, ndi anyezi, nkhaka, saladi ndi kolifulawa zimayankha bwino ku ammonium nitrate.

Njira Zogwiritsira Ntchito

Ma feteleza a nayitrogeni ndi oopsa kwambiri pama feteleza onse am'migodi. Izi ndichifukwa choti ndi zochulukirapo, mbewu zimadziunjikira kuchuluka kwa ma nitrate mumisempha yawo. Chifukwa chake, nayitrogeni ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala, kutengera kapangidwe ka dothi, mbewu yodyetsedwa ndi mtundu wa feteleza.

Chifukwa chakuti nayitrogeni amatha kuuluka, ndikofunikira kuti apange feteleza wa nayitrogeni pomuphatikizira mwachangu m'nthaka. Mukugwa, kuphatikiza nthaka ndi nayitrogeni sikothandiza, popeza yambiri imatsitsidwa ndi mvula nthawi yobzala.

Gulu la feteleza likufuna njira yapadera panthawi yosungirako. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa hygroscopicity, amayenera kusungidwa phukusi la vacuum, popanda mpweya.

Feteleza wa Potashi

Zizindikiro zakusowa kwa potaziyamu m'nthaka

Kuperewera kwa potaziyamu sikuwonekere mwachangu mukukula kwa mbewu. Pofika pakati pa kukula, mutha kuzindikira kuti chikhalidwechi chimakhala ndi masamba obiriwira, kuzimiririka, komanso mtundu wakufa kwamatenda a potaziyamu, mawanga a bulauni kapena kuwotcha (kumwalira) kwa nsonga za masamba. Komanso, tsinde lake ndi loonda mopepuka, lili ndi lotayirira, limakhala lalifupi, ndipo nthawi zambiri limagona. Zomera zotere nthawi zambiri zimakhala zotsalira, pang'onopang'ono zimaphukira, zimaphukira zipatso. Mu kaloti ndi tomato omwe ali ndi njala ya potaziyamu, kuphatikiza pa zomwe zili pamwambapa, kupindika kwa masamba achichepere kumawonedwa, mu mbatata nsonga zimamwalira msanga, mu mphesa masamba omwe ali pafupi ndi masango amapeza mtundu wobiriwira wobiriwira kapena wofiirira. Mitengo pa masamba a mbewu zamatumbo otchedwa potaziyamu imawoneka kuti imagwera m'thupi la tsamba. Ndikusowa potaziyamu pang'ono, mitengoyo imaphuka mochuluka, kenako ndikupanga zipatso zazing'ono.

Kuperewera kwa potaziyamu mu phwetekere. © Scot Nelson

Kukwanira kwa potaziyamu m'maselo a chomera kumawapatsa chakudya chabwino (kukana kuzilala), kukula kwamphamvu mizu, kudzikundikira kwathunthu kwa michere mu zipatso, ndi kukana kutentha pang'ono ndi matenda.

Nthawi zambiri, kusowa kwa potaziyamu kumapezeka munthaka zokhala acidic kwambiri. Ndiosavuta kudziwa mwa mawonekedwe a mtengo wa apulo, pichesi, maula, rasipiberi, peyala ndi currant.

Mitundu ya Fetash Feteleza

Pogulitsa mutha kupeza mitundu ingapo ya feteleza wa potashi, potaziyamu, potaziyamu zina (zabwino sipinachi ndi udzu winawake, zikhalidwe zina sizimayenderana ndi chlorine), potaziyamu sodium (mwabwino chifukwa ilinso ndi sulufule), kalimagnesia (potaziyamu) + magnesium), calimag. Kuphatikiza apo, potaziyamu ndi gawo la feteleza zovuta monga nitroammophoskos, nitrophosk, carboammofosk.

Njira zakugwiritsira ntchito feteleza wa potashi

Kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wa potashi kuyenera kutsatira malangizo omwe aphatikizidwa - izi zimathandizira njira yodyetsera ndi kupereka zotsatira zodalirika. Ndikofunika kuwatseka m'nthaka nthawi yomweyo: nthawi yophukira - kukumba, mchaka chodzala mbande. Potaziyamu kloridiam imangoyambitsidwa mu kugwa, chifukwa zimapangitsa nyengo ya chlorine.

Zomera zomwe zimayamwa kwambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito feteleza wa potashi - pansi pawo, potaziyamu iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito muyezo waukulu.

Phosphate feteleza

Zizindikiro za vuto la phosphorous

Zizindikiro zakuchepa kwa phosphorous mu tinthu timene timawoneka chimodzimodzi monga kusowa kwa nayitrogeni: mbewuyo imakula bwino, nkupanga tsinde lofooka, imachedwa m'maluwa ndikucha zipatso, ndikutaya masamba apansi. Komabe, mosiyana ndi njala ya nayitrogeni, kuchepa kwa phosphorous sikuyambitsa kuunika, koma kuda masamba, ndipo kale magawo amapatsa petioles ndi mitsempha ya masamba ofiira ndi masamba a violet.

Phosphorous kusala phwetekere. © K. N. Tiwari

Nthawi zambiri, kuchepa kwa phosphorous kumawonedwa pama dothi amtundu wa acid. Kuperewera kwa chinthuchi kumatchulidwa kwambiri pa tomato, mitengo ya apulo, mapichesi, currants zakuda.

Mitundu ya feteleza wa phosphate

Chimodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino za feteleza wa phosphate chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mtundu uliwonse wa dothi ndi superphosphate, potaziyamu monophosphate imapereka zotsatira mwachangu, ndipo ufa wa phosphoric ndi njira yabwino kwambiri.

Njira zakugwiritsira ntchito feteleza wa phosphate

Ndi angati omwe sabweretsa feteleza wa phosphorous - sangathe kuvulaza. Koma komabe ndibwino kuti musachite zinthu mosaganizira, koma kutsatira malamulo omwe afotokozedwa phukusi.

Zomera ndi ziti?

Kufunika kwa michere yosiyanasiyana m'zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana ndikosiyana, koma njira yofananira idakalipo. Chifukwa chake, nthawi isanapangidwe masamba oyamba, mbewu zonse zazing'ono zimafunikira nayitrogeni ndi phosphorous mochulukirapo; kuchepa kwawo pakadali pano kotukuka sikungapangidwe pambuyo pake, ngakhale atavala zovala zapamwamba - boma loponderezedwa lipitilira mpaka nthawi yakula.

Potaziyamu mankhwala enaake

Ammonium chloride.

Munthawi ya kukula kwamasamba omera ndi mbewu, gawo lalikulu lazakudya zawo limaseweredwa ndi nayitrogeni ndi potaziyamu. Pa nthawi ya budding ndi maluwa, phosphorous imakhalanso yofunika. Ngati mavalidwe apamwamba ophatikizika ndi phosphorous ndi feteleza wa potaziyamu atachitika pakadali pano, mbewuzo zimayamba kudziunjikira mwachangu minofu, zomwe pamapeto pake zimakhudza bwino mbewu zawo.

Chifukwa chake, kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wa mineral kumakhala kotheka osati kungokhala chonde m'nthaka yoyenera, komanso kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa zomwe zimachokera munthaka yomwe mwalimidwa.

Malamulo onse ogwiritsira ntchito feteleza wa mchere

Ndikofunika kumvetsetsa kuti feteleza wa mchere angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati feteleza wamkulu (m'dzinja pofunafuna kukumba dothi, kapena kumapeto kwa nyengo isanadze kufesa), komanso ngati chosiyanitsa pakudya masika ndi chilimwe. Iliyonse mwalamulo ili ndi malamulo ake komanso zikhalidwe zoyambira, koma pali malingaliro ena omwe sayenera kunyalanyazidwa.

Palibe chifukwa feteleza ayenera kukhala wamkulu mu mbale zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphika.
Ndikwabwino kusunga feteleza munyumba ya vacuum.
Ngati feteleza wamamineral adakwiriridwa, nthawi yomweyo asanagwiritse ntchito ayenera kuphwanyidwa kapena kudutsa mu suna, ndi dzenje mulifupi mwake mpaka 3 mm.
Mukamagwiritsa ntchito feteleza wopatsa mchere ku mbewu, munthu sayenera kupitilira mlingo womwe wopangidwayo wakupangira, koma ndibwino kuwerengera momwe mungafunikire poyeza nthaka. Mwambiri, kuphatikiza umuna ndikulimbikitsidwa. feteleza wa nayitrogeni kuchuluka: ammonium nitrate - 10 - 25 g pa lalikulu mita, urea kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa - 5 g pa 10 malita a madzi; feteleza wa potashi: potaziyamu chloride - 20 - 40 g pa lalikulu mita (monga feteleza wamkulu), pakuvala kovala pamwamba ndi mchere wa potaziyamu - 50 g pa 10 L ya madzi; phosphorous zolakwika: potaziyamu monophosphate - 20 g pa 10 l ya madzi, kuphatikiza zovala zapamwamba ndi superphosphate - 50 g pa 10 L ya madzi.
Ngati kuvala pamwamba kumachitika ndi dothi, ndikofunikira kuyesetsa kuti musadzapeze yankho pazomera zambiri za chonde chokhacho, kapena kuti muzitsuka bwino ndi mbeu mutavala bwino.
Feteleza wophatikizidwa munthaka youma, komanso feteleza wokhala ndi nayitrogeni, ayenera kuyikiridwa mwachangu kumtunda, koma osati mwakuya kwambiri kuti athe kupezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa mizu.
Pofuna kufewetsa feteleza wa mchere womwe umalowetsedwa m'nthaka, ndikofunikira kunyowetsa musanagwiritse ntchito.
Ngati nthaka isowa m'nthaka, ndiye kuti feteleza ndi phosphorous ndi potaziyamu ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi chinthu chosowa, apo ayi sangabweretse zotsatira zomwe zikuyembekezeka.
Ngati dongo la dongo - muyeso wa feteleza uyenera kuchulukitsidwa pang'ono; mchenga - wochepetsedwa, koma ochulukitsa kuchuluka kwa feteleza. Mwa feteleza wa phosphate wa dothi lamtundu, ndikofunikira kusankha superphosphate, chifukwa dothi lamchenga lina lililonse feteleza ndioyenera.
M'madera omwe ali ndi mpweya wambiri (gulu lowetera), gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a feteleza wamkulu ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti lidzagwiritsidwe ntchito mwachangu pofesa mbewu kapena pakubzala mbande m'nthaka mukubzala mabowo ndi poyambira. Kuti mbewu zisalandire muzu woyaka, zomwe zimapangidwa ziyenera kusakanikirana bwino ndi nthaka.
Chochita chachikulu pakusintha chonde m'nthaka chitha kuchitika mwa kusinthanitsa feteleza wa michere ndi michere.
Ngati kubzala pamabedi kwakula kwambiri mpaka kutsekedwa, njira yabwino yovalira pamwamba ndi kuvala bwino kwa foliar (foliar).
Kuvala pamwamba mwapamwamba kumachitika mchaka cha masamba opangidwa ndi achinyamata. Zovala pamwamba pamizu ndi feteleza wa potashi zimachitika m'dzinja, kutseka feteleza mpaka 10cm.
Kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wa michere ngati feteleza wamkulu kumachitika pabalaza padziko lapansi ndikutsimikizika pambuyo pake poti mulowe nthaka.
Ngati feteleza wa mchere agwiritsidwa ntchito panthaka limodzi ndi feteleza wachilengedwe, ndipo iyi ndi njira yothandiza kwambiri, mulingo wa feteleza wa mineral ayenera kuchepetsedwa ndi wachitatu.
Zothandiza kwambiri ndi feteleza wa granular, koma amayenera kuyikidwa kukumba kwa yophukira.