Ngati phwetekere pachitsamba livunda pamabedi, kodi wolimiyo atani? Choyamba, yesani kusunga gawo limodzi la mbewu. Kachiwiri, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake izi zidachitika ndikukhala njira zodzitetezera, kusamalira zokolola za chaka chamawa.
Chifukwa chiyani tomato amawola pach chitsamba
Kuyika tomato pachitsamba kumatha chifukwa cha matenda oyamba ndi mavairasi. Eni ake omwe ali ndi minda ndi malo ogulitsira nthawi yachilimwe pamabedi awo amakumana nthawi zambiri:
- mochedwa
- Zoyipa ndi zowola zakuda,
- Alternariosis,
- necrosis.
Matenda owononga ambiri amatha kunyamulidwa ndi mphepo ndipo, ngati mdani amatenga, "kuyimitsa zofewa" pamtunda wobiriwira. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi zina amapezeka pansi ndipo kuchokera pamenepo, kudzera muzu, nkuyamba ntchito yawo yowonongeka. Zofunikira zake zonse ziwiri ndizofanana: tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, kamodzi m'malo abwino, timachulukana, tikusokoneza dongosolo la mapuloteni mu chomera. Zotsatira zake, maselo a mwana amene wapangidwa kale, koma osakhwima kwathunthu amayamba kuwola.
Matenda ena amakhudza gawo lokhalo la mwana wosabadwa - nsonga yake kapena malo pomwe phwetekere imalumikizidwa ndi nthambi, ena amawononga masamba onsewo, koma zotsatira zake zimakhala zofanana - sizingatheke kupulumutsa zipatsozi. Komabe, tomato amapsa nthambi zina, zomwe matendawa sanakhudze - ziyenera kumenyedwera.
Mochedwa
Phytophthora amazolowera mankhwala mwachangu, choncho fungicides iyenera kusinthidwa
Woyang'anira m'munda aliyense amene amalima tomato osati m'malo obisalamo, koma m'munda amadziwa za matendawa. Kuwala kumawonekera motere: m'munsi mwa zipatsozo, timadontho tating'ono ta bulauni timayamba kuwoneka bwino. Tsiku lililonse limachulukana, ndipo utoto wake umayamba kukhala wakuda. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kuwola kwanyamula fetus kuchokera mkati.
Ntchito ya matendawa imatengera nyengo. Ngati chilimwe chili chotentha komanso chouma, choipacho sichingavulaze malo obzala. Ngati chinyezi chakwera, ndiye kuti kugwa mvula, ndipo kozizira - nthenda ya fungal imakhala yogwira kwambiri kuposa kale.
Matenda amatenga dothi - phytophthora spores imangokhala nthawi yayitali ndipo, ngati kulibe chithandizo choyambira mabedi omwe ali ndi fungicides, adzadzipangitsa okha kumva.
Alternariosis
Alternariosis nthawi zambiri imakhudza kubzala kum'mwera zigawo
Matendawa amadziwonetsa ngati mawanga a bulauni osati pamsuzi wa phwetekere wobiriwira, monga kumapeto kwa vuto, koma mdera la phesi. Zipatso zonse nthawi imodzi zimawoneka kuti ndizovunda, koma palibe chabwino mwa izo - chinsalu chochokera ku spores chimawoneka chachilendo kwambiri.
Nyengo zabwino nyengo yamatenda imeneyi imakhala chinyezi chachikulu (kuzungulira 70%), kutentha kuyambira + 25 mpaka +30zaC. Matendawa amavulaza osati zipatso zokha, komanso masamba a tomato - nawonso amaphimbidwa ndi mawanga amdima ndikugwa.
Bakiteriya necrosis
Matendawa amatchedwanso "phwetekere zopanda pake"
Chifukwa cha matendawa, tomato amawola kwathunthu. Chizindikiro choyamba cha bakiteriya necrosis yazipatso zosapsa ndikupanga mawonekedwe oyera pamaso pawo. Mwana wosabadwayo akakhala ndi nthawi yoti achepetse, matendawa atha kuweruzidwa ndi mphete ziwiri zofiirira zomwe zimayimira pamphepete. Tsoka ilo, palibe zipatso zobiriwira kapena zofiira kale zomwe zikhoza kukhwima - madzi osinthika ayamba kuwonekera mkati mwa enawo ndi ena, tomato amayamba kubomoka kuchokera kunthambi, dzanja la wina litawakhudza.
Zowonongeka zimadziwika pa tsinde la chomera - ntchofu udzaonekere, uyamba kusweka. Koma masamba sangasinthe mtundu wawo kwa nthawi yayitali, komabe, amawoneka osowa. Izi nthawi zina zimasokoneza wamaluwa - amakhala ndi nkhawa kuti mbewu zilibe madzi okwanira ndipo zimayamba "kuzigulitsa" kwambiri, ndipo izi zimawonjezera vutoli.
Striping Necrotic (Streak)
Matendawa ndi owopsa kwa tomato wowonjezera kutentha.
Matendawa ndi mtundu wa necrosis. Zomera zonse zotseguka komanso mbewu zobiriwira zimakhudzidwanso chimodzimodzi. Tsinde ndi petioles zimathandiza kuzindikira matendawa - mikwingwirima yamaso ofiira ofiira amawonekera. Zipatso pazomera zoterezi zimakutidwa ndi mawanga amdima ndi osokoneza, osakhala ndi nthawi yoti zipse. Kuwonongeka kwa mwana wosabadwa konse kumayamba ndendende chifukwa cha ming'alu iyi - kuchuluka kwa bowa wa pathogenic kumagwera.
Mawonekedwe akuda
Ndi matendawa, masamba amakhudzidwa choyamba, kenako zipatso
Matendawa amakhudza mbewu zonse zobiriwira komanso zomwe zimamera m'mabedi. Ziyenera kuda nkhawa pamene mawanga obiriwira ochepa, owoneka bwino atayamba kuoneka masamba a mbewu, omwe pang'onopang'ono amayamba kukula. Kenako pakubwera zipatso, malo amawoneka: woyamba, wonyezimira ndi wonyezimira, kenako - wofanana ndi kuwonongeka komwe kwasiyidwa ndi nkhanambo.
Malo amtundu wakuda amachotsedwa kuchokera kuzomera zodwala kupita kwa athanzi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mafunde amphepo. Njirayi imagwira makamaka nyengo yamvula yabwino - mabakiteriya owopsa amalowa masamba ndi zipatso ndi madontho amadzi.
Vertex zowola
Matendawa amafanana kwambiri ndi vuto lakachedwa
Omwe alimi ambiri amawona kuti matendawa ndi otetezeka kwambiri, koma amakhudzanso masamba omwe ali pabedi ngati pali zifukwa zingapo zosasinthira izi: kutentha, kuthirira mosasamala komanso nthaka yosakonzekera bwino, nthaka yokhala nayitrogeni ndi calcium yaying'ono. Makina a chitukuko cha matendawa ndi awa: omwe akufuna kuthirira, koma osalandira masamba awo, amayamba kutenga chinyezi kuchokera pazipatso zake, chifukwa chake amawola.
Zimachitika kuti wamaluwa amasokoneza apical kuvunda ndi mochedwa choipitsa, koma pali chidziwitso chotsimikizika - matenda oyamba amakhudza zipatso zokhazokha, zovuta zomwe zimachedwa zimakhudza zipatso, masamba, ndi masamba. Tomato yemwe sanakhale ndi nthawi kuti akhwime ndi kudwala ndi vertex zowola amakutidwa ndi mawanga akuda padziko lonse la chipatso.
Chodabwitsa cha matendawa ndikuti, monga lamulo, tchire tating'ono tomwe timayambira kupweteketsa zipatso timavutika nalo, komabe, mtengowo sufa kwathunthu. Zachidziwikire, zipatso zoyambitsidwazo sizoyenera kudya, koma pachitsamba chomwecho (ngati mbewuyo ipatsidwa chisamaliro chabwino), mwatsopano, wathanzi lathunthu komanso lotetezeka kwa anthu limatha kukhwima.
Zowola chakuda
Pazizindikiro zoyambirira za matendawa, zipatso zomwe zimakhudzidwa ziyenera kuchotsedwa.
Matendawa amakhudza mwana wonse wosabadwayo.. Choyamba, patimenti yakuda imawonekera, yoyimira pycnidia - magulu a fungo laling'ono lovulaza. Kenako phwetekere imayamba kuumitsa, makwinya, ndipo ngati nthawi ino nyengo yamvula ivunda.
Zina zoyambitsa kuvunda kwa phwetekere
Nthawi zambiri zomwe zimayambitsa mavuto ndizodyetsa mosayenera kapena kusowa kwake: mwachitsanzo, kuchepa kwa mavitamini kapena mavitamini owonjezera. Mavalidwe apamwamba akakhala owolowa manja kwambiri, kuzika mizu ndi kuwola kumatha kuchitika - masamba amafota ndipo zipatso zimasokonekera zisanakhwime.
Kuthirira mosasamba ndi kowopsa kwa mbewu: ngati madzi alipo okwanira masamba, ndiye kuti zipatso, titero, ndizoperewera - mawanga ang'onoang'ono akuda amapezeka pamalangizo awo, pang'onopang'ono amawonjezeka, ndipo pakati zimayamba kulimba.
Chifukwa china chovunda cha tomato chimakhala chakuti mwininyumbayo adapeza mbande zamitundu yayitali, koma sanadandaule kuti amange zomwe zimayambira - ndiye kuti, zipatso zimagona panthaka yonyowa.
Zoyenera kuchita pofuna kuthana ndi mbewu yamtsogolo
Ngati tomato wobiriwira yemwe amakhala patchire akuyamba kuwola, chidwi choyamba cha wosamalira mundawo ndikupulumutsa omwe matendawa analibe nthawi kuti awakhudze. Njira yokhazikika kwambiri ndikutola mbewu yotsalira ndikuyitenga pansi pa denga, pamalo owuma, yotetezedwa ndi dzuwa. Pamenepo, tomato amapota pang'onopang'ono ndipo amakhala oyenera kuti amwe. Tsoka ilo, sizigwira ntchito ngati onunkhira, okoma ngati zipatso zomwe zacha bwino m'mundamo.
Mutha kusunga gawo la mbewu pachisamba, ngati chomera chikadwala mochedwa, ndipo palibe zisonyezo zake pachindunji. Kuchiza wodwala wobiriwira wokhala ndi madzi a Bordeaux kungathandize, pokhapokha ndikwaniritsidwa - simungaphonye gawo limodzi la matenda.
Kuti mankhwalawa abweretse zotsatira, muyenera kukonza chilichonse
Zochizira tchire, sikuti amangogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala okha, komanso mankhwala azikhalidwe Ganizirani njira zomwe mungapulumutsire ku matenda osiyanasiyana.
Poyerekeza mochedwa
Ntchito imachitika pambuyo poti zizindikiritso zoyamba za matenda. Mabasi othandizira kuchiritsa osamba:
- Bordeaux madzimadzi (1 peresenti ya ndende);
- mankhwala Oksikhom (10 L madzi - mapiritsi 2);
- mkuwa oxychloride (40 g wa zinthu zomwezi).
Kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi kukonzekera kwachiwiri kumachitika ngati masiku 20 atsala pang'ono kukolola, ndiye kuti Bordeaux imadzaza - masiku atatu akukwana. Ndikwabwino kupopera mafuta kumapeto kwa tsiku kutentha kumatsika. Akatswiri amapereka lingaliro ili: ngati mukuyenera kuthana ndi vuto lochedwa mochedwa pafupipafupi, muyenera kumwa mankhwala osiyanasiyana chaka chilichonse - microflora ya pathogenic sidzazolowera, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zotsatira za mankhwalawa zidzakhala zapamwamba.
Ndipo maupangiri ena owerengeka kwa iwo omwe akuyesera kuteteza mabedi awo kuti asavutike kwambiri nyengo iliyonse yamunda. Chitani zinthu zolimbikitsa. Zochizira tchire (masabata awiri mutabzala) ndi Trichodermin zimapereka zotsatira zabwino. Madzi a Bordeaux adzaperekanso zotsatira zokhazikika: chithandizo choyambirira chimachitika nthawi yomweyo, ndipo patatha milungu iwiri - yachiwiri. Otsutsa "chemistry" amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi wowerengeka, ngakhale kuti siabwino kwambiri. Chothandiza kwambiri mwa iwo ndi kulowetsedwa kwa adyo, okonzedwa kuchokera ku 1.5 tbsp. adyo, 1.5 g wa potaziyamu permanganate ndi 10 malita a madzi. Nthawi yopopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi yotsutsana.
Ogwira ntchito zamaluwa amaona kuthirira kogwira ntchito, pomwe madontho 10 a ayodini ndi 30 g a calcium chloride amawonjezeredwa pa 10 malita. Pakatikati podyera imodzi pali 0,5 malita.
Pamene masamba oyamba atayamba kupanga pobzala, zithandizo zomwe zimalimbitsa chitetezo chazomera (Epin-owonjezera), ndi zina zowonjezera m'thupi mwa feteleza wa phosphorous-potaziyamu zidzakhala zothandiza.
Kanema: Njira zochizira mochedwa
Motsutsana ndi Alternariosis
Matendawa, komanso chakumwa chakumbuyo, amachiritsidwa ndi Bordeaux fluid. Ndipo pofuna kuti matendawa asafalikire pamabedi azitsamba konse, akatswiri amalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yatsopano ya tomato yokhala ndi chitetezo chokwanira cha alternariosis: Lana, New Transnistria, Countryman.
Ndipo maupangiri ena owonjezera: matendawa amadutsa mabedi pomwe mbewu zimasinthidwa, namsongole amatenga udzu mwachangu kuti asakulitse mbewu.
Alternating mbewu zimapewe matenda ambiri azomera
Motsutsana ndi Vertex Rot
Njira yothandiza yolimbana ndi matendawa ndi yankho la calcium nitrate (ndende - 0.4%). Kwa nyengo, chithandizo cha 3-4 chikuchitika, nthawi yomwe ili pakati pa masiku 5-7. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira yothetsera vuto - 0.5 l pa 10 m2. Njira ina ndiyothekanso, yosagwiranso ntchito - kupopera mankhwalawa ndi yankho la calcium sulfate (8 g ya zinthu zomwe zimamwa mumtsuko).
Yankho la calcium nitrate lithandiza kuti muthane ndi zowola za vertex
Masiku ano, wamaluwa, malinga ndi akatswiri, vuto la vertebral rot limacheperachepera, chifukwa cha mitundu yatsopano yomwe ikulimbana ndi matendawa: Zvezdochka, chozizwitsa cha Moravian, Lakomka. Mwa njira za agrotechnical, kupukusira mwana ndi kuthirira nthawi zonse kumalimbikitsidwa (ngati nyengo ili yotentha, muyenera kumwa tomato tsiku lililonse, komanso zochuluka).
Motsutsana ndi bacteriosis
Matendawa nthawi zambiri samasiyira wosungayo mwayi wopulumutsa mbewuzo, nthawi zambiri amayenera kuchotsedwa m'mundamo. Kugwiritsa ntchito koyambirira matenda.
- Kartotsid - 50 g pa 10 malita a madzi,
- Oxechom - mapiritsi 2 a madzi ofanana.
Kumwaza tchire sikuyenera kuchitika pasanathe masiku 20 nyengo yokolola isanayambe. Ngati mawu oterewa sakokhutiritsa, mutha kugula ma bio-fungicides m'malo ogulitsira, amatha kudyedwa masiku ochepa musanadye masamba (pa mankhwala aliwonse, nthawi yake imafotokozeredwa mwatsatanetsatane malangizo.
Mukapopera mankhwala ndi mankhwala, muyenera kudziwa kutalika kwa zochita zawo.
Njira zodzitetezera
Wosamalira dimba sakhala tsiku lina, kuchokera munthawi zovuta za kayendedwe ka matenda, maphunziro ayenera kuphunziridwa:
- musaswe mabedi a phwetekere pafupi ndi mabedi a mbatata - mbewu izi zimakhala ndi adani wamba;
- kupewa kukula kwa malo obzala komanso kuchuluka kwa namsongole;
- amphamvu tomato kuchokera ku kachilombo ka matenda opewera kuteteza ku matenda, kupukusa kwa mphindi zingapo m'madzi pa kutentha 60zaC;
- Mbeu zobzala mtsogolo ziyenera kutengedwa kuchokera ku mbewu zomwe zadziwonetsa kuti zikulimbana ndi matenda;
- kuwononga mbali za kachilombo ndi zipatso zowonongeka ndi matenda nthawi yomweyo osagwiritsa ntchito manyowa;
- mukabzala chatsopano, gwiritsani ntchito phulusa lomwe limakhala ndi zinthu zamchere - lipangitsa kuti dothi likhale lotetezeka ku zowola za vertex ndi matenda ena (phulusa amathira ndikuthira m'mabowo omwe akukonzekera mbande).
Pofuna kuti zowola zosiyanasiyana zisawononge mbewu, muyenera kuyang'ana malo obzala komanso momwe mungapulumutsire ngati mwazindikira kale matenda. Nyengo iliyonse isanafike, ndikofunikira kuti mukhale ndi chidwi ndi zinthu zatsopano - mankhwala omwe amateteza tomato ku mavuto osiyanasiyana amawonekera pang'onopang'ono m'masitolo apadera, kotero nthawi zonse pamakhala mwayi wosankha zabwino kwambiri ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito ndendende kutsatira malangizowo.
