Kuteteza mphesa ku fungal matenda

Gawo 1. Mphesa wobadwa kuti upatse moyo wosafa
Gawo 2. Zomwe zimayang'anira ntchito ya mpesa
Gawo 3. Mpesa uyenera kuvutika. Kudulira
Gawo 4 Kuteteza mphesa ku matenda a fungus
Gawo 5. Kuteteza mphesa ku tizirombo
Gawo 6. Kufalikira kwamasamba a mphesa
Gawo 7. Kufalitsa mphesa pomalumikiza
Gawo 8. Magulu ndi mitundu ya mphesa

Matenda opatsirana amayambitsidwa ndi bowa, ma virus ndi mabakiteriya. Monga lamulo, zimakhazikika pazinthu zamoyo ndipo, kudziunjikira mu chomeracho, zimatsogolera ku kufa kwake. Kuchokera ku chomera chomwe chakhudzidwa, mphepo, mvula, zida zosasinthika, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda amasamutsidwa ku tchire labwino. Pang'onopang'ono, matendawa amadzaza m'nthaka ndi masamba agwa ndipo, ngati njira zoteteza sizinatengedwe, amatha kuwononga mbewu yonse.

Oidium, kapena ufa wowonda pa mphesa. © Oliver Macdonald

Matenda oyipa kwambiri a fungus a mpesa omwe amatha kuwononga mbewu m'nthawi yochepa ndi khansa, oidium ndi mitundu ina ya zowola (imvi, yoyera, yakuda). Palibenso matenda ena monga khansa ya mabakiteriya, malo amtundu wakuda ndi matenda ena opatsirana pafupifupi 500 a matenda osiyanasiyana opatsirana.

Zizindikiro zakugonjetsedwa

Wofiyira, peronosporosis kapena downy mildew - mayina onse atatu amodzi mwa matenda oyipa kwambiri a fungus. Pakakhala nyengo yabwino, matendawa amapezeka maluwa asanadutse kapena nthawi yamaluwa yambiri. Matendawa amakhudza mbali zonse za chitsamba cha mpesa. Zofera zomwe zidasungidwamo za fungus zimanyamulidwa ndi mphepo kapena kupopera kwamvula ndipo pa kutentha kwa +11 ºº zimayamba kukula mpaka mkati mwa tchire.

Kutentha kwakanthawi kumakhala kutentha kwambiri, kufupikitsa makulitsidwe ndipo patatha sabata limodzi epiphytotic lesion ya mlengalenga yambiri ya mphesa ikhoza kuyamba. Gawo lamunsi lamasamba, inflorescence, zipatso zimakutidwa ndi utoto wamafuta oyera, ndipo kumtunda matendawo amawonetsedwa ndi mawanga obiriwira obiriwira, poyamba kukula kwa kobiri. Kukula mwachangu, mycelium imagwira tsamba lonse. Amasinthira masamba ang'onoang'ono, omwe pang'onopang'ono amawuma, zipatso zimafota ndikugwa, chitsamba chimafa. Nyengo yabwino (yonyowa komanso yotentha), mafangayi amapanga mibadwo 20 nthawi yakukula, zomwe zimapangitsa kufalikira kwakukulu kwa tizilomboti. Kulabadira kwachilengedwe kwa matendawa, koma osati kufa kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kumachitika nthawi yotentha.

Mildew, Peronosporosis, kapena Downy Mildew. © wa.gov.au

Mildew ndi matenda m'mitundu yambiri yaku Europe ya mphesa zakumwera. Pobzala kumpoto, peronosporosis sizimachitika zokha, koma zimawoneka chifukwa chogula ndi kubzala zinthu zomwe zakhudzidwa ndi bowa. Chifukwa chake, musaiwale kupha tizirombo tambulagula mbande musanabzala ndipo nthawi zonse muzigwiritsa ntchito zida zaukhondo. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti masiku ano mitundu yambiri yatsopano, yolowera kumpoto m'malo osatetezeka a Russian Federation, Moscow Region, Belarus, ndi maiko ena omwe ali ndi nyengo yozizira, akugonja ndi khunyu. Komanso, khansa imakhudzidwanso ndi mitundu yomwe m'matangadza muli Vitis labruska ndi Vitis amurenzis, yogonjetsedwa ndi matendawa.

Zizindikiro za Kuwonongeka kwa Oidium

Oidium kapena powdery mildew - Matenda ofala kwambiri omwe amakhudza ziwalo za mbewu. The pathogen mycelium imabisala impso, pa mphukira, ming'alu mu khungwa, masamba otsika. Zizindikiro za matendawa zimawonekera koyamba ngati mawonekedwe amtundu wakuda wamtundu wosiyanasiyana kumtunda kwa masamba, tsamba vein necrosis, pambuyo pake mafuta amakhudza mawanga ndi fungo lotchulidwa la hering'i yowola. Chomera chonsecho chimaphimbidwa pang'onopang'ono ndi utoto wonyezimira wa imvi, womwe anthu amawutcha kuti "ashtray" (phulusa).

Kumagawo akum'mwera, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timayamba ntchito yake yowonongeka ndi kuyamba kwa kutentha ndi nyengo youma, kukhudza masamba, mphukira zazing'ono ndi ziwalo zina za mbewu. Madera akumpoto, kuwonekera kwa matendawa kumayamba pambuyo pake pa kutentha kwa +20 - +25 ºС, ndipo kukula kwa pathogen kumadziwika ndi kuwonjezeka kwaukali ndipo kumakhudza mbewu yonse nthawi yayifupi. Ma inflorescence ndi timagulu tating'ono timamwalira.

Oidium, kapena Powdery Mildew. ©

Pachitukuko chake, oidium imafunikira (mosiyana ndi khosi) pamatenthedwe komanso mpweya wouma. Mvula imalepheretsa kukula kwa matendawa. Tchire lomwe lakhudzidwa limachepetsa zokolola ndi mtundu wa zinthu. Mitundu ya mphesa yolimbana kwathunthu ndi oidium sichinadziwike. Ngakhale zinthu zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi matendawa sizoyenera kupanga vinyo. Chifukwa chake, oidium, ngati khofi, amaonedwa kuti ndi matenda oopsa.

Zizindikiro zowonongeka

Mphesa zimadwala ndi mitundu ina ya fungal rot (yoyera, imvi, yakuda), kuvulaza kwake komwe kumawonetsedwa makamaka ndi matenda a zipatso.

Gray zowola amakula pambuyo nthawi yayitali yanyengo. Imakhala ngati nkhungu yooneka ngati mbewa chimakwirira zipatsozo, osakhudza, zobiriwira, zokhala ndi ma asidi ambiri.
Zowola chakuda (ngati imvi) kumayamba kugwa mvula. Malo opatula a brownish amawoneka pa zipatso zobiriwira, ndi mawanga a bulauni pamasamba, atazunguliridwa ndi malire akuda. Masamba pa zipatso pang'onopang'ono amaphatikizana, akumakumba utoto. Popita nthawi, zipatso zimayamba kuda ndikugwa.
Zola zowola limawonekera mu nyengo yotentha youma mwa kusintha kwa mkhalidwe wakuthupi ndi mtundu wakucha zipatso m'malo a dzuwa. Mitundu yambiri yakuda imakhudzidwa. Choyamba, zipatsozo zimakhala zoopsa, kenako zimasanduka zofiirira (ngati kuti zimayamba kucha) ndi kugwa.

Zola yoyera ya mphesa. © bolestipolozqta

Gray zowola za mphesa. © T.o.m

Kuzungulira kwa mphesa zakuda. © msuanrc

Njira zoteteza munda wamphesa ku matenda

Njira zodzitetezera zitha kugawidwa:

zopewera
yogwira, yomwe imaphatikizapo njira zachilengedwe ndi mankhwala.

Njira zopewera

Munda wamphesa sungatetezedwe ku matenda pongomwaza kamodzi kokha, komanso ndi kaphatikizidwe kam tanki kamene kamawononga mitundu ingapo ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda nthawi imodzi.

Molimbana ndi matenda ena a fungus, palibenso mankhwala ena ogwira. Njira yothandiza kwambiri ndiyo kupewa, ndiko kuti, njira yolimbikitsira gwero la matendawa.

Bzalani m'munda wamphesa wokha wokhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yolimbana ndi matenda komanso nyengo.
Chitani ntchito zonse zaulimi munthawi yake, m'mawa ndi nthawi zamadzulo, zomwe zimateteza mphukira ndi zipatso kuti zisawonongeke ndi dzuwa.
Sungani dothi pansi pa mpesa. M'dzinja, chotsani masamba onse omwe adagwa, zotsalira za stepons zowonongeka ndi zinyalala zina momwe zigawozo zimasungidwira. Mukakonza ndi kugwira ntchito zina, onetsetsani kuti mwatsuka zinyalalazo ndikuthira zida zogwiritsidwa ntchito.
Osanenepetsa tchire. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito feteleza, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito osakaniza abwino.
Kutsirira kumachitika kokha pansi pa tchire mumtsinje wokhazikika osapopera mbewu ndi madzi kugwera kumtunda kwa mphesa.
Popeza kufunika kwa malo okhala ndi chinyezi pakufalitsa matenda ambiri a fungal, musalole kukula kwa malo obzala. Chitani ntchito zonse zobiriwira munthawi yake (kuphatikiza, kuwunikira, ndi ena).
Kuti muteteze ku matenda, kugwiritsa ntchito mabuku ndi malingaliro abwino, khalani ndi njira yowunikira nthawi ndi njira pokonzera tchire. Musatengeke ndi mankhwala. Kumbukirani - munda wamphesa wapakhomo uyenera kupatsa banja lake zinthu zachilengedwe zabwino.

Njira zodzitchinjiriza

Njira zachilengedwe zoteteza mpesa ku matenda zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe (zosavulaza thanzi la munthu, nyama, tizilombo tothandiza) ndi microflora yogwira (EM mabakiteriya).

Mankhwala a Saprophytic microflora. Kumayambiriro kwa kasupe, kuganizira kwambiri zakonzedwa kuchokera ku humus. The humus okhwima imazingidwa ndikudzaza ndi 1/3 ya mbiya pa 100 l, ndikuikika ndi madzi otentha okwanira (+25 - + 30 ° C). Njira yothetsera vutoli imasungidwa pafupifupi sabata limodzi. Munthawi imeneyi, bowa wa saprophytic amachulukana ndipo amatha kupikisana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pakudya. Zomwe zimayambira zimasanjidwa mosamala kudzera mu zigawo zingapo za gauze kapena zinthu zina kuti zisavunde, ndi kuwaza mu nthawi yam'mawa kapena yamadzulo kamodzi masiku 8-10, kuyambira gawo ladzaphukira mpaka maburashi atakwinyika. Pazonse, kupopera kwa 5-6 kumachitika. Izi sizimapha tizilomboti, koma zimalepheretsa kukula kwake komanso zimakupatsani mwayi wokhala ndi zinthu zachilengedwe.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mayankho ogwira mtima a "Baikal EM-1". M'nyengo yozizira, yankho la EM-1 limakhala lokonzedwa kuchokera kuzowonjezera, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonzekera mayankho ogwira ntchito. Kugwiritsa ntchito mayankho EM-1, EM-5 ndi ena ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku lomwelo. Nthawi yabwino yothira mankhwalawa imakhala m'mawa pamawa kapena masana (pambuyo pa maola 16 mpaka 17). Gulani mu Epulo kupopera mankhwala yankho logwira ntchito ngati tchire ndi dothi yankho la EM-1 pamtunda wa 1: 500 (2 ml ya stock solution ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pa 1 lita imodzi yamadzi). Masamba akatseguka kupopera kwachiwiri mipesa ndi dothi pansi pa zitsamba za mpesa. Nthaka imakathiridwa ndi yankho pomwe 10 kapena 4 ml ya kukonzekera koyambirira imatsitsidwa mu madzi okwanira 1 litre imodzi ya madzi (1: 100-250). Nthawi yomweyo pang'onopang'ono, yankho limalowetsedwa munthaka ndikuthamanga kwa masentimita 5-6. M'matchire, njira yotsika pang'ono (1: 500-1000) imagwiritsidwa ntchito kapena 2 kapena 1 ml ya maziko imatsitsidwa mu 1 l, motsatana. Mu gawo la kumapeto mpaka kumapeto kwa Julayi, ndipo nthawi zina mukakolola 1 nthawi m'masabata atatu, mpesa umathandizidwa ndi yankho la EM-5. Kuchepetsa yankho pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo a 1-2 ml a madzi okwanira 1 litre ya madzi (1: 500-1000). Pakukonza nthawi zambiri mumakonzekera malita 10-20 ogwiritsa ntchito yankho, poyesa kuwaza mosamala masamba. Ngati matendawa (kapena tizirombo) achulukitsa mwachangu kwambiri, ndiye kuti kugwiriridwa kwa njira yogwirira ntchito kwawonjezeka mpaka 1: 250. Amathiridwa zitsamba tsiku lililonse osaposa masiku 3-4 ndipo amadzasamutsidwanso kumalo otsika. Samalani! Kuzama kwakukulu kumalepheretsa kupangika kwa mbeu.
Ngati munda wamphesawo ukuphatikizapo tchire lenileni la 5-10, mutha kuyesanso njira ina yosungira zipatso kuti zisawonongeke ndi zowola. Mu gawo la kutha kwa kusenda, kuyambika kwa kucha mara 2 ndi gawo la masiku 7, kutsanulira tchire ndi 10% yankho la mkaka kapena Whey. M'madera akulu, kugwiritsa ntchito yankho kumakhala kodula ndipo sikumapereka zotsatira zomwe zikuyembekezeka.
Kuchokera kuzinthu zachilengedwe, makamaka kuzizira kwamvula, ndikotheka kutsimikiza Bionorm-V, Novosil, Valagro, Albit, Narcissus ndi ena pokonza mipesa.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala

Kugwiritsa ntchito mphesa kuchokera pakuwonongeka kwa bowa wa pathogenic kumayamba kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yamvula pomwe kutentha kwa mpweya kumafika +10 - + 13 ° C ndikumaliza osapitilira miyezi 1.0-1.5 musanakolole.

Mu nthawi ya masika, masamba asanatseguke ndipo nthawi yakututa, tchire ndi dothi pansi pawo zimatsanulidwa mwadongosolo ndi yankho la 3% mkuwa kapena sulfate yachitsulo.
Maluwa asanafike maluwa, mutayamba maluwa komanso zipatso zisanakhwime, kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa kumabwerezedwa masabata awiri aliwonse ndi yankho la 1% Bordeaux madzimadzi kapena m'malo ake. Onetsetsani kuti mukubwereza mankhwalawo mvula ikagwa komanso kuthirira. Bordeaux fluid ndi mankhwala othandizira komanso ogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, koma samachiza matenda omwe ali ndi matenda komanso samapha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, koma amangoletsa matendawa. Chifukwa chake, pamodzi ndi madzi a Bordeaux, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito bio- ndi mankhwala ena, zomalizirazo kukhala zabwinobwino theka loyamba lazomera. Chifukwa chake, maluwa asanayambe, mutha kukonza zitsamba ndi 0,2-0.3% Ditan M-45 yankho kapena 0,25% Ridomil solution. Zokonzekera Ridomil Gold MTs ndi Shavit ndizovuta ndipo zimakhudza kwambiri mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zowola, kuphatikizapo oidium, mildew, ndi grey rot. Strobi, Topaz, Bayleton amakonzekera bwino zoletsa matendawa.

Mukamagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala, onetsetsani kuti mwayang'ana mndandanda wazachilolezo cha pachaka. Mwachilengedwe, mankhwala onse ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zida zonse zoteteza komanso thanzi la mabanja. Konzani ndikugwiritsa ntchito mayankho mogwirizana ndi malangizo. Ndikothekanso kuchepetsa katundu pa mtengo wa mpesa pochiza ndi zosakanikirana zamatanki zomwe zimakhudza osati matenda okha, komanso tizirombo ta mphesa.