Mwa okonda kusaka mwakachetechete, omwe amalimbikira kwambiri, mwina, ndi omwe amatenga bowa: yesani kuyendayenda kwamakilomita angapo, mukuyendayenda pansi pa chitsamba chilichonse ndikusaka udzu kuti mupeze bowa wabwino, komabe mukuyenera kuti mubweretse "kunyumba" kwanu. Komabe, kuleza mtima ndi mphamvu zokhazokha sizokwanira. Ndikofunikira kwambiri kumvetsetsa mphatso zamatchire, chifukwa thanzi, komanso nthawi zina moyo wa wosankha bowa ndi mamembala ake, zimatengera izi. Ngakhale bowa wowoneka ngati wopanda vuto amatha kukhala ma poizoni owopsa.
Onaninso: msuzi wowuma wa bowa.
Takudziwitsani chisankho chochepa cha mitundu yotchuka ya bowa yabwino yokhala ndi mayina ndi zithunzi. Tikukhulupirira kuti zidzakuthandizani kusankha zoyenera.
Nthawi zonse muzisankha bowa wokhawo womwe mukutsimikiza. Pokhala ndi kukayikira pang'ono ponena za kukhazikika kwawo kapena mawonekedwe, ndibwino kudutsa izi.
Bowa King - Cep
Bowa Woyera ndi chimodzi mwazabwino kwambiri, zoyamikiridwa chifukwa cha mnofu wake komanso mnofu wokoma. Ndizachilendo kuti sataya mtundu woyera utadulidwa (mwa anzawo omwe sangakhale nawo, mnofu umatembenuka kukhala wamtambo kapena wapinki). Pansi pa chipewacho ndi tubular, komanso yoyera ndipo sachita khungu mutayanika, chinthu chokhacho chimakhala chikasu mumakhowa akale. Mendo wake ndi wofinya komanso wopanda phokoso, nthawi zambiri umakhala waufupi.
Bowa wowuma wa porcini, zithunzi zomwe zimaperekedwa pansipa, zimakhala ndi zopatsa mphamvu zambiri - 281 kcal motsutsana ndi 40 pamitundu yatsopano yosankhidwa. Boletus wouma (290 kcal motsutsana 36) ndiwopatsa thanzi kuposa iwo.
Amfumu ya bowa amakula makamaka m'mabanja, mu burs, pachifukwa ichi amatchedwanso boletus. Nthawi yokolola ikuchokera koyambirira kwa chilimwe mpaka pakati pa nthawi yophukira. Kutengera mtundu wa mitengo yomwe banjali "idakhazikika" pansi, pali mitundu 20 ya boletus edulis. Nthawi zambiri mumatha kukumana:
- spruce boletus wokhala ndi chipewa chofiirira pamiyendo yosalala;
- paini boletus wokhala ndi bulawuni wakuda, chipewa chonyezimira pang'ono pa mwendo wawung'ono;
- oak boletus ndi chipewa chofiirira pamiyendo yayitali yanthi;
- birch boletus ndi chipewa chakuda chakuda pamiyendo ya volumetric yaifupi.
M'malo moyenerera ng'ombe - bowa
Bowa wophika pakukonda kwawo ali pafupi ndi bowa. Mutha kuwaphika mwanjira iliyonse, koma imodzi mwazakudya zabwino kwambiri ndizowotcha kapena bowa wamchere.
Omwe ali ndi calorie apamwamba kwambiri ndi bowa wamchere wamchere, wopitilira mazira ndi ng'ombe pankhaniyi.
Nthawi zambiri, mitundu iwiri ya bowa imapezeka:
- Pine camelina. Amamera pamchenga wamchenga, m'nkhalango za paini, kukolola - kuyambira kumapeto kwa chilimwe. Chipewa chowoneka ngati utoto cholimba pakatikati, lalanje wakuda wokhala ndi tint yofiirira, m'mphepete timapindika pang'ono, pang'ono kumata. Mbale zomwe zinali pansi pa chipewacho zimasanduka zobiriwira zikakanikizidwa, msuzi umalandira mtundu womwewo mumlengalenga. Mwendo ndi wocheperako, ngati mawonekedwe a silinda, komanso lalanje.
- Spruce (fir safroni). Amakhala m'nkhalangozi.
Imakhala ndi chipewa chofewa, mumtundu wake momwe mumatha kukhala utoto wabuluu kapena wobiriwira, ndi msuzi wamkaka wofiira. Mwendo umakhala wautali pang'ono kuposa wa mnzake wa paini.
Kukolola chanterelles
Bowa wa Chanterelle ndi anthu okhawo okhala m'nkhalango zosakanikirana, ngakhale minda yolimidwa ndiyonso imakonda. Amakhala m'mabanja akuluakulu mpaka kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira, makamaka ambiri a iwo nthawi yamvula. Chipilala cha chipewa chowoneka ngati chofunda ndi chaching'ono, mpaka 10 cm, koma ndichopanda thupi, chojambulidwa chamtundu wokongola wachikasu, m'mphepete mwake chimakhala chovunda, chakuthwa. Thupi limakhala lopepuka, louma komanso lotanuka, limalawa lakuthwa komanso limanunkhiza ngati zipatso zouma, silimachita khungu litasweka. Chipewa chili m'munsi chimapangidwa bwino, ndipo mbale zake zokulirapo zimadutsa mwendo. Ndiwosalala, mtundu womwewo ndi chipewa.
Ma chanterelles omwe sawoneka bwino amakhala ndi utoto wambiri: amatha kukhala owala lalanje kapena ofiira. Kuphatikiza apo, ilibe mphamvu m'mphepete mwa cap.
Rragula wosalimba
Bowa wa Russianula umalimidwa m'nkhalango za paini zonyowa komanso m'malo otentha kuyambira pakati pa chilimwe mpaka nthawi yophukira koyambirira. Ali ndi chipewa chokongola kwambiri komanso chopanda miyala komanso m'mphepete pang'ono. Ndiwosalala, utoto wofiirira kapena wonyezimira, kupsinjika kwapakati kumakhala kwamdima, bulauni. Itha kuponyera sheen wonyezimira kapena mthunzi wodekha wa matte. Mwendo umakhala wosalala, oyera. Mbale zomwe zinali pansi pa chipewacho ndi zoyera kapena zachikasu, zosalimba komanso zosweka mosavuta. Mnofu wokoma pawokha umakhala ndi kapangidwe komweko, ndikasweka, kumada.
Zovala zowirira kawiri za zipewa za russula zimakhala ndi mtundu wokhazikika: kuchokera kufiira owala kwambiri mpaka obiriwira, kuwonjezera apo, ozungulira.
Bowa ali ndi mitundu ingapo, yomwe imatha kukhala yamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Zosangalatsa kwambiri za izo zimawerengedwa kuti ndi Russell:
- wobiriwira kapena scaly wokhala ndi mawonekedwe amtundu wa kapu;
- edible kapena chakudya chokhala ndi pinki-ofiira kapena chipewa cha njerwa;
- wokhala ndi miyendo yayifupi ndi chipewa choyera.
Zosangalatsa
Bowa wopunthwitsa, zithunzi zomwe zimatha kuwoneka pansipa, zimamera m'nkhalango zowirira, pomwe masamba obiriwira amakhala ambiri. Amakhala ndi zipewa zokongola kwambiri, zozungulira zozungulira ali aang'ono, ndipo pamapeto pake amakhala ndi malo ozama. M'mphepete mwa kapuyo mulibe, ndipo tsitsi lalitali lakuda limapezeka ponsepo, kukongoletsa funde lokhala ndi mawonekedwe abwino. Mwendo umakhala wakuda, koma pang'ono, mtundu womwewo ndi chipewa. Kuguza kwa bowa kumamveka bwino, kumasuka, koma kumakhala kokhako kamodzi, chifukwa asayansi ena sazindikira kupunthira: kumadzaza ndi madzi amkaka, owawa komanso owawa.
Ngakhale kuwawa, bowa siowopsa. Pakudya, akatswiri odziwa ntchito za bowa amalangizidwa kuti azisonkhanitsa ana ang'onoang'ono ndi kuwaphika m'madzi ozizira: njirayi ndikaphika, mkwiyo umatha.
Mu nkhalango, mitundu iwiri ya nthula imamera, onse ndi bowa, ndipo ndi osiyana ndi wina ndi mzake:
- Wofiirira wa pinki ndi chipewa chofiyira komanso cha beige.
- Yoweyera yoyera ndi chipewa choyera chodetsedwa (chimakhala chosalimba).
Bowa woyamba wamasamba - morels
Pakati pa mphatso zoyambilira zachilengedwe, imodzi yoyamba kuoneka yowonjezera - kunja osati kukongola, koma bowa wokoma kwambiri wokhala ndi mawonekedwe apachiyambi. Pa mwendo wautali wopepuka, mkati mopanda kanthu, chipewa chokongola chamtundu wakuda chimavala zolimba: zonse zimapangidwa ndi maselo akuya, ngati kuti zidyedwa ndi tizilombo tosadziwika.
Mitundu itatu ya bowa wowonjezera udyedwa, zithunzi zomwe zimatha kuwoneka pofotokozera, ndizo:
- Zamakolo (edible). Chipewa chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe a dzira, bulauni, mkati mopanda kanthu. Chikasu chachikasu, chopanda kanthu, chimakula limodzi ndi chipewa.
- Chachikulu (chakwera). Amadziwika ndi chipewa chachitali chamtundu wa bulauni, maselo okhala pang'onopang'ono amakhala amdima. Mwendo ulinso wokwera, mpaka 10cm kutalika, ambiri amabisika pansi pa chipewa.
- Zopanda pake. Chipewa chaching'ono, chokhala ndi mauna achikuda chokhala ndi sera wakuthwa komanso chingwe chowoneka bwino kuzungulira m'mphepete "chimayikidwa" mwendo wapamwamba.
Mphamvu boletus
Bowa ndi katsabola wa assen, amakhalanso mbatata, amakula mosabereka kapena m'mabanja ang'onoang'ono okhala m'nkhalango zowirira, m'malo oterera (pomwe pali chinyezi). Monga momwe dzinalo limanenera, kuchokera kumitengo amakonda malo obisika pansi pa ma spens, koma pali mitundu ina ya bowa yomwe ili pafupi ndi firs, oaks kapena mabatani.
Onyamula bowa amatcha bowa wamkuluyu kuti ndi "mutu wofiyira" chifukwa chipewa chake chachikulu chowala, chopaka utoto wosiyanasiyana. Ngakhale bowa ali wocheperako, zipewa zawo, monga ma hemispheres, amakhazikika mwamiyendo miyendo yawo. Popita nthawi, iwo amawerama m'mwamba, chinkhupule chowongolera pansi pa chipewacho chimakulitsidwa ndikuyamba kupindika. Kuguwa kowuma pambuyo poti kudula kumakhala cyanotic. Mwendo wa boletus ulibe wamphamvu komanso wamtali, ndipo pamwamba pake umakhuthala. Malo onsewo ndi okutidwa ndi mamba ang'onoang'ono akuda.
Nthawi zambiri pamakhala mitundu yotere ya boletus:
- chikasu chofiirira ndi chipewa cha lalanje komanso mwendo wokwera;
- choyera ndi mtundu wa chipewa chofananira, chomwe chimapeza mthunzi wa bulauni ndi ukalamba, komanso mwendo wotalika;
- ofiira ndi zipewa zazikulu, zokhala ndi njerwa komanso miyendo yakuda.
Boletus yabodza imakhala ndi chinkhupule cha utoto wowala (wapinki kapena wofiyira), mwendo umakongoletsedwa ndi ukonde wabwino wachikasu, ndipo ukasweka, thupi limatembenuka pinki.
Bowa bowa pa chitsa cha bowa wa uchi
Monga tikuonera pachithunzichi, bowa wa uchi amakula m'mabanja akuluakulu pamitengo yamitengo, kuwazunguliza ndi mphete yokongola. Ali ndi mwendo wowonda bwino, womwe kutalika kwake kumatha kufika 15 cm, chikaso kapena zofiirira. Bowa wina, wotchedwanso bowa, ali ndi siketi pamiyendo yawo.
Mu bowa wachichepere, chipewacho chimakhala chozungulira, chokhala ndi masikelo ang'ono, koma kenako amawongola ndikutenga mawonekedwe ambulera, ndipo mawonekedwewo amakhala osalala. Utoto wake umakhala wowawasa kwambiri kapena wachikasu.
Kukula mwachangu boletus
Mu mizera ya birch, pakati pa mizu yamitengo, ma dibs kapena bowa amakula. Ndikosavuta kudutsa zipewa zazikulu osazizindikira: zokhala ndi minofu, zowoneka bwino zokhala ndi malekezero osalala komanso mtundu wa bulauni. Pansi pa chipewacho muli mawonekedwe ofanana ndi siponji yakuda, yoyera, imvi, zofiirira. Mwendo umakhala wautali, yonse yokutidwa ndi miyeso yakuda. Bowa amakula kwenikweni pa yisiti, ndikupeza masentimita 4 patsiku, ndikupanga mitengo yonse, ngakhale amatha kukhala payokha.
Ma boletus abodza amakhala ndi chipewa cha imvi kapena chapinki pamwamba ndi pansi.
Pali mitundu yambiri ya boletus, yomwe imakonda kwambiri ndi:
- boletus wamba wokhala ndi chipewa chofiyira komanso mwendo waukulu, ukukulira pansi;
- Hornbeam yokhala ndi chipewa chokhala ndi phulusa kapena chofiirira komanso mwendo wandiweyani (imamera m'nkhalango za Hornbeam).
Bowa kutola bowa
Bowa ndi amodzi mwa bowa omwe amakula mumulu waukulu. Kupeza banja limodzi la amuna okongola awa, mutha kutenga mtanga wonse wa nkhalango. Maonekedwe a bowa amatha kusiyanasiyana, chifukwa pali bowa wamitundu yambiri, koma onsewa amadziwika ndi mawonekedwe opindika pakati pa capu yayikulu, pomwe paubwana sichoncho. Bowa amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pamchere, chifukwa madzi ake amkaka amakhala owawa.
Bowa ndimodzi wa bowa wabwino kwambiri, zithunzi zomwe mutha kuwona:
- Chakudya chachikaso. Chipewa ndi chagolide, chokhala ndi masikelo ang'ono, pansi ndi chopindika, m'mphepete mumakhala chamkati. Mwendo ndi wolimba, ngakhale wopanda kanthu, wosalala, wokhala ndi maenje achikasu. Kuguza kumakhala chikasu ndikudula.
- Chiphuphu chofiirira. Imakhala ndi zipewa zazikulu za mtundu wokongola wa bulauni komanso miyendo yolimba. Imanunkhira ngati nsomba ikakololedwa.
- Chotupa chenicheni (choyera). Chipewa chimakhala chachikaso, cham'mphepete mwake, chomata udzu nthawi zonse. Mbale squat, wandiweyani, wopanda pake.
Wopanda bowa oiler
Ngati pali bowa, omwe ndi ovuta kusokoneza ndi ena, ndiye kuti awa ndi mafuta - okhala m'nkhalango za paini. Chipewa chawo chimaphimbidwa ndi chosasangalatsa kukhudza komanso khungu loterera kwambiri, chomwe sichiletsa bowa kuti usasunge imodzi mwa zakudya zabwino kwambiri za m'nkhalango. Maonekedwe a kapu mu mawonekedwe a hemisphere, wofanana ndi pilo. Khola la mucilaginous limatha kuchotsedwa mosavuta ndipo nthawi zambiri limapakidwa utoto wonyezimira, koma limatha kukhala lachikasu, kapena kukhala lowala. Pansi pa kapuyo ndi koyera, kopepuka, ndipo kumada. Mwendo umadutsa, wolingana ndi utoto pamwamba pa bowa.
Ubweya wa bowa wachichepere ndi wandiweyani, koma umakula msanga ndipo mkati mwa sabata umamasuka, chifukwa chomwe batala ndi malo omwe amakonda kwambiri ndi mbale za mphutsi.
Bowa oiler ali ndi mitundu yopitilira 50, zina mwa zokoma kwambiri ndi:
- Lachedwa batala. Mmodzi mwa oyimira bwino wokhala ndi mnofu wowala wopanda thupi lomwe limachita khungu, amakhala ndi kukoma kosangalatsa komanso kununkhira kwa zipatso zopepuka. Chipewacho ndi chofiirira, chikopa chofinya, mwendo umakhala wopepuka, kumtunda umakutidwa ndi chivundikiro, kudutsa ndikuphimba chipewacho.
- Wowotcherera wamba. Chipewacho ndichachikulu, chamdima komanso chochepa thupi, chokhala ndi siketi kumiyendo.
- Wotulutsa chikasu. Zovala za bowa zazing'ono zimakhala zobiriwira, ndiye kuti zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ofiira achikasu ndi osweka, pomwe pafupifupi zimakhala zowuma mpaka kukhudza. Mwendo umadutsa. Zonunkha zabwino (kupatula bowa wakale).
Zosasinthika, koma zonunkhira komanso chokoma bowa wamiyendo yabuluu
Munkhonde, m'nthambi zomwe zidagona ndi phulusa, komanso minda yakale yomwe yadzala ndi manyowa, mvula zitayamba kugwa, mabanja ambiri okhala ndi miyendo yamtambo atakula.
M'mabuku asayansi, bowa amatchedwa gawo la lilac-phazi.
Chizindikiro pa kubalalaku ndi utoto wofiirira. Ndiwo wakuya kwambiri pa mwendo, koma mu bowa wachinyamata chipewa ichocho ndipo mbale zake zimapangidwanso ndi kuwala kosamveka bwino. Ndi m'badwo, chipewa chamanyama chamtundu wamtambo chimasanduka chikaso, kutembenukira mkati m'mbali. Ndi mulingo wokwanira chinyezi, imanyezimira, imawuma m'dzinja louma, ndipo mtunduwo umayamba kuzimiririka. Guwa ndi wandiweyani, likadulidwa, limasinthanso buluu, fungo la tsabola. Mwendo wake ndi wakuda, pang'ono kukulira pansi.
Edzi majeremusi - fungus fungus
Kuchokera ku dzina la bowa wa bowa wa bowa ndizodziwikiratu kuti china chake chalakwika ndi izi, koma kuvulazidwa kochokera kumapita ku chilengedwe kuposa munthu. Spores yoyambitsidwa ndi mphepo imayamba kumera pakhungwa la mitengo ndikuchulukirachulukira, imapangitsa kuwonongeka kwawo ndikupitanso kufa. Kumbali inayo, bowa wam'madzi amatha kutchedwa kuti nkhalangoyi: Amayeretsa malo akale, kumasula malo oti mbewu zatsopano zatha, ndipo mtengo wowola ukaba feteleza wawo.
Mawonekedwe a bowa wolumikizira sikuti ndi fungus: likuwoneka ngati kakulidwe kakang'ono kamodzi kapena kodzikweza pamtengo.
Pali mitundu yambiri ya bowa yotchinga, yonse ndi bowa wambiri (wopanda poizoni). Komabe, ambiri amakhala ndi kulawa koyipa komanso kapangidwe kolimba, koma ali ndi mphamvu zochiritsa. Bowa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza tincture ndi mafuta osiyanasiyana. Komabe, mitundu ina imakhala yokoma kwambiri ngati idulidwa akadali achichepere. Nthawi zambiri, sosi ndi sopo zimakonzedwa kuchokera ku polypore:
- Birch. Imasiyanitsidwa ndi kusapezeka kwa mwendo, imangokhala ndi chipewa chachikulu komanso chazikulu. Bowa wachizungu ndi zoyera, pomwe msuzi umasandulika. Mbali yosiyana, bowa wamtunduwu amawoneka ngati chinkhupulo chowonda, chifukwa chomwe chimatchulidwanso kuti "sipuni ya birch", pambali pake chimakula pamabowo. Dzina lina ndi "chaga".
- Scaly. Pa mwendo waufupi, wakuda komanso wamdima, chipewa chowoneka ngati fanulo chokhala ndi chubu pansi chimamangirira pamtengo. Ndiwofiirira, wokutidwa ndi miyeso yakuda. Mphepete mwa kapu imakankhidwa pansi ndipo pakati imakanikizidwa mkati.
- Sulfa wachikaso. Amakula mchaka chamtundu wamtundu wa lalanje-lalanje, toyesa akale amakhala ndi imvi. Matupi azipatso amalumikizidwa mbali iliyonse, semicircular, ndi m'mphepete mwa wavy. Kuguza kwake ndi kwamkaka komanso kowutsa mudyo, komwe kumakhala ndi ndimu komanso kununkhira, koma ndi ukalamba wosanunkhira bwino, bowa umawuma ndipo umatha. Kulemera kwa munthu m'modzi wamkulu ndikole loposa 10 kg.
Zonunkhira zabwino
Pali bowa wamtchire komanso wopangidwa ndi mitundu yambiri ya bowa wa champignon, onse awiri omwe ali ndi fungo lotchulidwa bowa:
- Meadow kapena wamba champignon. Imakula m'nthaka yokhala ndi michere m'minda, masimba, minda yamasamba. Nthawi yokolola - nthawi yonse ya chilimwe, komanso kum'mwera komwe kumakhala nyengo yotentha komanso yotentha - mpaka pakati pa nthawi yophukira, ndipo bowa amawoneka kale kumapeto kwa nyengo. Chipewa chamafuta ndi mainchesi ofikira mpaka 15 cm, okhala ndi mbali zokutidwa, mbale zofiirira. Mu bowa wachinyamata, choyambirira chimayera, ndipo chipewacho chimakula pamodzi ndi chivundikiro chamiyendo. Bowa ukakula, umasweka, ndikusiya mphete pamwendo.
- Champignon bicorean kapena wolimidwa. Imakonda malo omwe manyowa amabweretsedwa, glade, minda, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulima misa muzipinda zapadera. Matalikidwewo ndi ochulukirapo, m'mimba mwake mwa capuyo simapitilira 10 cm, ndipo mwendowo umakhala wotsika komanso wowonda. Bowa wawung'ono wamtundu woyera, pakapita nthawi, chipewa chimakhala chofiirira. Mukaswa thupi loyera, limayamba kuda.
Ma champressons a Meadow amadziwika kuti "tsabola."
Bowa wosagonjetsedwa ndi chisanu kapena saprophytes
M'nkhalango zowola mwachangu pofika m'dzinja, bowa wa oyisitara amatha kupezeka pamitengo youma ndi yakugwa. Amamera mwachindunji pamtengo kapena chitsa, kulandira chakudya kuchokera kwa iwo, chifukwa chake ndi a saprophytes - bowa omwe amawononga mitengo.
Bowa wa oyisitara nawonso amadzalidwa panyumba pamtunda wina wapansi wazomera.
Kukula kwa bowa ndiwopatsa chidwi: kupendekera kwa chipewacho kuli pafupifupi 20 cm, ngakhale amapezekanso 30 cm. Kenako chipewacho chimawongolera ndipo chimakhala chosalala komanso chosalala, ndipo pamwamba pake ndimakongoletsedwa mumdima wakuda ndikuwala.
Pansi pa chipewacho mumalowa mwendo wochepa kwambiri, ndipo popeza bowa amakula m'magulu, umakhala wosavunda. Mu bowa wakale wa oyisitara, miyendo yonse ndi zipewa ndizolimba komanso zotupa, motero ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito bowa wachinyamata mukakhala kuti mumadzuwa. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti mutha kusankha bowa musanayambe kuzizira kwambiri - zoyambirira zoyambirira za bowa wa oyisitara sizowopsa.
Mutha kuyitanitsabe bowa wabwino kwa nthawi yayitali kwambiri ndikukumbukira onse awa. Chigawo chilichonse, bowa wawo umakula, kutengera chilengedwe. Wina anali ndi mwayi wokhala m'nkhalango ndikutola bowa wa porcini, pomwe wina akufuna bowa wamphero. Ndikokwanira kuphunzira bowa wakwanuko ndipo mutha kupita kukayang'ana zachinyengo. Koma, tengani, mutenge wokonza bowa wanzeru panjira ndi popewa zokayikitsa.
Kutchire kwa bowa wabwino - kanema
