Nthaka: kukonzekeretsa malowa kubzala masika

Madontho akulira pabwalo, Epulo akuyamba - nthawi yakukonzekera dothi loti ubzale ndi kubzala masamba poyera.

Mkhalidwe waukulu wopeza mbewu yapamwamba, yapamwamba zimatengera kukonzekera dothi. Zomera zonse zimafunikira nthaka yachonde, yopepuka, yolimba, yotseguka ndi madzi komanso yopumira yomwe imakhazikika m'miyeso yaying'ono ikakhwima. Yoyandama, yolemera kapena yamchenga siyimatha kupereka zofunikira. Dothi loterolo limafunikira kukonzanso, komwe kumakhala koyambitsa alimi, zinthu zina zowonjezera, komanso m'njira zina.

Kukonzekera kwa nthaka yamasamba m'munda

Ntchito yoyamba kukonza nthaka

Kukhazikika kwa kukhwima kwa dothi

Kukhwima kwa dothi poyambira ntchito ya masika kumatsimikiziridwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana.

• mwendo suyenera kumira mu dothi laphokoso, kusiya kuwala (osaposa 1-2 cm);
• dothi lapansi lochokera panthaka ya dothi (kuchokera pakuya kwa 6-10 cm) limakanikizidwa ndikuloledwa kugwa kuchokera kutalika pafupifupi mamita 1.3-1.5. Mutha kuyamba ntchito yamasika.
• Dothi silipanga chotumphukira cholimba likafinya, limagwa nthawi yomweyo chikangotsegulidwa (nthawi zambiri pamiyeso ya mchenga) - dothi limaphwa ndikuthirira ndikofunikira mukabzala / mutabzala.

Kutsekeka kwachinyezi

Dothi lapamwamba litakhwima, kusuntha kwa dothi komwe kukugwedezeka kumachitika. Kutumphuka kwa dothi kumaphwanyidwa ndi tchire, pansi kumakutidwa, makamaka kufesa mbewu zazing'ono. Nthawi yomweyo, zinyalala zimachotsedwa m'mundamo (masamba, mabowo a nsonga za mbewu zomwe zimatchedwa mochedwa mu chilimwe, zogwirizira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati garter mbewu zazitali). Njirayi imagwiranso ntchito kuwononga zitsamba zamasamba ndikusunga chinyontho m'nthaka.

Chofunikira kwambiri ndikutseka chinyezi pamadothi opepuka komanso madera okhala ndi madzi akuya pansi. M'malo oterowo, pamwamba pa dothi limaphwanyidwa.

Timagwira masika ndikumasulira dothi m'mabedi. © pamachimakuma

Kukumba kasupe

Ndikofunika kumaliza kukonzekera dothi losasunthika m'dzinja (kukumba, kuphatikiza feteleza), ndi kasupe kuti muchepetse malire pokonzekera kufesa pamtunda wamtunda woyenera.

Komabe, dothi lolemera lolemetsa nthawi zambiri amakumbidwanso mchaka. Monga lamulo, umachitika nthawi yomweyo musanafesere kapena kufalitsa mbande. Kukumba kumachitika mpaka kutalika kwa muzu wosanjikiza (masentimita 15) kapena kutulutsa kosungira.

Kukumba ndi kutulutsa madzi osungirako kumachitika ngati malowo adatsekeka kwambiri ndi namsongole, ngati kafadala wa May, mphutsi za nutcracker ndi ena adawonedwa chilimwe. Kupanda kutero, ndikofunikira kukumba popanda kutulutsa madzi osungirako, makamaka pamtunda womwe sutha, ma turf, mchenga. Ngati malowo sanasungidwe, mu nthawi ya masika mutha kudzilima mozama (masentimita 10-12) (kukumba pamanja ndi khasu), kamene kamamasula dothi lapamwamba ndikuphimba chinyezi.

Chifukwa chiyani kupendekera sikofunikira? Dothi ndi chamoyo, m'mbali iliyonse yomwe anthu amakhala. Pamwamba pa mpweya wopumulirapo pali gulu la tizilombo tosiyanasiyana tomwe timapanga ma cell tomwe timapangira mpweya m'maselo a humic omwe amapezeka kuzomera. Kupyola masentimita 15 kumakhala ufumu wa anaerobes, womwe mpweya wa poizoni umagwira. Mapangidwewo amasintha momwe moyo wa magulu onse awiriwo umapangira. Microflora ya pathogenic imatenga malo opanda kanthu, mtundu wa dothi umachepa, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zinthu zomwe zikulimidwa zizidzaipa mtsogolo. Nthawi zambiri mizu yazomera imakhudzidwa ndi matenda.

Zigawo zabwino zimabzala chonde munthaka komanso momwe muliri. Mutha kudziwa zambiri zokhudzana ndi gawo la siderate komanso luso la kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo pazinthu zoyenera. Siderata amayeretsa dothi lenileni bwino, amasula ndi kumtunda ndi mizu yake ndikuyipangitsa kuti ikhale yachilengedwe chifukwa cha kuwola kwa michere. Ntchito yamphukira pamabedi ndi manyowa obiriwira: kukuta manyowa obiriwira kapena kungotchetcha pamwamba pamiyeso ndikuyala mbande kapena kubzala mbewu mwachindunji.

M'maluwa a chilimwe, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti dimba likhala m'mizere ndi mizere, yomwe imalola kuti ntchito yonse ya masika ichite bwino komanso panthawi: kumasula mundawo kuti udzu, manyowa, madzi, kubzala mbande.

Ulimi wamba wamalonda

Kulima wamba kumakhala kufesa kapena kubzala mu mzere wautali, mbewu zazikulu (tomato wamtali, nkhaka, nyemba zopindika) kapena tepi imodzi (kaloti, anyezi, radishes). Pakati pa mizere ndi nthiti zimasiyira njira chisamaliro cha mbewu. Dziwani kuti mizere payokha sioyenera kugwiritsa ntchito bwino chiwembu: dothi lalikulu limakhala ndi njira; pokonza mbewu, mayankho amagwera pamzere wotsatira ndi chikhalidwe chomwe sichitha kuthandizidwa ndimankhwala, nkosavuta kuthirira mbewuzo, ndi zina zambiri.

Kulima masamba wamba nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga malire, m'mabedi amaluwa azamasamba kapena malo osungirako mbewu, mukamalimira mbewu zazitali kapena zopendekera.

Munda wamabedi

Ndi dera laling'ono m'mundawo, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito mabedi polimitsa mbewu.

Mabediwa amagawidwa

• chapamwamba
• ngalande yakuya
• kukwezedwa
• mabedi - mabokosi,
• mabedi - mabokosi.

Kulima dimba kumakuthandizani kuti mulowe kuzungulira kwachikhalidwe, kupenyerera kumene kumapangitsa nthaka kukhala yabwino komanso yolimidwa, chisamaliro ndi chithandizo cha mbewu. Mabediwo amatha kukhala osakhalitsa, koma osakhalitsa, okhalamo gawo lina lanyumba munyumba yachilimwe yamasamba ndi mbewu zina.

Momwe mungapangire mabedi?

Mabedi achikale

Mabedi achikale amapangidwa mwachindunji panthaka. Alibe zosaopsa. Nthawi zambiri wolima dimba aliyense amakhala m'derali (m'lifupi ndi m'litali) kotero kuti ndiophweka kukonza mbewuzo ndikuzisamalira kuchokera munjira, osasokoneza pamundapo.

Mabediwo amakonzedwa m'njira yoti pasapezeke njira yolowera mbali iliyonse. Ndi chipangizo choterocho, mulifupi pakubedi mulinso 1.5-1.6 mita. Ndiye kuti, mbali iliyonse, mutha kusuntha malo amalo kutalika kwa mkono wanu wotambasuka (70-80 cm) popanda kulowa pabedi lomwe. Kutalika kwake ndikwaphokoso ndipo zimatengera kukula kwa chiwembu chomwe munda udapatsidwa. Pakati pa mabedi kusiya matayala okhala ndi masentimita 50-100, omwe amalola kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwaulere kwa zida zam'munda, madzi ndi mbewu. Mwa njira, namsongole ndi zinyalala zina zimatayidwa mu njirayi nthawi yachisanu, ndipo pakugwa zimatsuka matayalawo, ndikusintha chinthucho pabedi ndikuzikumba ngati zina zowonjezera. Mabedi okhazikika ndi njira zosavuta zimathandizira kuti mundawo ukhale wabwino komanso wowoneka bwino, kuti ukhale wosavuta kuwongolera namsongole.

Pabedi, mbewu zimabzalidwa mbali yakumpoto ndi kumwera. Kapangidwe kazomera kameneka kamathandiza kuti mbewu zizipezeka mosavuta, kumachepetsa kugwedezeka kwawo. Ngati mabedi amachokera kum'mawa kupita kumadzulo, ndiye kuti kufesa / kubzala kumachitika osati limodzi, koma kudutsa mabedi.

Pamalo otsetsereka, mabedi amapezeka patsambalo lokhala ndi masitima osiyana.

Ngati mabedi adalowetsedwa mu nthawi yophukira kukumba, ndiye kuti mu April feteleza sagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ntchitoyi imangokhala yotseka chinyezi (kutulutsa thukuta), kulima m'munda usanadze komanso (ngati kuli kotheka) kuthirira kwanuko pamiyala kapena mabowo musanafesere / kubzala.

Mapangidwe a masika. © Zosinthidwa Mwezi

Mabedi akuya

Mabedi akuya amagawidwa mwakuya komanso ngalande. Ndiukadaulo uwu, maziko a bedi amadziwitsidwa kulowa m'nthaka. Nthawi zambiri, mabedi ozama amakhazikitsidwa m'malo obiriwira, komanso malo otseguka - m'malo oyenda bwino kapena malo oyaka.

Ponena za apulogalamuyo, yikani dera lamundawo. Khomalo limakhwekhwereka pakona iliyonse ndipo chingwe cholowera chimakokedwa kumtunda womwewo. Dulani ndi mpeni kapena fosholo mozungulira bedi lanu (sipangakhale ndi ma 4, koma ma 5-6 ngodya - zomwe mumasankha) wosanjikiza. Pindani ngati kapeti.

Likukhalira m'munsi mwa mabedi ozama. Kuti muchepetse kumera kwamasamba, m'munsi mwa bedi mumakhala zokutira pansi kuchokera pazinthu zilizonse zotheka - makatoni, manyuzipepala akale, amawerengera mpaka mabowo a magazini akale, zisanza. Pamunsi gulani chingwe cha turf ndi turf pansi. Ndipo 10-12 masentimita omwe amadzazidwa ndi humus, lapansi (kuchokera m'mabatani), kompositi. Dongosolo la kuyika zigawo ndi kwa mwiniwake kuti azisankha, chinthu chachikulu ndikuti zigawo zapamwamba ziyenera kukhala zapamwamba kwambiri, kuposa malo a humus. Chapakatikati, bedi limasunthidwa kuti litseke chinyezi. Musanafesere / kubzala, masulani kaye ndikuthira madzi kwanuko (ngati kuli kotheka). Feteleza sikufunika. Bedi lotero kumayambiriro kwa kasupe limatha kukhala ndi mbewu zosagwira. Humus ndi kompositi, kuwola, kumakulitsa kutentha kwa dothi. Ndi mbewu zosagwira ozizira, + 3 ... + 5 * C ndikwanira kuyamba kufesa. Mukakolola mbewu zokhwima zomwe zimakhala ndi masamba ofupikitsa, mbewu zingabzalidwe mbande za mbewu zomwe zimakonda kutentha. Mabedi a ngalande amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kumwera. Kumbani ma ngalawo akuya masentimita 30-50. Yambitsani zingwezo ndi feteleza wokhathamira komanso michere. Nthaka siuma. Zomera zimabisidwa ndi kunyezimira kwa dzuwa, kupanga zokolola zabwino, kudwala pang'ono. Koma, mabedi oterewa ndi oyenera kokha dothi lomwe lili ndi madzi abwino owonjezera. Pa dongo, chernozems ndi dothi lina losalala, kuyika mizu ndikuwoneka ngati zowola mizu kulikonse kuyambira.

Mabedi

Mabedi akulu

Posachedwa, ulimi wakhala ukuwonjezeka kwambiri popanda kukumba. Ndikosavuta kuyinyamula pamibedi yayitali kapena yayitali. Amalandira mayina osiyanasiyana kuchokera kwa alimi, koma mfundo yayikulu ndikuti dothi pama bedi ngati awa silikufunika kukumba. Wosanjikiza wapamwamba umapangidwa ndi microflora yopindulitsa, namsongole umawonongeka mosavuta.

Chaka chilichonse, zinthu zachilengedwe zimawonjezedwa m'mundamo, udzu wobzalidwa umasinthidwa ndi mulching.

Ukadaulo wophwanya mabedi otere umakhala wopanga mipanda yama bedi okwanira 20-25 cm, kutalika - mpaka 50-60, nthawi zina mpaka 90. Mabedi okhala ndi mipanda yolalidwa pansi adalandira mayina osiyanasiyana kuchokera kwa wamaluwa:

• kompositi
• anasangalala
• ofunda
• munda wamtunda
• kulima munda
• kukwera dimba.

Mabedi okhathamira, kapena okhala ndi manyowa, nthawi zambiri amakonzedwa mwachindunji pamunda. Mabedi a kukula kwabasi amakhala omata ndi zinthu zoyenera: mabatani, zishango, mipesa yoluka ndi ena. Nthaka imakumba pansi pa fosholo kuti ichulukitse madziwo. Nthambi zouma, makungwa a mitengo, tchipisi zamatamba, zokutira, masamba, udzu wa utuchi, ziguduli zakale zimayikidwa pamalo okumba kapena mwachindunji pansi, kuziwaza ndi dothi. Pamwamba, kompositi kapena manyowa owola, udzu wokhala ndi zitosi za mbalame umayikidwa muutali wa 10-12 cm. Danga lotsatira ndi dothi komanso organic kachiwiri. Muwerengere kuti chapamwamba chikhale kuchokera kumtunda wabwino wamunda, mutha kusakaniza pepala ndi humus. Feteleza Wokhazikitsidwa akhoza kuwonjezeredwa kumtunda wapansi pansi pa tambala. Pabedi yokhazikika onjezani dothi, humus, kompositi. Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wobiriwira - manyowa obiriwira. Ndikwabwino kubzala oats kapena rye popanda kuzama m'nthaka. Ingomwaza mbewu panthaka ndikukumba bedi. Ngati ndi kotheka, madzi. M'pofunika kusiya masamba pang'ono mpaka kuphukira. Chapakatikati, sinthanitsani zinthu zakumwamba ndi kuzigwiritsa ntchito pofesa mbewu kapena mukabzala mbande.

Mabedi a multilayer sangathe kukumba. Ingowonjezerani pachaka kusakaniza kwachilengedwe ndi dothi. Musanadzale / kufesa, mumasuleni masentimita 5 mpaka 10 pang'ono. Kasupeyu amathiriridwa ndi madzi otentha mchaka, amadzaza ndi chivundikiro, udzu. Zamoyo "zimayatsa", ndiye kuti, zimawola kwambiri ndikutulutsa kutentha. Nthaka pabedi lotere limawotha masiku 6-12 mwachangu kuposa nthaka wamba. Bedi lofunda limakupatsani mwayi kuti mubzale mbande kale (ngati kuli kotheka, m'malo okhala) ndikupeza mbewu yamasamba yakale. Mabedi okwera, okhathamirawa amatha kuikidwa m'njira zachigawo zonse zigawo.

Mabedi

Mabokosi ogona akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira kale ndi olima dimba. Awa ndi malo omwewo mbande zomwe zimabzalidwa kumayambiriro kwa kasupe, ndipo ndikasankha, mbewu zamasamba zimabzalidwa pamalo okhazikika. Ndibwino chifukwa mukatha kuthira mbande mbeu sikufunika kukonzekera, popeza dothi la mbande limakonzedwa mosamalitsa komanso ndi feteleza wokwanira.

Njira wamba pokonzera dimba

Mabedi am'munda

Mabedi osamalira maluwa adawoneka posachedwa ndipo adayesedwa kale m'malo omwe muli nyengo yachisanu komanso nyengo yozizira.

Chida chawo chibwereza ntchito yomanga mabedi okwera. Zambiri zimatha kupezeka m'nkhani yomwe ikugwirizana. Mabedi amtunduwu ali ndi zabwino zingapo:

• Madera akumpoto, bedi lalikulu limadula nthaka yozizira.
• Kucha ziphuphu zakachilengedwe kumapangitsa kuti nthaka ikhale yabwino kwambiri, yomwe imathandizira kufesa / kubzala mbewu zoyambirira,
• madziwo akathirira,
• palibe namsongole
• yosavuta kulimbana ndi timadontho-timadontho, pansi pake pali mangala ndi mauna abwino.

Mabokosi mabedi amalo amodzi amatha "kugwira ntchito" mpaka zaka 6-8 kapena kupitirira, ngati amangidwa bwino.

Kusamalira Kwovuta

Pakatha zaka zitatu, zinthu zachilengedwe zidzatha. Dothi lofunikiralo likuyenera kutsukidwa, ndikusinthidwa ndi dothi latsopano, makamaka loyera, kenako ndikufinya ndi dothi losakanikirana ndi dothi. Kuti dothi lisamasefukire m'bokosimo, kuthirira pafupipafupi kumafunikira, komwe kumawononga dothi. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, magawo atsopano achilengedwe amafunika kuti ayambe zofunda, zomwe zimasakaniza chisamaliro.

Ndipo nthawi yomweyo, kuzizira kumpoto kwa bokosi la mundawo, izi zikuyenda bwino pamasamba akukula poyera.

Kuti mukonzekere kutsala pang'ono kufesa, muyenera:

1. Ntchito yayikulu (kukolola zinyalala zam'mera, kukumba, kuphatikiza feteleza, kubzala manyowa obiriwira) imachitika mu kugwa, zomwe zimakupatsani nthawi yokonzekera nthaka kuti mubzale mbewu zoyambirira masika.
2. Mu nthawi ya masika, nthaka yopanda nthaka ikaloleza, kutulutsa kumachitika kuti chitseko chitseke (kusunga). Ngati ndi kotheka, nthaka ndi yolungika ndi manyowa obiriwira obiriwira, mawonekedwe abwino, humus.
3. Ndi mphepo yowuma komanso kuwotcha nthaka mwachangu, mabediwo amaphimbidwa ndi lutrasil kapena zinthu zina zophimba. Njira imeneyi imathandizira kutentha kwanyengo mpaka masiku 6-12.
4. Kuti mupeze zokolola zoyambirira, mabedi ofunda amakonzedwa. Zitha kuyikidwa mu kugwa ndikuwotha kumatha chifukwa cha kuthirira ndi madzi otentha kapena kasupe pogwiritsa ntchito manyowa ndi udzu pansi pa dothi.

Mabedi abwino kwambiri akumwera ndi achikale, okweza ndi ngalande.

M'madera ozizira omwe ali ndi chilimwe mwachidule komanso chisanu chambiri nthawi yozizira, mbewu zoyambirira zamasamba zimabzalidwa bwino pamabedi amunda, mabedi aminda, pomwe nthaka yosalumikizana ndi nthaka yayikulu imawotha mwachangu.