Rhubarb

Rhubarb ndi mbadwa ku China. Adabwera ku Europe kokha ku Middle Ages, kuchokera ku India. Ndipo dziko loyamba ku Europe kuyamika zabwino zachifundo za rhubarb anali England. Zomera zamera ku Europe. M'zaka za m'ma 1800, rhubarb potsiriza adafika "ku Russia". Koma sanali alendo ochokera kumadzulo omwe adabweretsa, koma munthu wodziwika bwino - wodziwika bwino ndi zamaphunziro N.M. Przewalski - kuchokera kuulendo wake waku Central China.

Kwa nthawi yayitali, rhubarb idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala a Tibetan ndi Chinese ngati chomera chamankhwala. Chowonadi ndi chakuti ili ndi zambiri zothandiza ndipo ili ndi oxalic, malic, presinic, citric, acetic ndi ascorbic acid, mavitamini A, C, gulu B, potaziyamu, magnesium, phosphorous. Rhubarb imathandizira thirakiti la m'mimba ndipo imadziwika kuti ndi toni yabwino.

Rhubarb wavy (Rheum rhabarbarum). © Christoph Zurnieden

Zoyambira zokha ndi gawo lokhazikika la rhubarb. - Masamba ndi muzu sizingadyedwe, popeza ndi poizoni. Mtengowu amangosinthasintha pakuphika. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga timbale ta jams, jellies, marmalade, puddings, mchere wambiri, compotes, jelly, kvass, vinyo, nsonga za ma pie, mbatata zosenda, vinaigrette, saladi, phala, borscht (m'malo mwa tomato), kachere (m'malo mwa maapulo), msuzi nyama, masewera komanso ayisikilimu.

Pogula, kusunga ndi kukonza rhubarb, muyenera kutsatira malamulo ena omwe amasunga kukoma kwake.

Choyamba, rhubarb imaphika mwachangu kwambiri - mphindi 7 mpaka 10 zokha. Ndi chithandizo chazitali chotentha, chithupsa.
Kachiwiri, shuga wambiri womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphika umasakaniza kukoma koyambirira kwa masamba.
Chachitatu, ngati mukufuna kusunga rhubarb, muyenera kutsuka tsinde, kupukuta, kukulunga ndi pepala ndikuyika mufiriji, pomwe sipatha masiku awiri kapena atatu. Frozen rhubarb amasungidwa kwa miyezi ingapo.

Ndipo pamapeto pake: ngati tsinde la chomera lakhala louma, lomwe limawonetsa "kukalamba", musanaphike amalimbikitsa kuti achotse "chingwe" mwa iwo, monga ndi udzu winawake.

Zimayambira za rhubarb. © Hajime NAKANO

Kufotokozera

Rhubarb (Rheum) - mtundu wa herbaceous zomera za banja la buckwheat. Pali mitundu yopitilira 20 ya rhubarb. Mitundu ya rhubarb imapereka zipatso zosavuta kubereka, ndipo zotsalazo zimapatsa mtanda mosavuta, motero nkovuta kupeza ndi kudziwa mitundu yoyera.

Awa ndi zitsamba zazikulu kwambiri zokhala ndi maudzu obiriwira, opanda mitengo, okhala ndi mitengo yozungulira. Masamba oyambira ndi okulirapo, otalika-pang'ono, lonse, opendekera kanjedza kapena serata, nthawi zina amathamangira m'mphepete; petioles ndi cylindrical kapena multifaceted, m'munsi okhala ndi zigawo zazikulu. Masamba a tsinde ndi ochepa. Pesi la rhubarb limatha ndi mantha akulu a inflorescence.

Maluwa a rhubarb nthawi zambiri amakhala oyera kapena amtundu wakuda, kawirikawiri pinki kapena magazi ofiira; Amakhala amisili kapena, chifukwa chakukula, amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Perianth ndi yosavuta, yokhala ndi miyendo isanu ndi umodzi, masamba ake omwe ali ofanana onse kapena omwe ali kunja ndi ochepa pang'ono kuposa amkati, atatha kupukutira kufota. Stamens 9, m'mizere iwiri, yozungulira yazungulira kawiri; Rheum nobile Hr yekha. ma stamen asanu ndi limodzi, popeza bwalo lakunja silimaphatikizidwe. Pestle yekha, wokhala ndi chotchinga cham'mimba chokhala ndi chisa chimodzi; mizati itatu, yolumikizana ndi impso kapena mawonekedwe owoneka ngati mahatchi.

Chipatso cha rhubarb ndi chipatso chachikulu chokhala ndi mapiko kapena mtunda wopapatiza. Mbewu ndi mapuloteni, nyongayo ndi yofunika kwambiri.

Kufalikira Rhubarb. © MuAweofGod'sCurity

Kufalitsa ndi kubzala kwa rhubarb

Kufalikira ndi mbewu; pachikhalidwe, pogawa mbewu yachikulire kuti gawo lililonse lazika ndi impso (diso); Njira yotsirizira imapatsa masamba akulu. Pamalo amodzi, rhubarb imatha kukula mpaka zaka 15, komabe ndibwino kuti muchepetse moyo wake mpaka zaka 10, kenako ndikugawana ndi mbande. Chowonadi ndi chakuti isanafike m'badwo uno, zokolola zimakhala zapamwamba, kenako zimagwa.

Fotokozerani mbewuyo, monga taonera kale, ikhoza kukhala mbewu komanso magawidwe a ma nthangala. Njira yomalizirayi ndiyabwino. Wathanzi, zaka 4-5 wazaka zakale za rhubarb zimagawidwa pakugwa. Amadulidwa ndi fosholo yakuthwa m'magulu a 2-4 kuti aliyense ali ndi impso zazikuluzikulu za 1-2 ndi mizu yolimba. Simungathe kukumba chitsamba chonse, koma kupatula gawo lomwe mukufuna. Delenki ndi zouma pang'ono, zigawo zimakonkhedwa ndi makala ndikuzibzala.

Mbewu zofesedwa pabedi lodzala. Mutha kufesa mbewu zatsopano m'nthaka, mutha kutha yophukira panthaka yachisanu. Ndi kufesa kwa masika kwa rhubarb, kuyambiranso kuzizira kumafunikira kwa miyezi iwiri. Mbewu zobzalidwa m'nthaka ndikuchuluka kwa masentimita 2-3. Mbeu zimatuluka patatha masiku 15-20, zimadulidwamo, kusungabe mtunda pakati pa mbande 20 cm, kapena kugwedezekera kumatulu.

Pakatha chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri, mbewu zimabzalidwa pamalo okhazikika. Amachita maluwa pachaka chachitatu.

Ndikwabwino kubzala rhubarb m'malo okhazikika mu Seputembala, komanso ndizotheka kumayambiriro kwamasika. Malo ake amasankhidwa popanda kusayenda kwamadzi. Rhubarb imagwira ntchito bwino pamalo owala, komabe, nthaka iliyonse yokhala ndi humus ndiyabwino. Popeza imamera nthawi yayitali m'malo amodzi, musakhale odandaula musanabzala kuwonjezera 10 kg ya humus kapena kompositi m'nthaka pa 1 m², komanso 100 g yodzala feteleza ndi 120 g ya phulusa. Wofesa dothi laimu.

Asanabzike, dothi liyenera kuthandizidwa mpaka akuya masentimita 40. Rhubarb rhizomes ndi mbande zopangidwa bwino zokhala ndi dothi lodzalidwa m'miyala 50 cm motalikirana osachepera 70-80 cm kuchokera kwa wina ndi mnzake. Nthawi yomweyo, mbewuyo imafunika kuzama pang'ono poyerekeza ndi yobzala kale (pafupifupi 3 cm). Kenako dothi limapangidwa makina, kuthiriridwa mokwanira ndi kuwumbika ndi humus kapena peat.

Rhubarb itha kubzalidwa m'mizere ya mitengo yazipatso, komanso m'mizere ya rhubarb kubzala mbewu zobiriwira.

Rhubarb ndi wavy. © daryl_mitchell

Chisamaliro cha Rhubarb

Kusamalira mbewu za rhubarb kumakhala kumachotsa namsongole nthawi zonse, kumasula mizera ndi kutulutsa mbewu, kuthirira kambiri munyengo yamvula, komanso kudyetsa. M'chaka choyamba mutabzala mbande, rhubarb imayamba kudyetsedwa kwambiri, ndikusintha feteleza wa organic ndi mchere. Monga organic mullein, yothiriridwa ndi madzi muyezo wa 1: 5, ndowe za nkhuku (1:10) zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo feteleza wama mineral a mtundu wa Kemira-Universal kapena nitrophos (50-60 g pa 10 l madzi) amatengedwa ngati mchere.

Othandizira kulima kwachilengedwe amalimbikitsidwa kuti abweretse phulusa, kumwaza pamaso pothirira kapena kumasula dothi pamlingo wa 1 galasi la phulusa pa 1 m2, ndi kulowerera kwa lunguzi ndi namsongole. Kuvala kwapamwamba kumachitika mobwerezabwereza masiku onse a 10-12, kuyambira pakuchepa kwachiwiri kapena masabata awiri mutatha kufalikira. Rhubarb imadya nayitrogeni wambiri, chifukwa chake, isanayambe kukula mchaka, 1 m added imawonjezeredwa pa supuni ya feteleza wathunthu wama mineral ndi kuchuluka komweko kwa ammonium nitrate. Zaka zonse zotsatila, pomwe rhubarb ikukula ndikupereka zipatso, imadyetsedwa katatu pachaka. Kwa nthawi yoyamba kumayambiriro kwa kasupe, 10 g ya ammonium sulfate ndi potaziyamu sulfate, 15-20 g ya superphosphate pa 1 m². Kachiwiri pambuyo pa masabata a 3-4, kulowetsedwa kwa udzu wowotchera ndi kuwonjezera kwa akupanga kuchokera ku 20 g ya superphosphate mpaka 10 malita a madzi. Chovala chachitatu chapamwamba chimachitika mu Ogasiti ndi feteleza ndi phosphorous ndi potashi. Kamodzi pa zaka zitatu zilizonse, kompositi ya 2-4 kg / m² imayikidwa m'mipata.

Petioles zazitali komanso zazitali za rhubarb zitha kupezeka pokhapokha ndi madzi okwanira. Minda ya Rhubarb imathiriridwa katatu patsiku 30-30 l / m². Kutsirira kumathandizira kuti kuchulukana kwa oxalic acid ku petioles. Kuyambira chaka chachiwiri, ma peduncle omwe amawonekera amachotsedwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya.

Kutumiza kwa ma peduncle sikuyenera kuloledwa, chifukwa kukula kwamasamba kumachepetsedwa kwambiri. M'chilimwe, tchire la rhubarb limapangidwanso, ndikuchotsa masamba onse ndi petioles, ndikusiya chakudya cha 1-2. Pofika nthawi yophukira, tchire limasonkhanitsanso masamba, ndipo kutentha kukayamba kufika pa 16-17 ° C, 1/3 masamba amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya, ndipo 2/3 amasiyidwa kuti chomera chikonzekere nyengo yachisanu. Kwa nyengo yozizira, mbewu zimakutidwa ndi masamba okugwa. Pakatikati, masamba amachotsedwa, ndikupangitsa impso kuti zidutse m'nthaka, ndipo mpaka duwa lamphamvu lamasamba limakula, silidulidwa.

Kututa Rhubarb

Rhubarb petioles zimayamba kukololedwa mchaka chachiwiri mutabzala mbande kapena ma nthangala mu Meyi-Juni, zikafika kutalika kwa 20-25 cm.Kukolola kumapitirira kwa masabata 8-10 mumiyeso ya 3-4, mpaka pakati pa Julayi - kumayambiriro kwa Ogasiti. Rhubarb imakhala yofunika kwambiri kumayambiriro kasupe, pomwe ikhoza kusintha bwino zipatso ndi zipatso. Pakadali pano, mutha kugwiritsanso ntchito achinyamata (ochepa okha!) Kusiya kabichi masikono, msuzi kabichi, borsch.

Rhubarb petioles silingadulidwe, amawonongeka kuti asawononge kukula. Kuti muchite izi, tengani phesi ndi manja anu, mutembenukire mbali zonse ziwiri, kenako nkuswa pang'ono ndi tsamba. Simungathe kukoka, chifukwa mutha kuwononga chizungulire. Pokolola ma petioles a rhubarb, masamba osachepera atatu ayenera kukhalabe pamtengowo kuti muzu usathere. Khalidwe la petioles limakhala lotentha kwambiri kuposa 17 ° C, oxalic acid imadziunjikira pakutentha, komwe kumangoleketsa kukoma, komanso kumakhudza thupi, ndikupanga mchere wosasunthika womwe umatenga calcium.

Mitundu yotchuka ya rhubarb

Kupsa koyambirira. Victoria, Krupnochereshkovy, Moskovsky 42 (pang'ono koyambirira), Tukumsky 5. Petioles 40-60 cm kutalika, mpaka 3 cm wandiweyani, wobiriwira wobiriwira, wokhala ndi rasipiberi kapena wakuda rasipiberi. Muli zinthu zouma - 4-6,5%, mashuga - 1.7%, vitamini C -10.1-17.2 mg%; kukoma kwabwino - mfundo 4-4.5. Petioles zimayamba kukolola mchaka chachiwiri kapena chachitatu mutabzala - kuyambira pakati mpaka koyambirira kwa Julayi. Pazaka zotsatirazi, kutolera kumachitika masiku 20-30 alionse. Zosiyanasiyana ndizofunikira pakufika koyambirira kwakukulu kwa zokolola zambiri - 1.5-6.9 kg / m². Musalole kudwala komanso kuwonongeka kwa tizilombo. Victoria zamitundu mitundu zimakonda maluwa.

Nyengo yapakati. Obskaya, Ogrsky 13. Woyamba umapirira chilala ndi kuzungulira kwamadzi, chachiwiri sichilimbana ndi kuwombera. Kutalika kwa mbewu mpaka masentimita 80. Rosette ndi yaying'ono, petioles ndiwobiriwira komanso wobiriwira ndi rasipiberi kapena utoto wa pinki pamtunda, motero 20-23, 40-55 cm kutalika, kwakukulu, masekeli 150-620 g, kulawa kwabwino - 4- 4.5 mfundo. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya Ob petiole ndi yofatsa, yotsekemera komanso wowawasa, yokhala ndi zopepuka zochepa. Kuyambira mbande mpaka nthawi yokolola 60-69 masiku. Kupanga kukwera kwambiri - 2.1-6.2 kg / m². Zosiyanasiyana zimagwirizana ndi matenda.