Nthaka ndi kuyenerera kwa mbewu zamalimi

Kodi mukufuniranji kudziwa mitundu yamadothi ndikuyenera kubzala m'mundawo?

Kuti tidziwe dothi la mundawo ndi la mtundu wanji, ndikofunikira kuliphunzira mwachangu komanso ndi ndalama zochepa ndikupanga kuti likhale loyenerera kubzala mbewu. Kufunika kwatsamba lamadimba kumadalira mtundu wa dothi, topography, madzi apansi panthaka, chonde m'nthaka, ndi zina zambiri.

Kodi chonde m'nthaka chimatanthauzanji?

Chonde chonde - zomwe zimakhala munthaka, momwe zimakhalira ndi thupi komanso zinthu zina. Zimatengera zochita za anthu. Nthaka yachonde imatha kukwaniritsa kufunika kwa chakudya ndi madzi pa moyo wonse wa chomera. Kuti mumve zambiri za mabatire, onani gawo la "Fertilizer".

Momwe mungadziwe kuti ndi dothi lamtunda wamtunda uti ndi wa chonde?

Ambiri mwa malo omwe anapangidwira minda yokhazikika sakhala ndi chonde chachikulu. Mulingo waconde nthaka ungathe kutsimikizika pogwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku watsamba komanso tsatanetsatane wa nthaka. Izi zimapangitsa kudziwa bwino dothi, kapangidwe kake, mawonekedwe a agrochemical ndikuwonetsa dongosolo la kusintha kwake kapena kulima. Kusanthula kwa dothi kumachitika ndi madera azachikhalidwe azokopa pothandizidwa ndi magulu azikhalidwe.

Kodi ndi zachilengedwe ziti za zomera za m'munda zomwe zingaganizidwe pokonza munda?

Posankha kuchuluka kwa kuyenera kwa dimba, ndikofunikira kuganizira kuchuluka kwa mbewu m'nthaka, kutentha kwake ndi chinyezi, kuya ndi kutalika kwa mizu. Zambiri za mizu ya apulo ndi peyala zimamera dothi kuchokera pa 100-200 mpaka 600 mm, yamatcheri ndi ma plums - kuchokera 100 mpaka 400 mm, m'ma tchire - ngakhale yaying'ono. Ku mbali, mizu imayikidwa kuseri kwa korona. Pokhudzana ndi chinyezi chachilengedwe, mbewu zamaluwa zimakonzedwa mosamalitsa kuyambira nyengo yolekerera kwambiri chilala (yamatcheri, gooseberries) kwa owonda okonda chinyontho (maula, rasipiberi, sitiroberi). Malo apakatikati amakhala ndi apulo, peyala, blackcurrant, sea buckthorn. Zomwe zimafunidwa kwambiri ndi mitengo ya apulo ndi peyala (2-3 mamita kuchokera panthaka); tchire losafunikira kwenikweni (mpaka 1 m). Kukhazikika kwa malo okhala pansi pamadzi kumakhudza kayendedwe ka madzi munthaka ndipo kumatha kupangitsa kuti mbewu za zipatso zizipezeka.

Kodi nthaka ndi dothi ndizofunika motani?

Nthaka - pamwamba pamtunda pomwe nthaka yochuluka yomwe mizu ya zipatso ndi mabulosi idagona. Amakhala ndi dothi yopingasa, mphamvu zake komanso kapangidwe kazinthu kazomwe zimapangidwa mosiyanasiyana komanso zimakhudza chikhalidwe cha kakulidwe ndi kufalitsa mizu yazomera.

Kodi ndi dothi lotani lomwe limapezeka pakati pa Russia?

Mitundu yayikulu ya dothi ili ndi monga sod-podzolic, boggy ndi marsh (sod-podzolic zone), bush-steppe grey (nkhalango-steppe zone), chernozems.

Kodi dothi limagawidwa bwanji?

Malinga ndi makina opangidwa ndi dothi komanso subsoil amagawidwa pamchenga pamchenga, pamchenga pa loam, mchenga wamchenga pamchenga, mchenga wazungulira loam, loamy, dongo, peat. Amasiyana pakachulukidwe ka madzi am'madzi (mphamvu inayake yokoka, kuchuluka kwa zochulukirapo, kutuluka kwa nthaka, chinyontho chowonda, chinyezi chochepa kwambiri, kutulutsa kokwanira kokwanira pamunsi chinyezi chambiri, kusefera mphamvu, kukweza kwa capillary).

Kodi zovuta zazikulu zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi ziti?

Zoyipa zamchenga ndi dothi lamchenga ndizosungika zochepa za chonde, ngati dothi izi zimapangidwa pamchenga wakuya (kupitirira 1500 mm). Dothi lolemera komanso dongo limakhala ndi madzi ochepa otsekemera, zomwe zimapangitsa kutsuka kwa magawo kumtunda, komanso m'malo otsika - kutsokomola madzi ndi kutentha kochepa.

Kodi dothi lofunika kuminda ndi chiyani?

Kuyenera kwa sod-podzolic, boggy ndi bog dothi la minda kumasiyana. Pomwe ma sooddy, soddy-ofooka podzolic, soddy-medium-podzolic, soddy peaty-gleyous, peat-gley lowland bogs ndi peat-gley dothi losinthika dothi ndiloyenera kulima dimba, kenako dimba la podzolic, podzolic, sod-steppe-boggy. Amakhala dothi loipa kwambiri, ndipo popanda njira zina zokulitsira ndi kutulutsira nthaka (ngalande), ndiosayenera kukhala ndi minda.

Kodi nthaka ya peaty ndi chiyani?

M'minda yosiyanasiyana, magawo a malo osyankhidwa ndi migodi ya peat akuchulukirachulukira. Dothi chivundikiro madambo - peat. Nthaka za peat zimakhala ndi zina zosavomerezeka, kotero ndikosatheka kukulitsa mbewu panu popanda kusintha kosinthika.

Kodi ma peat dothi la ma bogi apamwamba ndi ati?

Poganizira za chiyambi cha ma bogs ndi makulidwe a peat wosanjikiza, dothi la peat la kumtunda ndi ma dothi apansi ndi osiyana. Ma boles okwera amakhala pamalo owoneka bwino osagwa mvula komanso kusungunuka madzi, chifukwa amalandira chinyezi chambiri. Mu peat wosanjikiza mulibe zinthu zomwe zingapangitse calcium, potaziyamu, phosphorous, kuwola kwathunthu kwa zotsalira zamasamba. Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mankhwala ena ovulaza mbewu ndikupanga acidization yamphamvu ya peat. Zakudya za peat zimatha kukhala mitundu yosagwirizana ndi mbewu. Zamoyo za dothi zomwe zimathandizira kukulitsa komanso kusunga chonde sizitha. Zomera ndizabwino kwambiri.

Kodi dothi lobowa la madambo otentha limadziwika ndi chiyani?

Madambo otsetsereka a Lowland amapezeka m'maenje akuluakulu otsetsereka. Madzi mwa iwo amadzaza chifukwa chamadzi apansi pansi amadzaza ndi calcium, magnesium, ndi chitsulo. Acidity ya peat wosanjikiza ndi yofooka kapena pafupi ndi ndale. Zomera ndi zabwino. Ndi makulidwe a peat wosanjikiza, mitundu itatu ya dothi la peat imasiyanitsidwa: I - ndi peat-low peat (osachepera 200 mm), II - ndi peat yamagetsi apakati (200-400), III - ndi peat yakuda (kupitirira 400 mm).

Momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito dothi la peat?

Nthaka zanthete zamtchire ndi ma dothi ouma otetezedwa munthaka zawo sizoyenera kulimidwa. Komabe, abisa chonde chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa organic mu mawonekedwe a peat. Zina zoyipa za peat zimathetsedwa ndi kukhetsa, kuyimitsa, kusesa, kuphatikiza. Ndikothekanso kukhetsa, ndiye kuti, kutsitsa pansi pamadzi ndikuchotsa madzi ochulukirapo kuchokera kumizu ya dothi munthawi yake ndikupanga ngalande zotseguka. Kusintha kwa nthaka kumapangitsa kuti nthaka ikhale ndi madzi, mpweya komanso matenthedwe komanso zimapangitsa kuti feteleza azigwiritsa ntchito moyenera. Ziwembu zamaluwa ziyenera kupezeka molingana ndi kapangidwe ka ma drainage network. Kuphatikiza apo, ndikofunikira kupanga ma dothi akuluakulu m'mbali mwa mseu, komanso ma ngalawo akuya kwa 200-250 mm ndi kutalika kwa 300-400 mm m'mphepete mwa gawo la mundawo ndi kukoka wamba kulowa mu ngalande yayikulu. Zosavomerezeka mu kasupe kusefukira kwa madera angapo. Pofika zaka khumi ndi zitatu za Meyi, mitsinje iyenera kukhala yopanda madzi.

Ngati sizingatheke kutsitsa pansi pamadzi, ndiye kuti mbewu za zipatso zimatha kulimidwa pazomera zazing'ono, zomwe mizu yake imakhala kumtunda kwa dothi. Kuphatikiza apo, mitengo yazipatso iyenera kubzalidwa m'mphepete mwamtunda 300-500 mm. Dongosolo la mtunda uyenera kukulitsidwa chaka chilichonse mtengo ukamakula. Nthawi yomweyo, ndikofunika kukana kubzala maenje, kudziyika tokha pakuzama (mpaka 300-400 mm) kukumba kwa dothi lakumtunda.

Kuchepa kwakukulu kwa madzi apansi panthaka ya peat, yodzaza ndi mchenga wakuda, muzaka zowuma kumatha kubweretsa kuchepa kwa chinyezi pamizere yokhala ndi mizu, makamaka m'malo amitundu I ndi II, momwe makulidwe a peat ndi otsika. Poterepa, muyenera kupereka gwero la ulimi wothirira.

Kodi kuchepetsa acidity ya peat dothi?

Mu dothi lapamwamba la ma bogs okwera, kuwonongeka kwa peat kumatha kubwezeretsedwa ndi acidity yayikulu (pH 2.8-3.5). Nthawi yomweyo, mitengo ya zipatso ndi mabulosi sangathe bwino kubala ndi zipatso. Kuyankha kwapakatikati pazomera zotere ndi 5.0-6.0. Nthaka za peat za malo otsika molingana ndi acidity nthawi zambiri zimakhala zofanana ndi mtengo wokwanira.

Njira yokhayo yothetsera acidity yowonjezera yamtunda uliwonse ikuchepa. Iyo imasunthira kwachilengedwe njira za peat m'njira yoyenera kuti mbewu za m'munda zizikula. Kutsegula kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timathandizira kuwonongeka kwa peat, kumapangitsa kuti agrophysical ndi agrochemical katundu. Khungu lofiirira lonyezimira limasandulika kukhala chimdima chakuda. Mitundu yovuta kufikirako imadutsanso mosiyanasiyana ndi zomerazo. Feteleza wa phosphorous-potaziyamu wakhazikika mu dothi wokhala ndi mizu, samatsukidwa mu kasupe ndi nthawi yophukira, pomwe mbeu zimapezeka.

Kodi pali njira zina zomwe zimathandizira dothi la peat?

Dothi la peat limatha kusinthidwa ndi ma sanding. Kuti muchite izi, mchenga wambiri uyenera kugawidwa pamtunda wa peat, kenako kukumba malo osakaniza peat ndi mchenga. Njirayi imawongolera bwino madera a peat.

Kubzala kumachitika bwino pamasamba a mtundu wa III wokhala ndi peat yosaposa 400 mm, kuchuluka kwa mchenga - 4 m3 (6 t) pa 100 m2, kuchuluka kwa laimu kumachepetsedwa ndi theka. M'madera amtundu wa I ndi II, kulumikizidwa sikulimbikitsidwa, popeza mukakumba dothi, mchenga womwe umakhala pansi umagwidwa ndi fosholo ndikusakanikirana ndi peat, kutanthauza kuti, kumanga mchenga wapamwamba wa peat kumachitika (popanda mchenga wowonjezera kuchokera kunja). Kuphatikiza apo, m'madera a mtundu I ndikulangizidwa kuwonjezera peat (4-6 m3 pa 100 m2). Mu zaka zotsatila, momwe peat imayamba kuwonekera m'magawo, ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa manyowa a peat-fecal pamiyeso yayikulu.

Ngati dothi lolemera likhala pansi pa peat, kuchuluka kwa mchenga kuyenera kukulitsidwa ngakhale ndi peat yaying'ono, chifukwa pamene kukumba dothi ili kumathandizira kulima, komwe kumafunika pokonza malowa.

Kodi ndizotheka kuyika dimba pamizere "yotulutsa" kuchokera ku ma bogs, nkhalango, mitengo, ndi zina zambiri?

Ndi ntchito yachikhalidwe chokwanira, maderawa amatha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito m'minda ndi m'minda yakukhitchini. Kuchotsa zitsa mutazula, zitsamba, miyala, kukhetsa madzi, kukonza matayala ndikubwezeretsa mabowo, kudula zitseko, kudzaza dothi louma, kukonza malo, kukonza ngalande kapena ulimi wothirira - zonsezi zimayenera kuchitidwa pokonza madera omwe atuluka m'nkhalangozi, miyala, ndala. Ndikwabwino kugwira ntchito yolimba yochita zinthu zosiyanasiyana mpaka magulu onse agawidwe magawo awiri. Nthawi yomweyo, thandizo lofunikira liyenera kuperekedwa ndi mabizinesi ndi mabungwe, omwe amaphatikiza omwe amapatsidwa minda yolima minda ndi minda yakhitchini.

Ndi ntchito yotani yomwe isanachitike pobzala mundawo?

Kukula kwa malo nthawi zambiri kumayambira ndi ma drainage dragege. Koma nthawi zina muyenera kusamalira kuthirira. Kenako muyenera kuchotsa zitsa, miyala, zitsamba, ndikukhazikika panthaka, ngati pakufunika kutero, gwiritsani laimu, mchenga, feteleza ndi michere ndi kukumba dothi lakuya 200 mm. Mlingo wa laimu, feteleza, mchenga zimatengera mtundu wa dothi, kuchuluka kwake, mawonekedwe ake, mawonekedwe a agrochemical. Amasamaliranso kuteteza munda wamtsogolo ku mphepo zomwe zikuwomba. Mtengo wonsewo ubzalidwe ndi mitengo ya mitengo (linden, mapulo, elm, birch, phulusa). Monga hedge, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito chikasu, Hazel, nthabwala (jasmine), honeysuckle, dogrose, chokeberry (aronia). Mizere yamaluwa iyenera kukhala yopanda mawonekedwe, yoyeretsedwa. Kuti muchite izi, mitengo iyenera kuyikidwa mumizere iwiri malinga ndi chiwembu 1.5-3 × 1-1.25 m, zitsamba - mumizere umodzi kapena awiri malinga ndi chiwembu 0.75-1.5 × 0.5-0.75 m.

Mizere yamaluwa simabzalidwe ngati dimba lazunguliridwa ndi nkhalango kapena nyumba. Maphwando omwe akuyang'anizana ndi mitsinje, mitsinje, ndi malo otsika sayenera kubzala ndi malamba olima. Pambuyo pake, m'malo mwa mitengo yakugwa, zikhalidwe zabwino, zamtundu womwewo zomwe zimamera m'minda yoteteza m'munda zimabzalidwa, komanso chimodzimodzi m'mizere iwiri.

Mundawo ungatetezedwe ndi mpanda wamatabwa wopangidwa ndi ma slabs, hemp, slats, mitengo, komanso mbewu zokongoletsera.

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