Nkhaka zatsopano za crispy zochokera m'munda mwanu nthawi yozizira si nthano chabe. Kukula nkhaka mu greenhouse ndizotheka chaka chonse, ngakhale pamavuto ovuta. Tekinoloje ndi malamulo a kulima nkhaka m'malo obisalamo zimaphatikizapo kupereka kutentha ndi kuyatsa, kuthirira, kuvala pamwamba, kusamalira tizilombo ndi matenda.
Zipangizo zamagetsi
Wobiriwira pazakuchitikazo wakhazikitsidwa kuti usaonekere ndi mphepo yakumpoto. Tsambalo liyenera kukhala lathyathyathya kapena lokhala ndi malo otsetsereka pang'ono kumwera. Ngati palibe chitetezo kumphepo, ndiye kuti mpanda wayika mbali yakumpoto. Ndikofunikira kusamalira ziweto zothiririra pasadakhale. Chiwerengero cha voliyumu m'derali chikuyenera kukhala 2: 1. Ili ndiye gawo labwino kwambiri lolimbikitsira kutentha kwamkati. Poboweka malo obiriwira, nyumba ya pulasitiki imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Itha kuyika pamtunda wa madigiri 15-20.
Kukonzekera kwa dothi
M'nyengo yozizira, nkhaka zimabzalidwa pamalo obiriwira pamabedi "ofunda": ndowe kapena kompositi.
- Pazida zamabedi ndowe, ndowe zatsopano zimatengedwa, zimapukusidwa pang'ono ndi manyowa akavalo. Imagwira ntchito ziwiri nthawi imodzi: kudyetsa ndi kutentha. Manyowa atagona pabedi. Dothi lamtundu wachonde ndi kutalika kwa 20-25 masentimita limatsanulidwira. Bedi limathiriridwa madzi ndi madzi ambiri. Mbewu zibzalidwe popanda kumera isanachitike. Bedi lakutidwa ndi pulasitiki wokutira. Kuwombera kuwonekera masiku angapo. Pakuwola, manyowa amatulutsa kutentha kwakukulu. Izi zimathandizira kukula kwa nkhaka, koma chisamaliro chiyenera kutengedwa kuti zitsimikizire kuti palibe kutenthetsa. Ngakhale pamitundu yotsika kwambiri, pansi pa filimuyo, kutentha kumatuluka pamwamba pa 30 ° C, mpaka kufika powonekera. Kuchulukitsa kwachulukidwe kanyowa kumatha pafupifupi mwezi. Kenako kutentha pang'onopang'ono kumatsika. Izi ziyenera kukumbukiridwa pakuwerengera nthawi yomwe amafikira.
- Kodi kulima nkhaka mu wowonjezera kutentha ngati kupeza manyowa mwatsopano ndikovuta? Amatembenukira ku njira yachiwiri yokonzera "kama ofunda" - kompositi. Zinyalala zachilengedwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati manyowa: utuchi, zokutira, masamba, nsonga. Chopuma chachilengedwe, kutentha kumatuluka. Ngati ndi kotheka, onjezani manyowa ndi mankhwala apadera omwe amathandizira pakuwola. Masanjidwewo a mabedi ndi ofanana ndi ndowe, koma ndibwino kuti mubzale mbewu zomwe zidaphukira kale m'makapu a peat. Kutulutsidwa kwa mphamvu yamafuta pamabedi a kompositi sikuti kwambiri ngati pamabedi achinyowa. Njira iyi ndi yovomerezeka kwambiri kumadera otentha.
Kusankhidwa kwa mbewu zamkaka zamtengowu
Mitundu ya Greenhouse ya nkhaka imasiyana ndi yomwe ili yoyenera kukula panthaka. Iwo omwe amalolera kuwala pang'ono amakhala osankhidwa bwino. Nkhani yachiwiri yofunikira ndi kupukutira. M'nyengo yotentha, njuchi, njuchi ndi tizilombo tina touluka timatha kupirira nazo m'mabedi otseguka. Ndipo nthawi yozizira amachokera kwina kulikonse. Mutha kupukuta mungu pamanja, koma njirayi ndiyovuta.
Kusankha kwabwino kwambiri ndi mbewu za nkhaka zobiriwira zobiriwira zokha:
- Malachite;
- Stella
- Biryusa;
- Lada.
Awa ndi zipatso zazitali. Zimalekerera kuyatsa kosayenera ndipo ndizoyenera kubzala koyambirira.
Mitundu yamitundu yachilengedwe yobiriwira yapadera ku nkhokwe ku Siberia ndi Russia wapangidwa. Izi ndi:
- Buyan;
- Nyerere
- Goosebumps;
- Bretretta
- Zonenepa
- Hally.
Kubzala masika ndikutchuka:
- Zokomera;
- VIR 516;
- Altai koyambirira kwa 166.
Kutsutsa kwakukulu chifukwa chosowa kuwala ndi chinyezi imadziwika ndi mitundu:
- Marita
- Russian;
- Panyumba;
- Mpikisano wothamangitsa;
- Rykovsky;
- Regatta;
- Willow;
- NK mini.
Mitundu yabwino kwambiri ya nkhaka za malo obiriwira amaonedwa kuti ndi Gribovsky 2 ndi Meyi. Amabereka zipatso patatha masiku 50 nyemba zitamera.
Mbeu ziwiri zakubadwa zokhala ndi mbeu yabwino kwambiri. Asanafike, amakhala ndi makulidwe, kuchotsa zopanda kanthu ndi odwala. Kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, njira yothandiza yamadzimadzi ya boric acid yamkuwa ndi nitrophosphate imakonzedwa. Madzi a Aloe ndiwofunikanso chifukwa chake. Mbewu zimafalikira pa nsalu yothira ndi yankho ndikuzimitsa kwa maola 12. Pambuyo pake, amatsukidwa pansi pamadzi otentha, ndikufalitsa pa chonyowa chonyansa ndikuyika mufiriji kwa sabata kuti liume. Kutentha kotentha - 0 ° С. Gauze amanyowetsedwa nthawi ndi nthawi.
Malamulo pakusamalira nkhaka mu wowonjezera kutentha
M'malo obiriwira, njira yodzala mbande zamabzala imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Amapereka mbewu zakale. Asanadzalemo nkhaka mu wowonjezera kutentha pabedi, zimakula m'miphika yaying'ono (makapu apulasitiki adzachita). Mbewuzo zimakulitsidwa ndi 2 cm, ndipo chikho chimakutidwa ndi nsalu yoyaka pamwamba kuti dothi lisaphwe. Asanaonekere mphukira, matenthedwe amasungidwa pa +25 ° C. mphukira zitawonekera, kutentha kumachepera + 15 ° С masana ndi +12 ° С usiku kwa masiku 5. Kuthirira mbande tsiku lililonse ndipo nthawi zina mumadyetsa yankho la manyowa a ng'ombe mogwirizana ndi 1: 6.
Kubzala pamabedi kumapangidwa patsiku la 25 mutatuluka mbande. Chiwembu chobzala: mizere iwiri mizere 50x20 cm. Mtunda pakati pa mabedi ndi masentimita 80. Mphamvu ya kutentha kwa nkhaka zobiriwira pamalo obiriwira imasungidwa pa + 25-30 ° C masana ndi +15 ° C usiku.
Kudyetsa koyamba kwa mbewu kumachitika ndikubwera kwa tsamba lachitatu lenileni, lachiwiri - koyambirira kwa maluwa. Munthawi ya zipatso, feteleza amapaka kanayi. Kuphatikiza pa manyowa a ng'ombe kapena mbalame, dothi lamchenga limafunikira feteleza wa nayitrogeni, ndipo dothi lamasefukira limafunikira potashi.
Asanayambe maluwa, kuthirira kumachitika masiku asanu aliwonse, ndiye masiku onse awiri. Komabe, masamba akatembenuka chikasu, mulingo wake uyenera kuchuluka. Pa kuthirira gwiritsani ntchito madzi ofunda.
Mukatha kuthirira, dothi losaya limachitika. Ndikofunikira kuti mpweya ufike kumizu ndi kupewa kuwola kwawo. Wowonjezera kutentha amafunika mpweya wabwino wambiri. Ndi kutentha, kuyenera kutsegulidwa kwa tsiku lonse ndikutseka chogona.
Trellis ili ndi zida zamtundu wa nkhaka. Waya umatambasulidwa mzere uliwonse kutalika kwa 2 m. Pamaso pa chomera chilichonse, twine amaphatikiza. Zomera zimamangidwa kutalika kwa 10-15 masentimita kuchokera pansi. Chiunocho chiyenera kukhala chosayimira pang'ono ndikuyembekeza kuti adzakulitsa tsinde. Kuvala zolimba kwambiri kumadula mu tsinde ndi kufooketsa chakudya cha mbewuyo.
Pamene chitsamba chikukula, ziyenera kupangidwa. Mikwingwirima yam'mbali imakula ndikuyipitsa mbewuyo, ndipo mizu yake ndi tsinde sizipereka chakudya choyenera kwa zipatso. Izi zimachepetsa zokolola. Njira zapansi zimatsina pambuyo popanga tsamba loyamba, zokulirapo - pamlingo wa masamba a 2-3.
Nkhaka Zisanu
Ngati mu April filimu ya pulasitiki imatha kupereka kutentha, ndiye kuti nkhaka zokulirapo nthawi yozizira mu wowonjezera kutentha sizingatheke popanda kutenthetsa kwowonjezera. Ma oveni ndi ma hetera amitundu yosiyanasiyana amagwiritsidwa ntchito, koma ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti amawuma mpweya, ndipo izi zimakhudza nkhaka zomwe zimakonda chinyontho. Kuti amunyowe, zotengera zamadzi zimayikidwa munyengo yonse yobiriwira, ndipo mbewu zimapopera madzi nthawi zonse kuchokera pa mfuti yolusa.
Ngakhale mitundu yolimbikira kwambiri nthawi yozizira imasowa kuyatsa. Mtengo wolimbikitsira kuyatsa kwamakedzedwe ndi 400 W / m2. Asanatuluke mphukira, kuwunikira kosalekeza kumachitika kwa masiku awiri ndi atatu. Pamwamba pa mbande zokha zokha, nyali zimayikidwa kutalika kwa 50-60 masentimita ndikuziwunikira kwa maola 14 patsiku. Musanadzalemo mbande m'nthaka, kuunikira kumazimitsidwa kwa tsiku limodzi. Zomera zikamakula, nyali zimakwera kutalika kwa 1.5 mita. Kuunikira kwabwino kumakhudza bwino zomwe zimakhala ndi shuga ndi ascorbic acid pazipatso.
Kuti zitheke mu Disembala-Januware, mbewu zimafesedwa kumapeto kwa Seputembala, ndipo mbande zimasinthidwa kumabedi kumapeto kwa Okutobala. Kutoletsa nkhaka zoyambirira kubzala kumalo obiriwira kumapitilira mpaka mwezi wa Epulo.
Matenda ndi Tizilombo
Matenda ndiye vuto lalikulu la kulima wowonjezera kutentha kwa nkhaka. Zofala kwambiri ndi powdery mildew ndi peronosporos.
1. Powdery mildew nthawi zambiri imawombera zomera mukamawotha. Matendawa ndi owopsa ndipo amatha kupha nkhaka m'masiku ochepa. Amawoneka ngati mawonekedwe amtundu wa powdery pamasamba. Amasandulika chikasu ndikuwuma. Pofuna kuthana ndi matendawa, potaziyamu permanganate, sulfaride, Kukonzekera 25%, Quadris 250 SC imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mu nyengo yotentha ya dzuwa, nkhaka zimakonzedwa ndi sulufule wapansi.
2. Peronosporos imadziwonetsera ngati mawonekedwe amtundu wachikaso kapena wobiriwira wamasamba pamasamba, omwe pang'onopang'ono amayamba kukhala bulauni. Matenda akapezeka, kuthirira ndi kudyetsa kumayima. Mankhwala, njira zamkuwa za chloroxide kapena polycarbacin zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuthira manyowa ndi ma fungicides achilengedwe kumathandizanso. Pambuyo pokonza, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti mpweya wabwino wobiriwira ubwere. Ndi peronosporosis, ndikofunikira kusunga kutentha kwamasana mu kutentha komweko kosatsika kuposa +20 ° C, kutentha kwausiku sikutsika kuposa +18 ° C.
Tizilombo tachikulu cha nkhaka ndi nsabwe za m'masamba, nkhupakupa, zopondera, ma waya. Mankhwala amagwiritsidwa ntchito motsutsana nawo: Confidor, Bi-58, Decis-Duplet ndi ena.
