Kwawo ku Yerusalemu artichoke (peyala wakunyumba) ndi North America, komwe Amwenye ankalima kalekale. Ku Europe, peyala ya dothi inayamba kubzala mbatata zisanachitike. Mu 1613, apaulendo aku France adabweretsa amwenye achi Tu-Pinambo ku Europe. Popita nthawi, izi zimayenderana ndi kufalikira kwa peyala zadothi, motero dzina la masamba achilendo.
Kuchokera ku France, chikhalidwe chidafalikira ku Europe. Zambiri zokhudzana ndi kulima kwa mzinda wa artichoke ku dziko lathu zidayamba zaka za m'ma 1800. Peyala yakufota tsopano ikupezeka ku Ukraine ndi North Ossetia.
Yerusalemu artichokekapena MpendadzuwaHelianthus tuberosus) ndi mtundu wa mbewu zosatha za herbaceous tuberous za mtundu wa Mpendadzuwa wa banja la a Astrovia (Asteraceae) Chomera chimadziwikanso pansi pa dzina loti "dothi la peyala", "Yerusalemu artichoke", "bulba", "boulevard", "drumming".
Kufalikira kwa Yerusalemu artichoke kunayamba m'nthawi yathu ino, kuyambira kuchiyambiyambi kwa zaka za m'ma 30 za zana lino. Makamaka chidwi chachikulu chinaperekedwa pakukula ndi kusintha kwa matope osankhidwa a Maikop. Pano, kwa nthawi yoyamba, adakhala ndi hybrid wa ku Yerusalemu artichoke ndi mpendadzuwa, wotchedwa topis mpendadzuwa. Nyama zonse ziwirizi zidalimidwa kuti zizipeza chakudya komanso chakudya.
Jerusalem artichoke, kapena Tuberous Sunflower (Helianthus tuberosus). © Wilder KaiserKugwiritsa ntchito Yerusalemu artichoke
Mbali ya ku Yerusalemu artichoke imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati silage, ndi ma tubers - podya komanso ngati chakudya chamagulu chamafuta. Yerusalemu artichoke ndi poizoni amadyedwa ndi ng'ombe, mbuzi, nkhumba, mbalame. Fructose, mankhwala ofunika kwambiri azakudya, amachotsedwa ku ma tubers. Fructose imapezeka ndi hydrolysis ya inulin, chinthu chachikulu chosungira ma tubers. Chitsulo chimayimiridwa molemera mwa iwo; ndichulukitsa katatu pano kuposa mbatata. Ichi ndichifukwa chake pamene kudyetsa tubers kwa piglets, samadwala magazi.
Tominambour anapatsidwa timabowo tambiri tokhotakhota pamiyendo yambiri. Pa nthawi yothirira, mbewuyo imamera chisa chachikulu. Kutalika kwa mbewu nthawi zambiri kumafika pakati pa 3.5 m. Ndikalibe kuthirira bwino komanso kulima mitundu yamatumba, kutalika kwa mbewu sikupita mamita 2. Nthawi zambiri, wamaluwa amagwiritsa ntchito Yerusalemu artichoke ngati chomera chakumbuyo.
Mbali yakumwambayi ya peyala yodothi, yomwe imagwetsedwa mu Julayi, sizidzapereka udzu kwa udzu. Imadyedwa ndi ziweto, ndipo ikamafinya kuti ikhale ku artisoke ku Yerusalemu, idapatsidwabe puloteni.
Yerusalemu artichoke tubers. © Hans BKufotokozera kwa Yerusalemu artichoke
Kwa mapeyala a dothi ndi mpendadzuwa, komanso mbatata, ma tubers amapangika pansi pa stolons. Maonekedwe awo ndi oboola pakati kapena opindika. Amasiyana kukula ndi mtundu. Pali tubers oyera, achikasu, ofiirira, apinki, ofiira.
Jerusalem artichoke inflorescence ndi mtanga wama maluwa angapo, wofanana ndi basket yaying'ono ya mpendadzuwa. M'nyengo yozizira, mbewu Zosakhala Padera pa Dziko Lapansi sizimaphuka, koma chakumwera sizimangokhala pachimodzimodzi, komanso kubala zipatso. Chomera chimafalitsidwa makamaka ndi tubers.
Chodabwitsa kwambiri ndi ngale ya dothi ndi kuzizira kwake. Yerekezerani kuti anali ndi thumba lakuthwa, atakhala m'nthaka, ngati kuti palibe chomwe chimachitika mchaka ayamba kumera. Masamba a mpendadzuwa samakhala ozizira komanso nthawi yozizira m'nthaka moyipirapo. Mizu ya mbewu zonse ziwiri imamera 7 7 8 ºº. Zimayambira zimakula bwino pa 16 ... 20ºะก.
Kukula ku Yerusalemu artichoke
Gawo louluka kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yomera limakula pang'onopang'ono, kukula kumangokulira mu Julayi. Kumpoto, mbewu zotetezedwa zimachulukitsa tuberization (kumbukirani izi). Pakati pa Julayi, pamene tubers ndi kukula kwa acorn, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito koyamba kudula kobiriwira. Zimayambira sizidulidwa kwambiri, kusiya masamba awiri oyamba. Mphukira zamtsogolo zimakula kuchokera m'machimidwe amisamba. Kuthetsa kwachiwiri kudzakhazikika kumapeto kwa Ogasiti. Izi ndizomwe zimachitika pamene Yerusalemu artichoke wakula kuti adyetse ziweto. Zakudya zonse zobiriwira komanso udzu zomwe zimaphika zimadyetsedwa.
Mukakulima peyala ya dothi pa tubers, nthambi yobiriwira imachotsedwa mu kugwa, ikasungunuka. Timatumba timakumbidwa kapena kusiyidwa m'nthaka nthawi yozizira. Mukamachita chikhalidwe chokhalitsa, Yerusalemu artichoke amakula m'malo amodzi kwa zaka 15 kapena kupitirira. Mlandu udalembetsedwa pomwe Yerusalemu artichoke adakula m'malo amodzi zaka 40.
Ndikopindulitsa kwambiri kukulitsa Yerusalemu artichoke wosasinthika m'malo omwe amasungidwira nkhumba. Nthawi yomweyo, misa yobiriwira imakololedwa mu kugwa, ndipo ma tubers amasulidwa nthawi yozizira. Chapakatikati, nyama zomwe zimakumba tubers. Pamutu umodzi, kutalika kwa 4-5 m² kwa nyama zazing'ono ndi 6-8 m² kwa nkhumba zachikulire ndikulimbikitsidwa. Tubers amathanso kudyetsedwa.
Pambuyo podyetsa, tubers asanaphuke, dothi liyenera kukumbidwa, kupukutidwa ndi kudyetsedwa. Yerusalemu artichoke adzayambiranso kuchokera ku ma tubers otsala m'nthaka.
Yerusalemu artichoke, kapena Mpendadzuwa wa Tuberous. Chomera chimadziwikanso pansi pa dzina loti "dothi la peyala", "Yerusalemu artichoke", "bulba", "boulevard", "drumming". © Paul FenwickChisamaliro cha artichoke ku Yerusalemu
Mukadziwa bwino chomera ichi, dziwani kuti ngakhale sichinyalanyaza dothi komanso nyengo yabwino, sichilekerera dothi lolemera. Kuti feteleza ndi chidwi. Zokolola m'malo okhala ndi ukala kumachulukitsa nthawi 1.5-2.
Mukugwa, pansi pamabowo atsopano a peyala zadothi, manyowa amabweretsedwa ndipo malowo adakumba kwambiri. Kumayambiriro kwa kasupe, dothi lolemera limayenera kukumbidwanso, ndipo mapapo amamasulidwa ndi khasu. Malowa amalembedwera mbali ziwiri, kuti mabwalo 70X70 masentimita adapezeka.
Kubzala Yerusalemu artichoke
Tubers obzalidwa kumayambiriro kasupe kapena yophukira. M'madera omwe timadontho kapena mbewa zimapezeka, Yerusalemu artichoke amabzalidwa masika. Munjira yolembera, timabowo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayambira 2-3 kapena awiri Kenako tsanulirani 1 mpaka 2 m'manja a humus. Kuzama kwa kuphatikizika kwa zinthu zakuthengo mchaka ndi 8 - 10 cm, ndipo kugwa - 12-15 cm.
Tubers obzalidwa yophukira atangozikumba ku masamba ena. Pankhaniyi, ma stolons (akunja) samadula. Ngati tubers ziuma asanabzidwe, zimatsitsidwa masiku atatu m'madzi. Dziwani kuti mukugwa, kubzala ma tubers sikudulidwa, kasupe amatha kugawidwa. Ngakhale ndi maso, pomwe mbande zakula miphika, Yerusalemu artichoke zitha kufalitsika kasupe.
Duwa la artichoke ku Yerusalemu. © Ruslan V. AlbitskyPamene mphukira zidawonekera, mizere isanatsekedwe, timitseko tidamasulidwa maulendo atatu. Ndi chinyezi chokwanira nthawi yomaliza yopanga mzere, mbewu zimadulidwa. Mothandizidwa ndi chithandizo chachiwiri, urea amadyetsedwa - 10-15 g / m². Ngati mutha kudziwa kuti Yerusalemu ndi artichoke ngati chikhalidwe chosatha, ndiye kuti muyenera kubweretsa manyowa mumapeto zaka zisanu zilizonse (nthawi yophukira). Chapakatikati, mutakolola ma tubers, amapatsanso nayitrogeni, phosphorous ndi feteleza wa potashi - 10-15 g / m² aliyense.
Kututa ndi kusunga
Iyenera kukumbukiridwanso: nthawi yakututa kukolola kwa Yerusalemu artichoke nthawi zambiri kumakhala kotalika nthawi 1.5 kuposa nthawi yophukira. Mukugwa, ma tubers amakololedwa mochedwa momwe angathere: mpaka Okutobala, michere yotuluka kuchokera ku zimayambira kupita ku ziwalo zosungira. Kusunga, zisa za tubers zitha kuzimiririka. Sungani m'maenje okumbidwa m'malo okhala ndi madzi ochepa pansi kapena kosungira, ndikuthira masamba a mchenga ndi mchenga. Kutentha kosungirako kosaposa 1 ... 2 ºº. Kuti akumbamo tubers kuti asaume, amasungidwa nthawi yomweyo mukakolola.
Matenda ndi tizirombo ta Yerusalemu artichoke
Tominambur ndi mpendadzuwa amalimbana ndi matenda ndi tizirombo. Koma nthawi zina pamtunda wakuda kapena dothi losambira kwambiri, amakhudzidwa ndi sclerotinia. Matenda omwewo amawononga kaloti ndi mpendadzuwa. Ichi ndichifukwa chake zikhalidwe izi sizingakhale mbali limodzi.
Zosiyanasiyana za Yerusalemu artichoke
Mpaka pano, obereketsa abweretsa mitundu yambiri ya Yerusalemu artichoke. Nawa ena a iwo: White Yield, Volzhsky, Chidwi, Nakhodka, Vadim, Saratov, Tambov, Leningrad White, Kiev White, Hybrid 15, etc.
Yerusalemu artichoke tubers. © GalwaygirlMaphikidwe a ku artichoke ku Yerusalemu
Zakudya zokoma zimakonzedwa kuchokera ku peyala zadothi. Ingokumbukirani kuti timiyala ta mlengalenga timayipa posachedwa. Amatsukidwa ndi mpeni, nkhuni kapena chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndikusungidwa ozizira, osakanizidwa pang'ono ndi madzi aviniga musanagwiritse ntchito.
- Yophika dothi. Zosambitsidwa tubers zokhala ndi peels zosasambulika zimayikidwa pa pepala lophika, kuphika mu uvuni kwa mphindi 40-50 pa moto wochepa. Idyani ndi mafuta mu peel kapena peeling. Kulawa, mchere ndi tsabola.
- Peyala yopyapyala yokhala ndi masamba a mkate. Tizilomboti timasenda, kuwiritsa m'madzi amchere, kuyikamo mbale ndikuthiriridwa ndi mafuta amasamba, owazidwa ndi opindika.
Zida zogwiritsidwa ntchito:
- T. Obambileva, Woyankha wa Sayansi ya Zaulimi.
