Kukongola kwa nkhalango zaku Russia kumatchedwa ndi anthu ake. Ndipo ndani angakayikire zowona za dzinali? Wofatsa, wowoneka bwino, wokhala ndi nthambi zoonda komanso masamba okongola, nthawi zonse anali kusilira chisangalalo ndi chisangalalo, kuyambira nthawi zakale zinali ngati chiphiphiritso cha unyamata wopepuka kwambiri, wopangidwa ndi anthu, ukhondo, kukongola.
Birch yoyera! Ndi nyimbo zingati zomwe zidalembedwa za iye, ndi mavesi angati omwe adalembedwa, momwe amamufotokozera mwachikondi ku Russia: "birch", "birch", "mseu uli ngati dziko la mama!"
Koma sikuti kukongola kwake kokha ndi birch yathu. Ndi anthu angati omwe akudziwa kuti iye ndiwofesa mbewu zozizwitsa, komanso mmera wapainiya ndi ... Komabe, tiziuza zonse mwadongosolo.
Birch (Birch)© Georgi Kunev
Mu Russian Federation kokha, mahekitala oposa 90 miliyoni a nkhalango zachilengedwe za birch. Koma birch ikukhazikika m malo atsopano, nthawi zonse kukhala oyamba kudzaza madera omasulidwa ku nkhalango. Makamaka mofunitsitsa komanso mwachangu amakhazikika malo obiriwira, malo a mitengo ya pine, komanso moto wamitengo. Posakhalitsa, mbande zake zimakhala m'malo akuluakulu, ndipo kenako zimapanga mitengo yowuma, yolima mwachilungamo. Chaka chilichonse, birch imabzala malo akulu otseguka ndi mamiliyoni ang'ono, mbewu zosavomerezeka. Mbewu za Birch ndizochepa kwambiri, ndipo zimakhazikika mtedza wawukulu wa birch.
Ndizosangalatsidwa kuona bedi lomweli likugwira ntchito. Mukuyenda pakati pamitengo yoyera, yopingidwa ndi masamba oyamba pang'ono ndi mpweya woyamba wa nthawi yophukira, masamba pang'ono owoneka ndi masamba, masamba oyamba achikasu akutumphuka, kutsika pansi pabwino. Kutsatira masamba, nthanga zokhala ndi mapiko awiri zokhala ndi mapiko awiri zimayamba kugwa, ndipo posakhalitsa zikuuluka kale m'magulu owerengeka, ngati ndege zazing'ono. Pafupifupi 5000 mwa njerezi imakhala mu gramu imodzi, ndipo pa mahekitala a birch amawafesa kuchokera pa 35 mpaka 150 kilogalamu. Pafupifupi mbewu 100 miliyoni zimaponyedwa pachaka ndi birch pa hekitala imodzi.
Mbande za Birch sizitenga nthawi yayitali kubwera. Zowona, ndi mbewu zochepa chabe zomwe zimamera, koma mbewu zina zimatha kutuluka panthaka. Ndipo chisanu chikangotsika, nthawi yozizira yoyamba imawonekera limodzi ... Wamng'ono, wachisomo, wokhala ndi masamba awiri kapena atatu, mphukira za birch zimafanana ndi mbande zanthete za masamba a herbaceous. Sindingakhulupirirebe kuti mitengo yowala bwino idzamera kuchokera masamba awa.
Birch (Birch)Ndi isanayambike kutentha, mbewu za birch zimakula molimba ndikuwala ndikusintha mwachangu pazaka 15-25. Pazaka izi, amafika pachimake. Oddlyly, koma anali atakhwima, wazaka 25 mpaka 40, pamene minda ya birch imangokhala ndi nyonga zokwanira, zochitika zimayamba zomwe zimapangitsa kuti afe. Munthawi imeneyi, kudzimana kwa spruce kumawonekera pansi pa nkhalango yoluma. Ang'ono, ngati chidole, okhalamo mitengo ya Khrisimasi amakula tsiku ndi tsiku, amakula msanga, ndipo m'kupita kwa zaka amapitilira makolo awo omwe ndi achikulire kwambiri. Ndipo pomwepo mitengoyo, ikungokulira, mitengo yobiriwira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchuluka kwa kuwala, imayamba kuwapanikiza kwambiri. Pakapita nthawi, spruce wosayamikirayo adzakulirakulira, kapena, monga akunenera nkhalango, ipulumuka, yemwe anali wolakwika wakale wa malo awa - birch. Akatswiri amatcha seweroli kuti asinthe mitundu.
Koma obzala okhaokha samakhala ankhondo. Sangokhoza kokha kuyesa mwamtendere malo athyathyathya, koma amatha, mwa mawu athunthu, kugonjetsa malo owoneka ngati osagwirizana ndi mitengo. Pali milandu yambiri pomwe mitengo ya birch yakhala ikukula bwino kwazaka zambiri pamakoma akale a njerwa, pamakomo a matchalitchi osiyidwa, ngakhale m'maenje a mitengo yayikulu.
Birch (Birch)Ndipo bwanji za kufunikira kwa birch? M'masiku akale anthu adayimba ngati mtengo "pafupifupi zinthu zinayi": "chinthu choyamba ndikuwunikira dziko lapansi, chinthu chachiwiri ndikukhazikitsa phokoso, chinthu chachitatu ndikuchiritsa odwala, chinthu chachinayi ndikhale oyera". Ndipo ndi zigamba za birch zimayaka nyumba zosautsa zomvetsa chisoni; Birch adapereka phula, yemwe adadzoza mafuta m'njira zonse zoyendera zokokedwa ndi mahatchi; odwala adathandizidwa ndi machiritso a birch, impso, tsamba kulowetsedwa; ma bouti osambira ndi ma tsache adathandizira poyeretsa mwaukhondo komanso mwaukhondo.
Koma zenizeni, birch anali ndipo amakhalabe mtengo wofunika kwambiri. Sitilankhula za mawonekedwe ake apamwamba okongoletsa, omwe ndiofunikira kwambiri pakuwononga mizinda ndi midzi. Koma bwanji osazindikira phindu lalikulu lamatanda achikasu a birch, ogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa chuma cha dziko? Ichi ndi plywood wapamwamba kwambiri, ndipo mipando, yodziwika ndi mtundu wosakhwima, wapachiyambi, mabokosi a mfuti zakusaka, mbale; kuchokera ku matabwa a birch ndi distillation pezani mowa wa methyl, viniga, acetone.
Pakadali pano, pomanga, birch, chifukwa chopanda nkhuni, agwiritsidwa ntchito pang'ono mpaka posachedwapa. Koma tsopano, chifukwa cha umagwirira, amabwezera kuno. Sindikukhulupirira kuti kumanga minda yopangidwa ndi matabwa ngati amenewa sikotsika mphamvu pazomangira zitsulo ndipo nthawi yomweyo imakhala yopepuka koposa kasanu. Matanda otere alibe mfundo, mtanda wosanjikiza, kapena zolakwika zina wamba; sakudziwa komanso kuvunda, saopa kuzimiririka, ndipo amalimbana ndi tizirombo tina ambiri ngakhale moto. Izi siziopa kusinthasintha lakuthwa kwa kutentha ndipo chilichonse ndichotsika mtengo kuposa konkriti ndi chitsulo.
Birch (Birch)Makampani amakono sangathe popanda mitengo yotchedwa birch, yomwe ma bere, magiya, ndi magesi amayipangira. Zogulitsa zoterezi zimadziwika ndi kulimba kwambiri komanso kulimba, osati zotsika pamenepa pazinthu zachitsulo.
Wopita patsogolo kwambiri komanso "chifukwa chachitatu" cha birch - "wodwala kuchiritsa." Zokonzekera zomwe zimapangidwa kuchokera ku bowa wakuda wakuda (bodza lonyenga) parasitizing pamatanda a birch), omwe amadziwika kuti chaga, agwiritsidwa ntchito kwakanthawi kuti athane ndi matenda. Chaga infusions akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu ngati m'malo mwa tiyi komanso ngati mankhwala, ndipo kafukufuku wa zamankhwala watsimikizira kuchuluka kwa chaga kochizira magawo oyamba a zotupa za khansa. Birch sap muli mpaka 20 peresenti ya shuga ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakumwa komanso pokonzekera manyowa azitsamba. Masamba ndi makungwa a birch sikuthandiziranso. Masamba (ali ndi tannin yambiri) ndi chakudya chabwino kwambiri cha mbuzi ndi nkhosa. Kapangidwe kapamwamba ka khungwa la birch - khungwa la birch - ndiye zopangira bwino kwambiri popanga phula ndi mafuta okumbira osiyanasiyana. Kuchokera phula, iwonso, amalandila zinthu zamtengo wapatali zambiri za mafakitale.
Akatswiri amisiri amapanga zinthu zambiri zabwino komanso zofunikira za banja kuchokera ku khungwa la birch: mabasiketi opepuka, mabatani amchere, mitsuko ya mkate. Ndipo khungwa la birch ngati gumbwa wa ku Russia?
Birch (Birch)Mpaka pano, takhala tikulankhula za birch yathu yoyera, monga mtengo amatchuka. Komabe, ali ndi ambiri (ambiri mpaka 120!) Achibale apafupi, ambiri aiwo ndi oyera. Mwa njira, birch ndiye mtengo wokhawo pakati pa mbewu zazikuluzikulu zomwe zili ndi khungwa loyera chipale chofewa, ndipo umayenga yoyera ndi chinthu chapadera chojambula - betulin, yemwe adadzitcha wolakwayo (m'Chilatini, birch ndi betula).
Pali mitundu ya birch yomwe ilibe betulin, momwe makungwa ake ndi a chitumbuwa, achikasu, ofiirira, amaso komanso akuda.
Banja la birch ndilosiyana komanso osiyanasiyana. Mwa njira, limodzi ndi birch botanists, genus walder, genel wa hazel, mtundu wa Hornbeam, amawonedwa kuti ali pakati pawo. Mitundu ya birch, komanso oimira alder ndi hazel genera, akhazikika pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi. Ku Soviet Union kokha, mitundu yopitilira 40 ya birch imamera, yomwe imakhala malo oyamba pakati pa mitengo yolimba molingana ndi dera. Ndi kukula kwa malo okhala, palibe mtundu umodzi wamtundu wa birch womwe ungapikisane ndi bartch warty, wotchedwa chifukwa cha zingwe zazing'ono, zotsalira, zopendekera pang'ono pamitengo yaying'ono. Anakhala kumapiri a Europe ndi Asia ku Russia mpaka pagombe la Nyanja ya Okhotsk, kumapiri a Caucasus ndi Altai; amapanga minda yaying'ono ku Western Siberia ndi kumpoto kwa Kazakhstan. Palibe mtundu wina uliwonse wa birch, kapena wina aliyense wa birch wophatikizika yemwe sangathe kupirira naye.
Birch (Birch)Komabe, mitundu ina ya birch ndiyofunikanso. M'mavuto a Kamchatka, Sakhalin, ndi Okhotsk taiga, mwachitsanzo, miyala ya birch imakula. Makungwa ake siowoneka bwino, amtundu wakuda, shaggy, koma nkhuni ndi yolimba komanso yolimba. Mu birch yachitsulo kuchokera ku Far Eastern taiga, nkhuni sizongokhala wandiweyani, ngati chitsulo, komanso komanso zolemetsa. Ndikukumbukira nkhani ya mlenje waku Far East wokhudzana ndi momwe amnjira awiri osawadziwa adagwirira ntchito masiku angapo akumanga chipata kuchokera kumtunda wotere. Koma atangokankhira chidalicho m'madzi, adatsikira pansi ndi mwala.
Kuyesa kambiri kwawonetsa kuti chitsulo cha birch sichili chochepa mphamvu pazitsulo zambiri komanso kuphika mtengo wachitsulo komwe amadziwika kuti ndi "ngwazi yolimba". Mwachitsanzo, magawo a mphamvu zapadera, monga zitsulo zamagetsi zoluka, amapangidwa ndi birch yachitsulo, imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri pakakhala kudalirika kwakukulu.
Iron birch ili ndi utoto wakuda, ndipo mu ukalamba pafupifupi makungwa akuda. Nthawi zina ngakhale akatswiri amakana kuzindikira birch mumtengo wakuda.
Zambiri zitha kunenedwa za alongo a birch, koma wina sangathandize koma kukumbukira wocheperapo wa iwo - Cinderella wa nkhalango za Karelian. Chifukwa chake tanani anthu achikondi a Karelian omwe amadziwa kwambiri nkhuni. Monga ngati wamanyazi ndi mwana wake wowoneka bwino, chilengedwe chidamubisa kutali ndi anthu, m'makutu, ogontha. Mu nkhalango zakutali kwambiri za Karelia, pena pena pokha ku Zaonezhie, munthu amatha kukumana nthawi ndi nthawi, kenako kamtunda kakang'ono ka Karelian birch.
Birch (Birch)Kuyambira kalekale akusaka nyama ya Karelian ngati nyama yamtengo wapatali kwambiri, anthu awononga nkhokwe zawo kale. Makilomita mazana tsopano atha kudutsa njira za Karelia - ndipo zonse zidapita pachabe. Olemba zakale a komweko amati zowawa za Karelian birch panthawiyo ndizofanana ndikutulutsa miyala yamtengo wapatali. Koma zikafika kamtengo kakang'ono pakati pa mitengo yaimiyala ya imvi Karelian, zikuwoneka kuti mitambo yoyera kwambiri yagwa pansi.
Kuwonongeka kosalekeza kwa zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri kunayambitsa kuwonongeka konse kwa Karelian birch. Chifukwa chokha chifukwa cha kuyesetsa kwa akatswiri opanga ma botanists ndi nkhalango kuti zitheke kubwezeretsa ulemu wake wakale, komanso nthawi yomweyo kuchotsa zabodza zakuti sizingatheke kubereka. Wobzala ndi manja mwaluso, ndi chisamaliro, mbadwa za Karelian tsopano zikukula bwino m'minda yamatenda aku Moscow, Kiev, Tashkent, ndipo akupezeka kwambiri pakati paminda yatsopano yamitengo. Zosungidwa za mtengo osowa chonchi zidapangidwa kale ku Karelia.
Panali mikangano yambiri yokhudza Kareir. Ena amangoona ngati mtundu wodziimira pawokha, ena amangokhala mtundu wa warty birch. "Masewera achilengedwe!" adatero wachitatu. Koma m'modzi, aliyense anali wosagwirizana - kuti anali mtengo wamtengo wapatali komanso wodabwitsa.
Birch (Birch)Zomwe akatswiri ofukula zakale apeza m'dera la Novgorod wakale zimawonetsa kuti mtengo wa Karelian birch udali wofunika kale. Kwa nthawi yayitali, a Karelians ankapereka misonkho kwa nkhuni za birch izi. Amadziwikanso kuti kuyambira kale mpaka zakale zaposachedwa ku Lapland, Finland ndi Karelia, zidutswa zing'onozing'ono za nkhuniyi zidagwira ngati chipangizo chowongolera.
Mitengo ya Birch, yofanana ndi Karelian, nthawi ina idadziwika m'maiko angapo ku Western Europe. Ku Germany, mtundu uwu unkatchedwa Royal birch. Sweden idapereka nkhuni zake m'misika ya Chingerezi yotchedwa lilac, kapena yamoto wamoto. Zinthu zodabwitsa kuchokera ku Karelian birch zidapangidwa ndi amisiri athu a Vyatka. Popanga mipando, zida zapadera zolembera, mabisiketi, chess, ndudu za fodya, zojambula zamagalasi sizinathe malire luso lawo ndi kuthekera kwawo.
Kodi chodabwitsa cha nkhuni cha mtengo wodziwika bwino chotere ndi chiani? Choyamba, chidwi chimakopeka ndi kukongola kwake kwapadera. Kuphatikiza kwa mizere, mitundu yakumbuyo sikungapezeke padziko lonse lamatabwa akulu. Sizodabwitsa kuti Karelian birch nthawi zambiri amatchedwa miyala ya marble. Wotuwa, wachikaso, wonyezimira komanso wamtambo wamatabwa osiyanasiyana amamuwombera ndi mawonekedwe achilendo a mphete zamitengo. Ma curls angapo ozizwitsa, mazira ndi nyenyezi pamtundu wagolide, ngati kuti amatulutsa mtundu wina wa kuwala modabwitsa, amapereka chithunzi chakuti mtengo ukuwala kuchokera mkati.
Birch (Birch)Zambiri zitha kuwonjezeredwa pazomwe zanenedwa kale za Karelian birch, koma wina sangathe koma kupereka mawu ochepa kwa woyimiridwa kwambiri wabanja lachiwonetsero, mwina wosagwirizana kwambiri, mlongo wake wamtali kwambiri. Zomera zake zimatchedwa birch chochepa, ndipo m'malo awo okhala amatchedwa polar birch. Ichi ndiye kumpoto kwenikweni kwa malo okhala. Botanists adamupatsa dzina lasayansi "nana" (mu Latin - dwarf). Wakale kwambiri wamtundu wakale wa tundra wosagonjetseka sangadzitame chifukwa cha kukongola kapena mtengo wabwino kwambiri. Nthawi zina amakhala wamtali kuposa bowa, ndipo thunthu lake silili lalikulu kuposa cholembera wamba. Komabe, mphamvu sizimagwira. Kupatula apo, ndiamene amapirira mwamphamvu zovuta za tundra wankhanza ndikumapereka molimbika zofunafuna zonse za Arctic wankhanza. M'chilimwe chimasanduka chobiriwira, pachimake, kubalalitsa mbewu mozungulira, ndipo nthawi yayitali nyengo yachisanu isanayambe, imabisala kale pachivundikiro chofewa, kudikirira kutentha kwatsopano.
Zovala zobowola zokha zimagwiritsa ntchito gawo lake kumpoto kwa masamba. Osangodutsa ku Arctic Circle, komanso pamalire a njoka zosatha m'mapiri a Pamirs, Caucasus, Tien Shan, fuko la birch limachita mokhulupirika ntchito yake.
Birch (Birch)Maulalo azinthu:
- S. I. Ivchenko - Buku lonena za mitengo
