Apurikoti, kapena Apurikoti wamba (Prunus armeniaca- - mtengo kuchokera ku maula a Plum (Prunus) Banja la Pinki (Rosaceae), komanso chipatso cha mtengo. Apurikoti amatchedwanso kirimu wachikasu, morel, maapricots owuma, spaghetti, apurikoti.
Apricots © Fir0002M'mabuku amakono, malo atatu kapena sikisi omwe oyambira ma apurikoti amasiyanitsidwa. Mwa iwo, dera la Tian Shan ku China ndiwomwe amawoneka kuti ndiwotheka kwambiri.
Komabe, ku Europe adadziwika kuchokera ku Armenia (motero dzina la zachipembedzo m'Chilatini: armeniacus - Armenian). Pambuyo pake, apurikotiyo adafika ku Roma, monga zidanenedwa m'mabuku ake wolemba wasayansi wakale waku Roma komanso wolemba Pliny Mkulu.
Mtundu wapadera ndi Apricot waku Siberi (Prunus sibirica), akukula zakuthengo kumapiri a Dauria. Imapezeka ku Primorsky Territory, Eastern Siberia, Northern China, ndi Mongolia. Imakhala ndi kutentha kwambiri kwa chisanu (kupuma imapumira mpaka kutentha kwa 45 ° C), koma sikumaloleza kuzizira kwachisanu. Zipatso - ma Drupes owuma akusoka m'mphepete mwake m'mimba mwake ndi awiri awiri - 2,5, utoto wonyezimira, amakhala ndi mkaka wowawasa, pafupifupi osaneneka.
Apurikoti - mtengo wokongola wautali komanso korona wozungulira. Masamba amakhala ozungulira, ovate, pamwamba pomwe amakokedwa, osanjidwa bwino kapena owoneka-manja awiri. Maluwa oyera kapena ofiira amatulutsa masamba asanafike.
Zipatso ndi odontostruses a chikasu chofiirira ("apricot"), chokulungidwa m'mawonekedwe, osalala kapena obovate. Fupa limakhala ndi mipanda yolimba, yosalala.
Mtengo wa apricot wabadwa kalekale m'maiko ambiri otentha.
Zipatso za ma apricot zimadyedwa mwatsopano komanso mawonekedwe owuma (ma apricots ndi maenje, kaisa, ma apricots owuma, pastille). Odwala omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga ayenera kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito apricots chifukwa cha shuga wambiri.
Ma apricots amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga apurikoti vodika, chakumwa choledzeretsa, ndipo msuzi wa apricot amawotchera kenako amatsitsidwa.
Mtengo wa apricot wokhala ndi zipatso. © Fir0002Tikufika
Pobzala, monga lamulo, ana azaka zofanana chaka chimodzi amagwiritsidwa ntchito, momwe nthambi zofanana (nthambi zotsogola) zimayikidwa moyenerana ndi thunthu ndi danga, komanso zoyenerana ndi mphukira wopitilira (wochititsa). Osafunika kubzala mbande ndi nthambi zamipanda yoyandikana, ndi mayendedwe achilendo achokapo. M'tsogolomu, nthambi zotere zimathyoledwa ndi kulemera kwa chipatso, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mitengo iwonongeke. Kukula kwachangu kwamatenda pamankhwala okhala ndi bala kumathandizanso izi.
Zolakwika pakugula kwa zinthu zodzala siziyenera kupangidwa. Mbande zomata zamtunduwu ndizosiyana ndi mbande (makosi) m'mitundu yambiri yamakhalidwe. Zosiyanasiyana zamitundu yobzalidwa mulibe minga (spurs), koma zimakhala ndi stumps - malo omwe chitsa chimadulira maso ozolowera (impso), omwe sanakulire kwathunthu. Pa nthambi zamtundu wa chaka chilichonse, masamba owirikiza kapena atatu amapanga kale, ndipo mu mbande zokha (imodzi). Mitengo imabala zipatso mu zaka zoyambirira za zipatso pokhapokha povutira ndi zovuta, ndipo pofika zaka 8-10, zipatso zazifupi zimapangika pamtengowo.
Nthambi za pachaka ndi tsinde la mbande sizimakula kwenikweni ndipo sizochepa kuyerekeza ndi mmera wobzalidwa. Mbande zachikhalidwe zosadziwika ndikuchokera ku madera akumwera nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosagwirizana. Amayatsidwa nyengo zathu mpaka kutalika kwa chipale chofewa ndipo amadziwika ndi kuchepa kwa zipatso. Pali chiopsezo chotengera matenda a ma virus ndi mbande ndi mbande zochokera kumadera ena. Potere, mbewu zimafa msanga.
Zotsatira zabwino kwambiri zimapezeka mukamafika kosavomerezeka. Kukula kwawo kofowoka mchaka choyamba mutabzala kumayambitsa kupangidwa kwa ngodya zazikulu zamtundu ndikupanga korona wolimba.
Asanabzike, mizu ndi kumviika mu dothi. Mukabzala, mbewu zimayikidwa mu dzenjelo kuti khosi la muzu wambewu ndi malo olumikizirana a olimidwa pamlingo wamtunda ndi 3-4 mm m'mphepete mwa dzenje. Mizu ya mbewuyi imakutidwa ndi msanganizo wokhala ndi chonde. Pakubwezeretsanso mbewuzo, zimagwedezeka pang'ono, kenako dothi lomwe lili m'dzenjemo limakakamizidwa ndi phazi kuyambira pachipinda chakumaliracho mpaka pakatikati, ndikusunga mbewuyo pamlingo womwe mukufuna. Dzenjelo limathiridwa kumphepete ndi dothi lam'munsi mozungulira ndipo loumbika limapangidwa m'mphepete mwa dzenjelo kuti madzi azitha kuthirira. Zomera zimathiriridwa, mosasamala chinyezi, 20 malita a madzi pachomera chilichonse. Mukathirira, dothi limakhazikika mwamphamvu ndipo dzenje limatsanulidwa kumapeto ndipo wolocha amawongoka.
Kutengera ndi nyengo yomwe ilipo komanso chinyezi cha nthaka nthawi yotentha, kuthilira kwina kwa 2-3 kumachitika ndi masiku 10-15. Chinyezi chadongosolo komanso chapanthawi yake chimalimbikitsa kukula kwa mbewu m'dera lathu.
Kusamalira ndi kulima m'mundamo
Dothi lokhala ngati nthunzi yokhazikika ndi kugwiritsa ntchito bwino feteleza munthaka yoperewera kwa madzi kumawonjezera kukula komanso zipatso za apurikoti. Kachitidwe kameneka kamathandizira pakuzika mizu m'nthaka komanso kukana bwino kwa mbewu mozama.
M'zaka ziwiri zoyambirira, ndipo osatinso, mpando (bwalo bwalo) limasungidwa pansi pa mulch. Kukhazikika kwakutali pansi pa mulch kumapangitsa kuti mizu m'nthaka ikhale pamwamba. Monga mulch, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito manyowa owumbika, utuchi, peat ndi zinthu zina zamafuta. Ndikofunika kuchita munthawi yake komanso moyenera kulimitsa nthaka, kupewa mphamvu zamasamba ndikuwononga mizu.
M'malo abwino okhala ndi chinyezi chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito ulimi wothirira, kuyambira kulowa kwa mbeu munthawi ya zipatso zochulukirapo (pa chaka cha 6-7 cha moyo), nthaka ingathe kudontha. Pazifukwa izi, udzu wamphepete wamfupi wokhala ndi mizu yopanga bwino sagwiritsidwa ntchito: buluu, mawonekedwe ofiira, mtengo, malo odyetserako ziweto ndi mitundu ina yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga udzu (kaphatikizidwe kapinga). Mbewu zofesedwa kumayambiriro kwa kasupe panthaka yokonzedwa bwino kuchokera chaka chatha, chitatha chiwonongeko chonse cha nthangala ndi namsongole muzu. Mbeu zofesedwa nthawi ndi nthawi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito owaza obalaza (ma sprayer) kuti akhale mbande yabwino komanso yolimba ndikuletsa kuyanika kumtunda. Zitsamba nthawi zina zimadulira zikafika kutalika kwa 20-25 masentimita. Dongosolo loterolo la dothi limatha kukonza bwino madzi, amtundu wa mankhwala, ndikuwonjezera chonde. Kuphatikiza pakupanga kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza kwamchere ndi chinyezi chokwanira kwambiri, kuchuluka kwa mbewu kumachepetsedwa, kukula bwino ndikukhazikika kwa zipatso kumatsimikiziridwa, ndipo zipatso ndi kukana kwa mbewu mpaka nyengo yachilimwe ndi yozizira yozizira zachilengedwe zimakulitsidwa. Ngati mbewu siziperekedwa ndi zinthu zofunika munthawi yake, ndiye kuti akuponderezedwa, zaka zisanakwane, komanso kubzala m'minda kumakhala kovuta pachuma.
Mtengo wa apricot wokhala ndi zipatso. ©ogulitsa SherpaMalo
Ma apricots ndi ojambula, osasinthika ndi dothi, amakula bwino pamtunda wokwanira wokhala ndi chitsulo. Chilala komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mphepo, pewani kusungunuka ndi kusungunuka, ndikukula msanga. Madera abwino kwambiri okulitsa ma apricots ali kum'mwera, kum'mwera chakum'mawa komanso kum'mwera chakumadzulo kuchokera ku Moscow. Malowa akuyenera kutetezedwa ku mphepo zakumpoto. Madera otsika komwe mpweya wozizira umayenda sikuyenera. Malo omwe mungasankhe ndi dzuwa: ma apricots amafunikira kutentha kwambiri momwe angathere nthawi yotentha, izi ziwathandiza kusunthira nyengo yachisanu bwinobwino.
Chisamaliro
Pakati panjira, apurikoti amafunika kuthirira nthawi zonse, makamaka atasinthika komanso nthawi ya kukula, mu Meyi - June. Mu theka lachiwiri la chilimwe, mbewu zimathiridwa madzi pokhapokha pachilala, zomwe sizimawonedwa kawirikawiri kudera la Moscow. Nthawi zina, kuthirira kwambiri mu Ogasiti kungayambitse kukula kwa mphukira kwa nthawi yayitali komwe siziwuma ndi kuzizira nthawi yozizira. Kuyambira ndili mwana, kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira komanso koyambilira kwamasamba, nthambi ndi nthambi zikuluzikulu za mtengowo zimayeretsedwa, ndikuwonjezerapo mkuwa. Mabala ndi mabowo achisanu pamtengo pamapeto a Epulo - mu Meyi, yeretsani mpaka matupi amoyo ndikuphimba ndi var var kapena kuzbaslak.
Apricots amakula msanga ndikupatsa mbeu yoyamba pafupifupi chaka chachisanu kapena chachisanu ndi chiwiri. Pakuyendetsa bwino kwambiri, ndikofunikira kukhala ndi mbande ziwiri pamalopo, kapena bwino, zitatu kapena zinayi. Ndi kukula mosamalitsa ndi chisamaliro choyenera, mitengo imatha kutulutsa mchaka chachitatu kapena chachinayi. Masamba a maluwa amayikidwa pachaka chaka chilichonse, ngakhale ndi katundu wolemera pazomera zawo. Crohn mu ma apricots amapangidwa mwachilengedwe.
Zipatso za apricot panthambi. © apulo2000Kuswana
Kufalitsa ndi mbewu zomwe zimatha kugwira ntchito mpaka chaka chimodzi, ndikulumikizana. Mbewu zofesedwa m'dzinja kapena masika patatha miyezi itatu.
Mitengo ya apricot yosinthidwa komweko itha kumera itha kubzala nthangala za mbewu zomwe zadulidwa pamsika. Sikoyenera kutenga kufesa mbewu za ku Armenia ndi zakunja, zipatso zazikulu kwambiri. Zabzalidwa nthawi yomweyo, osazunza kwambiri, mpaka akuya masentimita 5, 6, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kumera kuzikhala pafupifupi 100%. Mosiyana ndi nthomba za pome, momwe mbalame zakutchire zimamera m'mbewu, mu zipatso zamiyala zimatulutsa zonse mbalame zamtchire ndi mbande, zomwe pambuyo pake zimatha kupitilizanso mitundu ya makolo malinga ndi zipatso.
Kumayambiriro kwa kasupe, mu Marichi, mbande zapachaka zimadulidwa. Kudulira kumeneku kumachitika chaka chilichonse. Choyamba, amachotsa timitengo tofowoka, oundana ndi malekezero awo, amafupikitsa nthawi yayitali komanso yamphamvu, komanso kudula mphukira zowonjezera zomwe zimakulitsa korona "pa mphete". Magawo onse amaphimbidwa ndi varnish ya m'munda kapena utoto wonyezimira (wofiyira, wowonda, mwaye), wothira mafuta oyanika. Ngati mbande ikukula pabedi, imasinthidwa ku malo okhazikika pazaka ziwiri mutangosungunuka chisanu kapena mu Seputembala - Okutobala. Pa nthaka yachonde, yokhazikika, ndikokwanira kukumba bowo malingana ndi kukula kwa mizu. Pa dongo, peat kapena dothi lamchenga limapangidwa mozama ndikuzama, ngalande zimakonzedwa pansi ndipo dzenjelo limadzaza ndi mchere. Choyenerera ndikumakulitsa mitengo popanda kuthilira.
Mukatha kutola koyamba, njere zambewu mutangochotsa mu zipatsozo zimabzalidwa. Mbande zachikulire zidzakhala m'badwo wachiwiri wa ma apricots, osagwirizana kwambiri ndi nyengo yamderalo.
Gwiritsani ntchito
Wokongola kwambiri panthawi yamaluwa, pomwe mphukira (masamba asanatseguke) ataphimbidwa kwathunthu ndi maluwa akuluakulu a pinki. Ndiwokongola m'dzinja lokongoletsa masamba owala komanso nthawi ya zipatso. Zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kukongoletsa minda, mapaki, malo osungirako nkhalango, mabwalo, malo olowera kotala, malo obzala limodzi ndi gulu. Maluwa a apricot amatulutsa fungo lokoma la uchi - chifukwa ma apricot ndi okongola, chomera choyamba kwambiri cha uchi. Mwa mitundu yamaluwa yamitengo, nthawi yomweyo, ma almond otsika, daurian rhododendron, maluwa ophukira ndi iyo.
Apurikoti amatulutsa maluwa © Mehraj MirMatenda ndi Tizilombo
Apurikoti samatha kutenga matenda komanso tizirombo kuposa maula. Komabe, nthawi zina mitengo imayamba kudwala matenda oyamba ndi fungus.
Kleasterosporiosis, kapena "chowonera patali" (Clasterosporium carpoplilum Aderh.): Koyambilira kwa chilimwe, mawanga ofiira amawoneka pamasamba, pomwe mabowo amapezeka kumapeto kwa chilimwe. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta tating'onoting'ono timasweka ndi chingamu - timadzi tokhathamira, totsekemera tomwe timayenderera mu mlengalenga - timatuluka kuchokera ku malo a lesion. Matendawa amatha kugwira bwino mbeu zomwe sizinagwiritse bwino ntchito matenje obzala kapena mutadzaza mbewuyo.
Moniliosis (Monilia cenerea Bonord.): Wowonjezera wa matendawa ndi bowa, nyengo yachisanu pa ziwalo zomwe zakhudzidwa. Chapakatikati, mycelium wa bowa amapanga sporulation. Poyamba, matendawa amayambitsa kupukutira ndi kuyanika kwa maluwa, kenako - masamba ndi mphukira zapachaka. M'nyengo yotentha, mafangayi amapanga zipatso. Choyamba, pamakhala malo aang'ono akuda, omwe, pang'onopang'ono amakula, amaphimba mwana wakhanda lonse. Kuguba kwa zipatso kumatembenuka kukhala bulauni, ndipo pamwamba pake ndimakutidwa ndi pads yaying'ono yakuda yoyambira. Zipatso zomwe zakhudzidwa zimachepa, ziuma ndikugwa.
Njira zoyendetsera
Chofunika kwambiri ndikusamalira mundawo moyera. Bowa wa patathogenic ali pamasamba, nthambi, zipatso, makungwa ndi mbali zina za mtengowo, ndikofunikira kusonkhanitsa ndi kuwotcha masamba nthawi yophukira, kukumba mozungulira mizere ya mitengo. Njira yothandiza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wa organic, mchere ndi calcareous. Feteleza amatulutsa bwino mitengo ndipo nthawi yomweyo amasintha momwe maselo amathandizira kumbali yake, yomwe siyabwino kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso tizilombo toononga.
M'pofunikanso kuchotsa muzu ndi kudula nthambi zowuma komanso zodwala, kuyeretsa thunthu kuchokera ku makungwa a frostbite, kuphimba madera owonongeka ndi mitundu yaminda. Kuponya korona ndikofunikira: ndikofunikira kuchotsa panthambi pa tsinde ndi nthambi za chigoba, kukonzanso korona.
Mwa njira zowongolera mankhwala, kuthetsa kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa kumathandiza kumayambiriro kwa masika, masamba asanasungunuke, nitrafen (2-3%), Bordeaux madzi (4%), iron sulfate (5-8%). Munthawi yamasamba akhama polimbana ndi matenda, amafafaniza ndi Bordeaux madzi (1%), cinebom (0.5%) kapena mkuwa wa chloroxide. Kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa kumachitika nthawi yomweyo pambuyo pa maluwa, atatu kapena anayi otsatira - masiku 10 mpaka 15 aliwonse.
Ndi chisamaliro choyenera, mitengoyo imawoneka bwino, imakula ndi 40-70 masentimita pachaka ndipo mwanjira imeneyi simadwala.
Mwa tizirombo touluka, nsabwe za m'masamba zimayambitsa mavuto akulu: zimafooketsa mbewu, kenako fungus sooty ikhoza kukhazikika pa iwo. Mutha kulimbana ndi nsabwe za m'mabina, kuwononga pomwe zikuwoneka, kapena kuwaza ndi sopo infusions wa fodya, dandelion, phulusa.
Mtengo wa apricot wokhala ndi zipatso. © Zomera ZapamwambaNdondomeko yaula (Laspeyresia fundebrana Tr.) Amawononga zipatso za plums ndipo, pamlingo wina, ma apricots. Ichi ndi gulugufe wachichepere, nthawi yachisanu mu mawonekedwe a coco m'munsi mwa tsinde kapena pamtunda wa dothi. Gulugufe amauluka mchaka choyamba cha Juni, ndikuyika mazira awo m'mazira a zipatso kapena pa petioles. Ndiye agulugufe agulugufe kuyambira pakati pa Julayi mpaka pakati pa Ogasiti pali zaka zingapo za agulugufe am'badwo wamalimwe wa njenjete ndi kuyikira mazira pa zipatso zopangidwa.
Njira zamakina ndizothandiza kwambiri: kusonkhanitsa ndi kuwononga zipatso zowonongeka, kuyeretsa makungwa pamtengo, kukumba mozungulira thunthu.
Zowonongeka apricot ndi mbozi ya gulugufe wa hawthorn, kukukuta masamba, masamba. Komanso sizivuta kuiwonongeratu umakaniko, ndipo zisa zachisanu - masamba owuma ndi kuyikira mazira, otetezedwa ndi ma cobwebs panthambi - amafunika kusonkhanitsidwa ndikuwonongedwa m'dzinja kapena koyambirira kwamasika.
Kodi mumakula bwanji ma apricots?
