Viola (Viola) amadziwika kuti ndi m'modzi mwa anthu owoneka bwino kwambiri a mtundu wa Violet, omwe amakula kwambiri kumapiri a kumpoto kwa mapiri, komwe kumakhala bata. Ponseponse, pali mitundu 400 ya 700 ya mbewu izi. Zina mwa izo zimapezeka kumapiri a Andes ku South America, ena m'nkhalango zotentha za ku Brazil, ku Australia kapena New Zealand. Anthu viola amadziwikanso kuti ma pansies.
Mbiri ya duwa limabweranso nthawi, pomwe oyamba kukhalamo ku Europe adaphunziranso kuzigwiritsa ntchito mwanjira yopanga zokongoletsera m'makola ndi ndala, zomwe zimakongoletsa malo a tchuthi. Woimira woyamba wa viola, yemwe adadulidwa ndi obereketsa, ndi onunkhira, ndipo adasinthidwa ndi violet ya mapiri.
Kulima kwa violets m'minda ngati chomera cholimidwa kunayamba m'zaka za zana la 17. Inali panthawiyi pomwe kuswana kunayamba kupanga mitundu yosakanizidwa. M'zaka za zana la 19, Viola Wittroka, yemwe anali wosakanizidwa wa mitundu ingapo ya gulu la mbewuzi, adagawidwa ku Europe. Masiku ano, viola amabzala m'mabanja ambiri ndipo ali ndi mitundu yambiri yamitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Kufotokozera ndi kufotokozera kwa maluwa a viola
Viola ndi chomera chokongoletsa cha herbaceous, chomwe chimayambira nthawi zina chimatha kukula mpaka 30 cm. Mtundu wa mizu ndi ulusi, kapangidwe ka mphukira ndi kowongoka. Masamba adziwa malekezero ndi magawo. Zitha kusakanikirana mu mtundu wa rosette kapena kukula payokha. Mphukira zazing'ono zazing'ono zimamera pamtunda wawutali. Kujambula maluwa ndi monophonic, mawanga kapena milozo. Nthawi yamaluwa amaphulika kumapeto kwa Meyi kapena koyambirira kwa Ogasiti. Zimatengera nthawi yomwe mbewuzo zidabzalidwa. Mitundu ina imatha kutulutsa nyengo yonse, ina imangolima kamodzi kokha pachaka. Chipatso cha mbewu chimawoneka ngati bokosi lomwe ladzala ndi mbeu, pomwe zitasungidwa bwino, sizitha kutaya mphamvu yake yopanga zaka zingapo.
Viola amatha kulekerera kutentha pang'ono komanso kuyatsa bwino, koma ngati chitsamba chili mumthunzi, pamenepo m'mimba mwake maluwawo amakhala ochepa. Pakakulitsa viola, dothi lonyowa limasankhidwa. Pamiyeso yamchenga, maluwa azomera amakhalanso ochepa komanso osowa.
Kukula viola kuchokera kumbewu
Mbewu za Viola zimabzalidwa poyera. Komabe, olima maluwa odziwa bwino amakonda kudalira njira yofesera mmera, chifukwa imawonedwa ngati yodalirika komanso yothandiza. Kuti muwone maonekedwe a masamba oyamba mu chirimwe, ndiye kuti ndiyenera kuyamba kukula mbande kumapeto kwa February. Pazifukwa izi, zosakaniza zopangidwa ndi dothi zakukonzekera violets ndi zabwino, zomwe zitha kugulidwa ku zida zamasamba zilizonse zapadera ndi malo ogulitsira katundu. Asanabzale, nthangala zimanyowa mu njira ya Epina. Kenako amawaika m'makola osaya ndipo amakonkhedwa ndi nthaka yaying'ono. Pamwamba panthaka pamakungika madzi ambiri. Chidebe chakukula chimakutidwa ndi kanema kuti tisunge chinyezi, ndikuchisunga kutentha kwa madigiri 15.
Mbewu za Viola
Mphukira zoyambirira zitha kuwoneka patatha milungu 1-1.5 mutabzala. Zomwe zili ndi mbande zimamasulidwa mufilimuyo ndikuzipititsa kuchipinda chozizira momwe mumakhala kuwala kwachilengedwe kapena kochita kupanga. Komabe, munthu ayenera kusamala kuti awonetse mphukira zazing'ono kuchokera ku dzuwa lowonekera. Ntchito zazikuluzikulu zokhudzana ndi kusamalira mbeu nthawi imeneyi ndikothirira nthawi zonse ndikuthira manyowa m'nthaka kawiri pamwezi. Machitidwe oterowo ndi okwanira kuti zimere chomera chonse.
Kutola mbande
Mutha kusewera ndi viola m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Olima ena amachita izi kangapo, mwachitsanzo, pakapangidwa masamba awiri olimba, ndikukhazikitsanso chomeracho patatha milungu iwiri. Komabe, akatswiri ena pamundawu amatcha kusinthana kwa viola kulowa m'malo osankhika kwachiwiri. Mulimonsemo, ndi bwino kubzala ngakhale maluwa. Idzakhala mizu m'malo atsopano. Ndi kulima mbewu, maluwa a viola amayambira kumapeto kwa chilimwe kapena chilimwe.
Kubzala kwa panja viola
Kubzala viola
Nthawi yodzala viola poyera imalumikizidwa ndi nyengo zomwe zimapezeka mdera lino. Dera lomwe likukula liyenera kuyatsidwa bwino. Kachulukidwe kakang'ono ka malasha, humus kapena mbalame m'malo olingana amafanizidwa ndi nthaka yabwino. Kusakaniza kophatikiza komweko kumawonedwa kuti ndi mawonekedwe a humus, sod land, peat ndi mchenga. Kuti muteteze mizu ya viola kuti isawonongeke, simuyenera kubzala mbewu m'malo otsika pafupi ndi madzi oyenda pansi.
Momwe mungabzala viola
Njira yobzala siyidzayambitsa zovuta zapadera ngakhale kwa olimi odziwa zambiri komanso opanda nzeru. Mbande zimayikidwa m'mabowo, kusungirako mipata pakati pa tchire limodzi masentimita 10. Mabowo amawazidwa ndi lapansi, pamwamba pa mbandeyo amaphatikizika pang'ono ndikuthirira. Zomera zazikulu zimayenera kuziika kamodzi pazaka zitatu. Izi zimafunikira mgawo. Mukapanda kusamala ndi kukula kwake, ndiye kuti nthawi yopitilira Viola itaya kukopa kwake. Maluwa adzakhala ocheperako komanso osawonekera pakati pa masamba obiriwira. Mitundu yambiri ya viola imafalitsidwa ndikudula.
Kusamalira viola m'munda
Ndikofunika kuyang'anitsitsa nthawi zonse momwe malowa amakulira, kuti nthaka ikhale yonyowa. Zomwe zimapangidwa muzu zimayeneranso kumasula dothi. Ulimi wothirira pansi pazikhalidwe zanyengo yachilimwe uyenera kukhala wodziletsa. Kupukutira kwachilengedwe ndi madzi amvula kudzakwanira. Kwa chilimwe chotentha ndi chouma, kusinthasintha kwa kuthirira kumachuluka, apo ayi mbewuyo ikhoza kufa. Namsongole, maluwa agwa ndi masamba adulidwa m'nthawi, chifukwa zimasokoneza maluwa. Mwezi uliwonse, baka la viola limadyetsedwa yankho la ammonium nitrate kapena superphosphate. Kwa dera lalikulu lalikulu, pafupifupi 30 g ya zinthu idzafunika.
Viola pambuyo maluwa
Kutoletsa mbewu
Mtengo ukazirala, ndipo izi zimachitika, monga lamulo, kumapeto kwa chilimwe kapena koyambilira kwa nyundo, mbewu zimasonkhanitsidwa. M'malo mwa masamba opendekeka, mabatani ambewu amapangika. Amawerengedwa kuti ndi okhwima pomwe ayamba kutuluka. Mabokosiwo amadulidwa ndipo mbewu zimachotsedwamo, ndiye zouma ndikusungidwa pamalo abwino. Mukapanda kuchotsa mabokosi achitsamba, ndiye kuti kudzodzanso kudzachitika ndipo munyengo yotsatira mudzabzala baka.
Miphika yachisanu yomwe imaberekedwa masiku ano m'nyumba zamalimwe imatha kupirira kutentha pang'ono. Zophatikiza zowonjezera zowonjezera zimawathandiza kuti athe kupirira kuzizira kwambiri m'chigawo chathu. Komabe, nthawi yozizira, tchire limakutidwa ndi nthambi za spruce ndi masamba owuma kuti mizu ya duwa singathe kuzizira. Mitundu ya pachaka itatha maluwa iyenera kutayidwa.
Matenda ndi Tizilombo
Kutengera ndi zomwe tafotokozazi, titha kunena kuti kulima kwa viola m'munda sikuyenera kuyambitsa zovuta zapadera kapena mafunso ngati mutsatira mosamala malangizo omwe akusamalidwa. Kupanda kutero, muyenera kukumana ndi matenda osiyanasiyana azomera, mwachitsanzo, powdery mildew amatha kuoneka patchire, lomwe limawoneka ngati pepala lophimba masamba ndi zimayambira. Zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa zimatha kukhala nayitrogeni feteleza kwambiri tchire. Monga othandizira othandizira, njira yothetsera phulusa la koloko ndi kuwonjezera pa sopo kapena foundationazole, imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupopera malo omwe ali ndi matenda. Kuphatikiza zotsatira, njirayi imabwerezedwa pakatha milungu ingapo.
Ngati kutentha kwake sikuyang'aniridwa, dothi limadzaza ndi chinyezi, matenda ena owopsa amatuluka, mwachitsanzo, imvi zowola kapena mwendo wakuda. Madera ambiri omwe anakhudzidwa amafalikira mwachangu chomera chonsecho. Zodwala zodwala zimayatsidwa, ndipo nthaka yanthaka yozungulira imatetezedwa ndi yankho la maziko.
Kuwaza ma tchire ndikosowa. Zizindikiro zake matendawa ndi mawonekedwe a masamba owuma. Pang'onopang'ono, viola imayamba kufooka kenako ndikufa. Kuti matendawa asafalikire ku mbewu zina, ndikofunikira kutolera maluwa onse omwe ali ndi kachilombo ndikuwawotcha, ndikuthira zitsamba zathanzi njira zopewera kangapo ndi madzi a Bordeaux. Kenako ndibwino kubwereza izi pambuyo pa masabata awiri. Pakati pa tizirombo ta viola, mbozi ndi amayi a peyala ndizofala, zomwe zimadya mbali zobiriwira za mbewu. Kuwaza viola ndi yankho la chlorophos ndi kulowetsedwa kwa fodya kumawathandiza kuchotsa.
