Mitengo yobiriwira nthawi zonse ndi zitsamba za Muraya, kapena Murraya (Murraya) ndi nthumwi za banja la a Rutov. Dziko lakwawo ndi India, Indochina, komanso zilumba za Java ndi Sumatra, pomwe chikhalidwechi chimakonda kukula m'nkhalango zotentha. Mtengowu udatchedwa dzina la a botanist waku Sweden a Johan Andreas Murray, yemwe anali wophunzira wa Carl Linnaeus. Mitundu iyi imagwirizanitsa mitundu 8, koma kunyumba ndi imodzi yokha yomwe imalimidwa, ndiyo, muraya yachilendo, kapena wamantha.
Mawonekedwe a Murai
M'malo otetemera, paniculata muraya, wotchedwanso muraia paniculata, ndi chitsamba chobiriwira mtengo kapena mtengo, womwe umatalika mpaka 7 metres, pomwe thunthu ili pafupifupi masentimita 13 kudutsa. Mtunduwu ulinso ndi mitundu yosakhazikika, kutalika kwake sikupita masentimita 200. Mbale zamtambo zosalala zopanda masamba ndizovuta, zimakhala ndi masamba 3-9. Masamba ali ndi fungo labwino. Pamaso pa masamba achichepere pamakhala kupindika, pomwe pamagawo okhwima ndi osalala. Maluwa onunkhira, opyapyala mpaka 20 mm, amatha kujambulidwa mu kirimu kapena mtundu woyera, ali ndi miyala 5 yomwe imapinda. Chipatsochi ndi mabulosi ang'onoang'ono ofiira omwe amapsa kwathunthu pafupifupi miyezi inayi atatuluka. Nthawi yomweyo, maluwa amatuwa, masamba, ngakhale zipatso atha kukhalapo pachitsamba. Pazinthu zachilengedwe, mitunduyi imatha kupezeka ku Southeast ndi South Asia, zilumba za Java ndi Sumatra, Northern Australia, Taiwan, India, Malacca, Philippines, Southern China komanso kumwera kwa USA.
Kukula Muraya kuchokera ku Mbewu
Kukula murayu mchipinda kuchokera kwa nyemba ndikosavuta. Pankhaniyi, muyenera kudziwa kuti mbewu imakhala yotheka kwa nthawi yayitali. Mbewuzo zisanafesedwe, zimasungidwa m'madzi ofunda kwa maola awiri, ndikuyenera kuzigawa panthaka yosakanikirana ndi dothi lomwe limaphatikizidwa ndi mchenga ndi peat (1: 1). Komanso mbande zitha kubzalidwa m'mapiritsi a peat kapena zosakanikirana zadothi, zopangidwa ndi mchenga ndi pepala lapansi. Simufunikanso kukwirira mbewuzo munthaka, ziyenera kukundidwa ndi wosanjikiza (0.5-1 cm) wa kusakaniza kwa dothi pamwamba. Zotengera zomwe zili pamwamba ziyenera kuphimbidwa ndi galasi kapena filimu, kenako zimasunthidwa kumalo owunikira bwino komwe kulibe kuwonekera kwadzuwa, pomwe kutentha kwa mpweya kuyenera kukhala kuchokera madigiri 22 mpaka 28. Mbande zoyambirira zizitha kubzala patatha masiku 30 mpaka 40 mutabzala, ndipo zitapanga masamba atatu enieni, ziyenera kuyika malowo m'miphika imodzi. Muraiya, wamkulu m'nyumba, ndiwodziwika bwino chifukwa cha chilengedwe chake.
Kusamalira nyumba ya muraya
Kuwala
Chipinda chomwe duwa limakhazikikamo liyenera kukhala ndi mpweya wabwino. Zowunikira ziyenera kumwazikana, koma kuchokera maola awiri mpaka atatu patsiku chitsamba chimatha kukhala kolowera dzuwa. M'nyengo yozizira, ndikofunikira kuti muraya ikhale ndi kuwala kokwanira. Akatswiri amalangizidwa kuyika maluwa pafupi ndi zenera lomwe lili kum'mawa kapena kumadzulo kwa chipindacho.
Kutentha
Mu nthawi yamasika, chilimwe ndi nthawi yophukira, mbewuyi imafunikira kutentha (kuyambira 24 mpaka 28 madigiri), ndipo nthawi yozizira kutentha m'chipindacho kuyenera kuchepetsedwa mpaka madigiri 17-20, chifukwa muraya amakhala ndi nthawi yopumira mofatsa.
Kudulira
Sikoyenera kudula kapena kutsina chitsamba, popeza mmera umatha kupanga korona wawo pawokha. Komabe, nthawi zina, kungakhale kofunikira kufupikitsa kuwombera kotalika kwambiri. Kuti chitsamba chizikhala ndi mawonekedwe okongola, chimayenera kuzunguliridwa mwadongosolo ndi chidebe kuzungulira nkhwangwa yake.
Momwe mungamwere
Mu nthawi ya masika ndi chilimwe, muraya adzafunika kupereka zochuluka, koma osati kuthirira kawirikawiri. Nthawi yomweyo, muyenera kuthirira chitsamba pokhapokha dothi ladzaza 1/3 ya gawo. Madziwo amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanda chlorine komanso ofewa (amasakanikirana ndi asidi ochepa a citric). M'dzinja ndi nthawi yozizira, kuthirira kuyenera kuchepetsedwa, koma malamulo sakhala osasinthika, kutanthauza kuti chitsamba chiyenera kuthiriridwa kokha ngati dothi loumbika litauma ndi 1/3.
Chinyezi cha mpweya
Chinyontho chomwe chili mchinyumba cha mzindawo ndizoyeneradi duwa ili, chifukwa chake silifunikira kuti lizinyowa tsiku lililonse kuchokera ku botolo lothirira. Koma mukufunikirabe kupopera mbewuzo nthawi ndi nthawi, makamaka masiku otentha.
Feteleza
Mu nthawi ya masika ndi chilimwe, muraya amafunika kudya mwadongosolo: nthawi 1 m'masiku 15-20. Chapakatikati, duwa limafunikira potaziyamu ndi nayitrogeni, zomwe zimathandizira kukula kwakukulu kwaobiriwira. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti feteleza wachilengedwe ndi michere azigwiritsidwa ntchito posintha mavalidwe apamwamba, powasamala kuti asamalize maluwa. M'dzinja ndi nthawi yachisanu, feteleza sangathe kuwonjezeredwa ndi dothi.
Kupatsira Muraya
Mitundu ya achinyamata imagulitsidwa chaka chilichonse. Zomera zakale zimabzulidwa kamodzi pa zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu, koma chaka chilichonse kumapeto kwa chaka, akatswiri amalangiza kuti m'malo mwa dothi mumiphika. Miphika iyenera kusankhidwa kuti isakhale yochepa kwambiri kapena yayikulu kwambiri. Kusakaniza kwa dothi kumafunika kumasulidwa ndikuzazidwa ndi michere. Mwachitsanzo, kuti mulenge, mutha kuphatikiza dothi komanso masamba, humus ndi mchenga mu chiyerekezo cha 2: 2: 1: 2. Komanso, murayu amathanso kuwaika kukhala chosakanizika dothi chopangira zipatso za zipatso. Musaiwale kupanga dothi labwino lokhala ndi dothi musanakwere pansi pa thankiyo. Kugulitsa kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito njira yodutsa, poyesa kuwonetsetsa kuti dongo silikugwa.
Maluwa
Mukamayenda pachitsamba, zonona zambiri kapena maluwa onunkhira oyera amawululidwa, mpaka 20 mm kudutsa. Kufalikira kwa muraya kumakhala kothandiza kwambiri ndipo kumatha kukhala kukongoletsa kwakukulu m'chipinda chilichonse, makamaka mukaganizira kuti nthawi yoyambira maluwa ndi miyezi 6 (nthawi zina, imatenga nthawi yayitali).
Kupanda maluwa
Olima ena amadandaula kuti chitsamba chawo cha muraya sichikufuna kuphuka. Izi zitha kukhala chifukwa cha zifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, ngati Dutch muraya wakula, ndiye muyenera kukumbukira kuti kuyambira nthawi yogula mpaka maluwa oyamba, amatha kuchokera zaka zitatu mpaka 4. Komanso chitsamba sichingakhale pachimera chifukwa chakula m'mipanda yolimba kwambiri, monga lamulo, mutangodzikhira mumphika wokulirapo, chitsamba posachedwa chimayamba maluwa.
Kufalitsa mwamphamvu
Murayu akhoza kufalitsidwa ndi mbewu. Momwe mungachitire izi akufotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane pamwambapa. Komanso, chomera ichi chitha kufalitsidwanso ndi zodula, komabe, ziyenera kudziwa kuti njirayi ndiyodalirika. Zodulidwa zokhala ndi lignified zimadulidwa kuchokera kumphezi wazaka chimodzi. Zowazika, zodulidwa zibzalidwe mumchenga wonyowa, perlite, peat kapena zimathiridwa mu kapu yamadzi. Zidutswa zimafunikira kutentha (kuchokera 26 mpaka 30 degrees), ziyenera kuphimbidwa ndi chipewa chowoneka bwino chopangidwa ndi polyethylene kapena mtsuko wagalasi pamwamba. Zingakhale zabwino kwambiri ngati zodulidwazo zimatentha pang'ono.
Kufalitsa muraya ndi zodula zingakhale mu Seputembara-Novembala. Zidula zokhazikitsidwa ndi mizu zimayenera kuikidwa m'miphika imodzi yodzazidwa ndi dothi losakanikirana lachonde, pomwe pansi muyenera kupanga chosanjikiza chabwino.
Matenda ndi tizirombo ta murai
Ngati muraye alibe kuwala kokwanira, komanso ndi chinyezi chambiri kapena kuthirira kosayenera, mavuto akhoza kuyamba nawo. Mwachitsanzo, nthenda ya fungus imatha kukhala pachitsamba kapena ma kangaude kapena ma scabies, omwe amadya poyamwa pang'onopang'ono kuchokera kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana za mbewuyo. Kuwononga tizirombo, muraya amayenera kuthandizidwa kawiri kapena katatu katatu ndi yankho la acaricide (Karbofos kapena Actellik), pomwe nthawi yayitali pakati pa magawo imayenera kusungidwa pakadutsa masiku 7. Ngati chitsamba chakhudzidwa ndimatenda oyamba ndi fungus, ndiye kuti ayenera kuthakathiridwa ndi yankho la mafangayi (Fitosporin-M, Fundazol, Oksikhom kapena mankhwala ena ofanana). Komabe, pofuna kuchiritsa mbewu, ndikofunikira kuti iyambe kuyisamalira moyenera, ndikupanganso malo oyenera ndikukula kwake.
Mitundu ndi mitundu ya muraya
Zakhala zikunenedwa pamwambapa kuti m'malo mchipinda, olima amalima mitundu ya mitundu ya paniculata murai, mwachitsanzo:
- Wochepera mphindi. Mitundu iyi ndi mtundu wosiyanasiyana wamunda wamtundu wa Smart Choice. Kutalika kwa mtengo wamtchire pafupifupi 100 cm, kumadziwika ndi kukula msanga. M'madera okhala ndi nyengo yofunda, yotentha, mitundu iyi itha kudalilidwa pamunda, ndikupanga maudzu okongola.
- Minima. Kutalika kwa chomera chaching'ono ngati ichi kumachokera pa 0.4 mpaka 0.6 m, kumadziwika ndi kukula pang'onopang'ono, ndipo maluwa akuyamba mchaka choyamba cha moyo. Mitundu iyi ndi yabwino kwambiri kulimidwa mkati.
- Zosakhazikika. Ili ndi mtundu wocheperako, kutalika kwa chitsamba sikupita masentimita 10-15, kutalika kwa masamba owulungika ndi masentimita 0.5. Mitundu iyi imawerengedwa ngati yofunika kwambiri kusamalidwa komanso kukula.
Nthawi zina mumatha kupeza zotsatsa zomwe amapereka kuti azigula Dutch murayu. Koma uku ndikuyika paniculata muraya, komwe kudachokera ku Holland kukagulitsa.
Katundu wa muraya: kuvulaza ndi kupindula
Mphamvu zakuchiritsa za muraya
Kale ku Egypt amadziwa kuti muraya ali ndi mankhwala. Pali zikhalidwe zambiri zabodza zokhudza chomera ichi, ndipo mbiri yake idabisika. Koma kodi chomerachi chomwe chimatchedwa "mtengo wa olamulira achi Japan" chimagwira ntchito yanji? Hesperidin ndi gawo lamasamba - glycoside wowawa amakhudza kuvomerezedwa kwa capillaries. Chomerachi chimakhala ndi mankhwala othana ndi kutupa, kukonza ndi kuchiritsa, chifukwa chake amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala osokoneza bongo a gastritis, kutsekula m'mimba, kamwazi ndi matenda ena am'mimba. Udzu umagwiritsidwanso ntchito kunja kupweteka komanso kupweteka. Ndipo msuzi womwe umapezeka pamasamba umathetseratu kupweteka kwam'mutu ndi mano. Zipatso za chikhalidwe ichi zimakhala ndi zinthu zofunikira, monga: antioxidants ndi mavitamini. Ngati mumadya zipatso zitatu kapena zinayi patsiku, ndiye kuti ndi njira yabwino yopewa kukalamba msanga. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati matenda a mtima, matenda oopsa komanso matenda ena a mtima. Ndipo amasonyezedwanso matenda ashuga, chifukwa chifukwa cha iwo, kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi kumatsitsidwa popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala.
Kupanga tincture wa muraya ndikosavuta, chifukwa muyenera kutenga mabulosi ndi masamba omwewo. Choyamba, mbewu zimachotsedwa mu zipatso, ndiye iwo ndi masamba amaphwanyidwa. Zotsatira zomwe zimatsanulirazo zimathiridwa m'chiwiya chagalasi, momwe vodka imathiridwa, ndi 2-3 tbsp. l osakaniza amatengedwa 0,25 malita a mowa wamphamvu. Chombo cholimba chamkono chimatsukidwa m'malo ozizira komanso amdima kwa masiku 15, pomwe mukufunika kugwedeza mwamphamvu madzi. Tincture wokonzeka umatengedwa mu 20-30 akutsikira kawiri kapena katatu pa tsiku kwa mphindi 30. chakudya chisanachitike. Amathandizira ndi kulephera kwa mtima, ndi matenda a mtima, okhala ndi migraines pafupipafupi komanso ngati njira yolepheretsira kutsutsana ndi kuchepa kwa mtima.
Contraindication
Pogwiritsa ntchito zipatso, masamba ndi ndalama kuchokera ku murai, zovuta zosadziwika zidadziwika. Komabe, tincture woledzera wa muraya umathandizira kuthamanga kwa magazi, chifukwa chake amalimbikitsidwa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito mosamala odwala operewera. Komabe, akatswiri samalangiza kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika zipatso za mbewu iyi.
