Ngati pali dimba pafupi ndi nyumbayo, zikutanthauza kuti nkhaka zimamera pamenepo. Izi zamasamba zabwino kwambiri mawonekedwe, ndi ma pickles, ndi zamzitini, kuti popanda iwo nyengo yachilimwe ndiyosamveka. Chifukwa chake, kwa nkhaka zachidziwitso, olimi odziwa bwino nthawi zonse amapereka osati malo abwino, komanso nthawi yowonjezera yosamalira. Podziwa mawonekedwe a chikhalidwecho, mutha kukolola mbewu zabwino ngakhale kuchokera kumalo ochepa. Zinsinsi zonse za nkhaka zokulira poyera zidzawululidwa m'nkhaniyi.
Nkhaka
Kodi nkhaka zimakonda chiyani?
Mukakonzekera kukula mchikhalidwe ichi, muyenera kusamalira mfundo zingapo zomwe zingakuthandizeni. Iliyonse mwamakhalidwe ake imatengera mawonekedwe ambewu ndipo ndiyofunikira kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, simuphonya kena kalikonse, koma muyenera kuyandikira kulima kwambiri nkhaka kwathunthu.
1. nkhaka ndi chikhalidwe chozizira
Ndikofunikira kufesa nkhaka pabedi lotenthetsedwa ndi dzuwa, kuwopseza kuti chisanu chatha chadutsa, ndipo pamwamba pake pamatentha mpaka + 13-15 ° С. Mukabzala mbewu m'nthaka yozizira, siidzamera. Komabe, masamba awa sakonda kutentha kwambiri, ngati kuti nkhaka sakonda kutentha, kukula kwake bwino kumawonedwa ndikuwonetsa kuyambira +24 mpaka + 28 ° С. Ngati thermometer ikwera kwambiri, pali kuyimitsidwa chitukuko. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kubzala chikhalidwe pamabedi otseguka kuyambira kumapeto kwa Meyi (kutengera nyengo yamphepo) mpaka pakati pa khumi oyamba a Juni.
Ndikofunikira kutseka mbewu za nkhaka kuya kuya pafupifupi masentimita awiri, poganizira kuchuluka kwa kubzala - zitsamba 5-7 pa mita imodzi. Wonongerani chikhalidwe ichi sikuyenera, chifukwa chiyenera kulandira kuwala kokwanira ndikukhala ndi mpweya wabwino.
2. nkhaka amakonda kudya bwino
Malo olimitsira nkhaka ayenera kukonzekereratu pasadakhale ndi manyowa pansi ndi manyowa owola (pansi pa wolamulira), mullein kapena zitosi za nkhuku (mwachindunji pansi pa mbewu). Chifukwa chake, bedi lidzalandira chakudya chokwanira, lidzatulutsidwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda angapo ndikupatsidwa mpweya wambiri, ndipo nkhaka zimapatsidwa chakudya choyenera.
3. nkhaka - padziko mizu chikhalidwe
Monga mbewu iliyonse yamasamba yokhala ndi mizu yopanda tanthauzo, nkhaka imakonda dothi lokhazikika, mwayi wofikira mizu ya oxygen ndi chinyezi chokwanira. Koma, ndizomwe zimapangidwa momwe zimapangidwira pansi pake zomwe zimapangitsa mbewuyo kuwonongeka kwakukulu ndi kulowerera kwa anthu.
Mizu ya nkhaka imayimira 1.5% ya zonse zomwe zimamera ndikukula mpaka kufika pa 40 cm. Mbali yayikulu kwambiri imangokhala masentimita 5 kuchokera panthaka ndikufika mpaka 25 cm, kotero simungathe kumasula bedi mozungulira chomeracho. Nthawi iliyonse pamene dothi lapamwamba limalimidwa pafupi ndi tsinde la nkhaka, mizu yake imavulala ndipo chomera chimafunikira zoposa sabata kuti zitheke komanso kuchira. Kuphatikiza pamenepa, mpweya wamabedi suyenera kuwonjezereka chifukwa chomata mosalekeza komanso kumasuka, koma mwa wotsogola wabwino, kuyambitsa koyambira kwa zinthu zoyambira ndi kuluka.
Zomwe zimayambitsa kwambiri nkhaka ndi izi: saladi, kabichi yoyambirira, kolifulawa, nandolo ndi siderates. Zovomerezeka: mbatata ndi tomato. Nyemba, kaloti, zukini ndi mavwende ena monga zotsogolera nkhaka sizabwino, popeza ali ndi matenda ofanana ndi chikhalidwecho.
4. nkhaka - chikhalidwe chinyezi
Kutengera zochokera mu mizu, kuti mukule bwino komanso mukukula, makulidwe amagetsi nthawi zonse amafunikira. Kuperewera kwa chinyezi kumapangitsa kuti khungu la mbewuyo lisade ndikuwonongeka, ndikuyambitsa mkhalidwe wopsinjika. Kuchuluka chinyezi - kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa mpweya m'nthaka, kumapangitsa masamba a nkhaka kubiriwira, kumalepheretsa kukula kwa zotupa ndi mapangidwe a greenhouses. Kudumphadumpha kumakhala chinyezi, kuphatikiza ndi kudumpha pamtunda, kumapangitsa kupangika kwa zipatso.
Zosathandiza pachikhalidwe ichi komanso kuthirira ndi madzi ozizira. Izi ndichifukwa choti dothi louma limalowetsa kuyamwa kwa mizu. Chifukwa chake, kutentha kwa madzi othirira sikuyenera kutsika kuposa + 18 ° С.
Chizindikiro choyenera cha chinyezi cha dothi labwino ndi 80%, cholowa chake ndi 30%.
5. nkhaka - chikhalidwe chatsiku lalifupi
Kutengera kuti nkhaka ndi chomera cha masiku ochepa, chiyambi ndi kutha kwa chilimwe ndi nthawi yabwino kukulira. Izi, pogwiritsa ntchito njira yabwino, sizimalola kungopeza zokolola zambiri, koma kugwiritsa ntchito gawo lofunika m'mundawo mopindulitsa kwambiri, ndikudzaza mabedi omwe alibe kanthu kuyambira masamba oyamba ndi chilimwe (June) mbewu zamatango.
M'pofunikanso kudziwa kuti chomera ichi, ngakhale chikondi ndi dzuwa ndi kutentha, chimangofunika maola 10-12 okha ojambulidwa ndipo imagwira ntchito kwambiri osati m'malo otseguka, komanso pamthunzi wopepuka.
Fetal ovary pa nkhaka.
Zolemba za nkhaka zokulira
Chifukwa chake, potengera chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe ichi, kukhazikitsa cholinga chodzala zokolola zambiri, ndikofunikira kuti musamangogwiritsa kuthirira nthawi zonse, komanso kudyetsa nthawi zonse, kuphatikiza nthawi zonse, komanso kutola zipatso nthawi zonse, popeza ndizosamalitsa posamalira masamba omwe amatenga gawo limodzi pabwino.
Kukonzekera dothi lodzala nkhaka
Kubzala nkhaka kumayamba posankha malo ndi kukonzekera dothi. Izi ndizofunikira chifukwa chikhalidwe ichi chimakonda kuunika ndikuyankha bwino chonde. Chifukwa chake, ngati kuli kotheka, mabediwa ayenera kukhala okonzedwa kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kumwera, moyang'aniridwa kuti aziwonjezera chinthu chachilengedwe kapena kudzaza dothi ndi feteleza nthawi yomweyo musanadzalemo masamba.
Feteleza wabwino kwambiri wa nkhaka amamuyesa ndowe. Pansi pa omwe adatsogolera, akuyenera kuyambitsa mtundu wovunda, pamtunda wa makilogalamu 4-6 pa mita imodzi, ndipo nthawi yomweyo asanafese - monga tincture wa mullein (gawo limodzi la manyowa atsopano mu magawo asanu a madzi). Ngati mulibe manyowa, mutha kuthana ndi ndowe za nkhuku (kuchepetsedwa ndi madzi 1x20) kapena feteleza wina aliyense wamphamvu.
Njira yabwino pakukula nkhaka ndi mabedi ofunda okhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 25. Kukhala ndi pilo yachilengedwe mkati, samangopatsa mbewuzo zokha, komanso kukhutitsa mizu ndi mpweya woipa ndikupanga kutentha.
Kubzala nkhaka poyera
Ambiri amakhulupirira kuti kuti nkhaka ipereke mbewu zambiri, ndikofunikira kuti izidzala kokha mbande. Komabe, ngati malo a nyengo yomwe mukukhalamo ndi ofatsa kwambiri, ndibwino kubzala nkhakayo pabedi.
Ndikwabwino kuchita izi m'njira zingapo, kuti musasokonezeke ndi nthawi yokolola (mwadzidzidzi kuzizira kumabwera mosayembekezereka) ndikuti muwonjezere zipatso. Mutha kuyamba kufesa kuyambira pakati pa Meyi (kumwera) ndikupitilira mpaka pakati pa Juni. Palibe chifukwa chodzala nkhaka pambuyo pake, popeza kutalika kwa maola masana ndi kutentha kwambiri kwa chilimwe sikukomera kukula kwake.
Chifukwa chakuti kuswana kwamakono kwasamalira kuti pakhale mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyengo yodziwika yokha, komanso hybrids yolimbana ndi matenda, ndikofunikira kuwasankha. Izi zidzakutetezani ku zovuta zosafunikira ndipo zidzakulolani kukolola zochuluka kwambiri.
Kuphatikiza apo, ndikofunikira kulabadira masiku a kucha a mitundu yosankhidwa ndi cholinga chake, chifukwa amatha kucha pang'ono, kucha pakati kapena nkhaka mochedwa, komanso chilengedwe, kukoka kapena saladi.
Ngati chowonadi chomaliza sichisonyezedwa pa cholembera ndi mbewu, yang'anani chithunzichi: nkhaka zomwe zinaikidwa kuti zisungidwe zimakhala ndi ziphuphu zakuda, zomwe zili bwino mwatsopano zangokhala ndi zoyera.
Pofesa, ndibwino kusankha mbeu zaka ziwiri zapitazo. Izi ndichifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mbewu za vwende kuti zimere kumera ndi chaka chilichonse chowonjezerapo (kuyambira zaka 2 mpaka 6, ndiye kuti kumera kumatsika ndipo pofika zaka 9 mbewuzo sizikhala zoyenera kufesa), ndikupanga maluwa ochulukirapo pazomera zomwe zimapezeka pofesa, kumene zipatso zimapangidwa.
Nkhaka
Kuthirira nkhaka
Kutsirira pafupipafupi ndichinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakulima zipatso zamakhaka zabwino. Iyenera kuchitika m'mabowo pakati pa mizere ndipo nthawi zambiri yokwanira kuti nthaka ikhale yonyowa nthawi zonse. Ndikwabwino kuthirira nkhaka madzulo, kapena nthawi yomweyo m'mawa, makamaka kutentha kusanachitike, ndi madzi ofunda (kuyambira +18 mpaka + 25 ° C), popanda chinyezi pamasamba. Kutsirira kuyenera kukhala koyenera musanafike maluwa, kuchuluka nthawi ya zipatso.
Kudyetsa nkhaka
Ngati dothi silikukonzedwa ndi chakudya chokwanira pansi pa kholo kapena makonzedwe akukonza bedi, nkhaka ziyenera kudyetsedwa nthawi zonse. Kudyetsa kumayamba pambuyo pakupanga masamba enieni a 2-3 ndikupitilira nthawi yonse ya zipatso.
Ziphuphu zimamvetsera kwambiri ku nayitrogeni, komabe, kuti apange chitukuko chonse, amafunikira phosphorous ndi potaziyamu zonse. Chifukwa chake, odziwa zamaluwa nthawi zambiri amasintha kugwiritsa ntchito mchere wa feteleza ndi organic kanthu. Kusankha bwino pankhaniyi ndi ammophoska (10-15 g pa 1 sq. M) ndi yankho la mullein, kapena zitosi za nkhuku. Koma ngati kunja kukuzizira kunja - kudyetsa kulibe ntchito.
Kumenya nkhaka
Ndi bwino kangapo pamnyaka kukonkha zipatso za nkhaka. Izi zimalola kuti mbewuzo zikuze mizu yambiri komanso kuteteza tsinde lawo ku matenda oyamba ndi fungus.
Kuumba, kapena kudina
Gawo lina losamalidwa ndi nkhaka ndikupanga mbewu. M'pofunika kuti muchepetse kukhazikitsidwa kwa mphukira zam'maso, pomwe maluwa ambiri amapangika. Kusintha kumachitika ndikukhomera pakati tsinde la nkhaka pamwamba pa tsamba 5-6. Poterepa, mitundu yakucha yakukula singapangidwe, koma kukula kwa mitundu mochedwa ndi pakati kucha kungasinthidwe.
Njira zopitilira muyeso wa nkhaka
Kutengera mikhalidwe ya chikhalidwechi, alimi a masamba odziwa bwino adazindikira kuti kusamalidwa kwapamwamba kwambiri ndikudina zingwe kumakhala kutali ndi zanzeru zonse pakukula kwa zipatso zamatchuke. Palinso njira zina zopititsira kukhazikitsidwa kwa maluwa achikazi. Chimodzi mwa izo ndi kucheka kwakanthawi kothirira mbewuyo isanayambe. Njira ngati imeneyi imapangitsa kuti mbewu "ziziganiza" kuti zitha kufa posachedwa ndipo zimadzetsa zipatso zambiri.
Njira ina yowonjezera zokolola ndi kuphatikiza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi yophatikizira mbewu m'minda, izi zimathandizira kuyipitsidwa kwa nkhaka.
Muthanso kupanga kulira kwa zimayambira - kupanga mawonekedwe osaya pansi pamasamba oyambilira a mbewuyo (njirayi imachitika pokhapokha nyengo yowuma), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zipatso zizituluka kumizu ndipo zimathandizira kuti pakhale mazira ambiri.
Panthawi yotsika mapangidwe a Zelentsy, kudyetsa mwachangu nkhaka ndi urea kutha kuchitika (pamlingo wa 20 g pa 10 malita a madzi), koma pokhapokha nthawi yonyowa madzulo kapena kwamvula.
Kuchulukitsa kukolola ndikuchotsa ovary woyamba. Njira iyi imakupatsani mwayi wolimbitsa mizu ya mbewu ndikupeza mphamvu pakupanga zipatso zambiri. Mutha kuyesanso kukopa njuchi kuti zibweretse patsamba lanu - mwina mwa kubzala mbewu zamphepo, kapena kukonza mbale zomwera ndi madzi onunkhira.
Liwu lenileni liyenera kunenedwa za zomwe zimathandizira. Popeza nkhaka ndi chomera chokwera, njira yabwino kwambiri kuti ikule ndikukula. Zothandizira zimatha kukhala zosankha zosiyanasiyana: zokonda, zokhala, zokhala ndi mabedi kapena zozungulira - pano ndizothandiza kwa aliyense. Chachikulu ndikuti mbewu zomwe sizikhudza nthaka sizigwira pansi, zikuthandizidwa bwino, sizivuta kukolola, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti sizidzadwala komanso kubala zipatso zambiri.
Nkhaka
Kusamalira nkhaka nthawi ya zipatso
Kuphukira kwakukulu kwa nkhaka kumayamba mu Julayi. Ndikofunika kupitiriza kuthirira, ndi nthawi yokolola. Ndikwabwino kukolola tsiku lililonse, mutatha awiri, m'mawa kwambiri, monga nkhaka zomwe zimasonkhanitsidwa usiku zimayamba mwachangu ndipo zimasungidwa bwino. Chilichonse chiyenera kuchotsedwa, kuphatikiza zipatso zopota ndi zoyipa, chifukwa nkhaka iliyonse yomwe yatsala pachomera imachedwa kuyikidwa mazira atsopano. Nthawi yomweyo nkhaka sizingatulutsidwe kapena kutsegulidwa, koma zimapangidwa mosamala ndi lumo m'munda, kapena kukhomeredwa ndi misomali, popeza kuti mabala am'vulala akudwala ndikupanga mbewuzo kukhala zowipira.
Pamodzi ndi greenbacks, pakuyang'ana mabedi aliwonse, ndibwino kuyeretsa masamba achikasu ndi matenda - izi zimapangitsa mbewuzo kukhala zamphamvu komanso zathanzi, ndikukula zipatso.
Kufalikira kwa mitundu yomwe mumakonda
Ngati nkhaka zosiyanasiyana zomwe zidagulidwa chaka chino zakusangalatsani ndi zokolola, ndibwino kuti muthere mbewu. Kuti muchite izi, mbewu zingapo zimafunika kusiya zipatso zambiri zazikulu (zopitilira zitatu pachitsamba chilichonse) ndikuzilola zipse. Komabe, nkwanzeru kuchita izi ngati ndizosiyanadi, popeza wosakanizidwa sabwerezanso chomera cha kholo, motero kungosiya kubereka sikothandiza.
