Tizilombo wathanzi m'mundamo

Njira imodzi yachilengedwe yotetezera mbewu zachilengedwe m'mundamu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito tizilombo tothandiza monga adani achilengedwe azirombo, kuphunzira kwawo ndi thandizo pakukhazikitsidwanso kwa mundawo ndikukhalamo. Kodi ndi tizilombo iti tothandiza? Tiyeni tiwadziwe pang'ono.

Tizilombo tothandiza timakoka maluwa akuthengo kulowa m'mundamo. © Froinda

Ladybug

Ladybug ndi mankhwala odziwika bwino opindulitsa m'mundamo. Ndi ya kachilombo kakang'ono mozungulira, kutengera mtunduwu, kutalika kwa 4-9 mm. Chidumphidwe chodabwitsa kwambiri chamawonekedwe asanu ndi awiri. Kachilomboka kanadziwika ndi madontho 7 akuda pa elytra ofiira. Komanso pali kafadala kachikasu ndi elytra wachikasu ndi madontho akuda kapena kafadala wakuda okhala ndi mawanga owala kapena popanda iwo konse. Komanso kuchuluka kwa mawanga kapena mtundu wa mapiko kumakhala kosiyanasiyana. Tili ndi mitundu pafupifupi 70 ya ng'ombe zazikulu, pomwe mitundu pafupifupi 50 imadyanso nsabwe za m'madzi, ndi zina zotsalira pamakoko ndi ma akangaude. Ladybugs pamodzi ndi ena ovuta kupha ma aphid ndi othandizira kwambiri m'mundamo.

Ma ladybugs achikulire nthawi yozizira poyera, mwachitsanzo, pansi pa masamba kapena udzu wouma. Chapakatikati, ma ladybugs amayikira mazira 10-20 mokhazikika pagulu pa nthambi kapena mbali ya masamba pafupi ndi aphid. Mphutsi za mazira zimadutsa magawo anayi. Nthawi zambiri amapaka utoto wakuda ndi mawonekedwe achikaso kapena ofiira. Pamapeto pa gawo lazalikulu, ma ladybugs amayamba kukhathamiritsa ndikupeza, monga lamulo, mtundu wachikaso. Tuluka pachilala, kachilomboka kamafunikanso masiku ena atatu lisanapange utoto wake womaliza. Ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti mphutsi zonsezo ndi kachilomboka zizikhala amtundu wa tizilombo timene timadya ndipo timadya nsabwe za m'masamba.

Agogo aakazi asanu ndi awiri odziwika mdziko lathu amapha ma aphid okwana 150 patsiku, mitundu yaying'ono - mpaka 60. Ngakhale mphutsi, tizilombo timadya pafupifupi ma aphid 800. Chifukwa chake, kachilomboka wamkazi kamawononga aphid 4,000 achikulire m'moyo wake.

Akuluakulu, wamkulu wamaaka 7. (Coccinella septempunctata) wamkulu. © Cesare Oppo

Mphutsi zisanu ndi ziwiri za madontho (Coccinella septempunctata). © Cristian Arghius

Pupa wa ladybug wa malo asanu ndi awiri (Coccinella septempunctata). © Gilles San Martin

Kukhalanso m'munda:

Pogwiritsa ntchito ladybug ngati chitetezo chomera, makulidwe ake amayenera kukumbukiridwa!
Pa nthawi yozizira, perekani tizilombo pogona (masamba, miyala, makungwa, ndi zina).

Gallitsa

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya banja lanyongo la midge imadziwika bwino kuti amalimi amateur ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (mphutsi zamitundu ingapo zimakhazikika mu tinthu timene timayambitsa mbewu, kupangitsa kupangika kwa ma galls) kuposa kuthandiza polimbana ndi tizirombo. Kutalika kwa thupi la matumbo a ndulu kumasiyana kuchokera pa 1 mpaka 5 mm. Tizilombo todziwika bwino m'mundamo timaphatikizira, mwachitsanzo, timiyendo ta peyala.

Zothandiza ndulu ma midges zimadya pa gawo la mphutsi za aphid. Mitundu yofunika kwambiri ndi Aphidoletes aphidimyza. Zachikazi (pafupifupi 2-3 mm kukula) zimayikira mazira 50-60 pafupi ndi aphid colon mu nthawi imodzi ya moyo wa sabata limodzi. Patsiku la 4-7, mphutsi zofiira za lalanje. Wotsirizayo amaluma nsabwe za m'masamba ndi miyendo ndikujowina madzi owumitsa. Ma aphid am'mimba amamwalira ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mphutsi kuti adye. Pakatha milungu iwiri, mphutsi zopangika bwino zimagwera pansi ndikusintha pansi kukhala coco. Pambuyo pa masabata atatu, kubwatula kwachiwiri kwa ana, omwe mphutsi zawo zimayamba kuziziritsa kukhosi pansi ndikuwaswa mchaka, ngati akulu.

Agalatia mphutsi zaidididi (Aphidoletes aphidimyza). © agralan

Kukhalanso m'munda:

Palibe zofunika zapadera, kupatula kupatula kwathunthu kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala m'munda.

Mphutsi zophuka

Mphutsi zaudzu zomwe zimadya mazira a ntchentche zamasamba, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ndi mphutsi zake, mphutsi, maulesi. Tizilomboti sitimawoneka masana m'mundamo; amabisala m'misalo. Tizilomboti tokwera pafupifupi 4 cm; Mitundu yambiri imawuluka motero imagwira usiku. Mtundu wa kachilomboka ndi kosiyana kwambiri: Mitundu yayikulu yakuda komanso yachikasu yodziwika bwino imadziwika. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhazikika nyengo yozizira m'makona otetezeka, mwachitsanzo, pansi pa nyumba kapena khoma.

Tizilomboti tambiri timayikira mazira 40-60 mosiyana m'mabowo osaya. Pakatha masiku angapo, mphutsi zimaswa kuchokera ku mazira ndi kuwaswa, kutengera mtunduwo, patadutsa zaka 2-3 phamba lisanachitike. Pambuyo paubwana nthawi yayitali pafupifupi 2-3 milungu, wamkulu (atakula) kafadala amatambalala. Pamodzi ndi kachilomboka, komwe amakhala kwambiri padziko lapansi, palinso mitundu ya mitengo komanso yowuluka. Amadyetsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono komanso nyongolotsi ndipo motero amakhala mwaola tinthu tosiyanasiyana monga manyowa.

Tizilombo ta kachikumbu koyera (Carabidae). © David Mpira

Kukhalanso m'munda.

Tizilomboti tating'ono timakhala ndi malo ogona (masamba, utuchi ndi zokutira, milu yaying'ono yamiyala), amakhala panthaka, nthawi zina amabisala m'matope odumpha.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda - mdani woopsa kwambiri wa kafadala!

Mikondo

Ng'ombe ndizofunikira kwambiri pa ulimi wamaluwa, chifukwa mphutsi zawo zimadya nsabwe za m'masamba. Mphutsi zimakula mosiyanasiyana - dothi, ndowe, kapena pazomera. Zowoneka, garter ndi yofanana ndi mavu, kutalika kwa munthu wamkulu ndi 8-15 mm. Chodabwitsa kwambiri cha kachilomboka, chomwe chikuwoneka mdzina lawo, ndikuti kuthawa kumawoneka ngati kozizira m'malo mwake, ndikupanga mawu ofanana ndi kung'ung'uza kwamadzi.

Kokunda (Syrphidae). © Mick Talbot

Kugona kwa dzira kumachitika m'midzi yakuthengo. Mazira 1 mm oblong. Kugwirana ndi mazira, mphutsi zilibe miyendo ndikuyenda ngati nkhono. Amakhala oyera kapena achikasu ndipo amaoneka ngati mphutsi za ntchentche.

Pofuna kusaka nsabwe za m'masamba, tambala amagwiritsa ntchito nsagwada zawo zooneka ngati mbedza, zomwe zimagwira nyama, ndikuyamwa. Kukula kwa mphutsi mpaka gawo la ana kumatenga milungu iwiri. Panthawi imeneyi, mphutsi zimadya ma aphid 700. Mphutsi zachikale zimagwira makamaka usiku ndipo zimapita kukasaka osati kale kwambiri. Tizilomboti timakumana ndi gawo la chigamba cha chigobachi, chomwe chimakhala kutali ndi dera laphar pamasamba kapena pansi. Mitundu ina imadulidwa ndi mibadwo ingapo, yambiri - mpaka 5 pachaka. M'mitundu ina, zazikazi zimagona ngati mphutsi kapena pupae. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timene timadya m'maluwa ndi mame a uchi, komanso maluwa a aphid.

Chikumbu mphutsi (Syrphidae). © Pauline Smith

Kukhalanso m'munda:

Madera okhala ndi maluwa, koma osawongoleredwa bwino, ndi oyenera kwambiri kubera. Makamaka ngati mbewu zazing'ono, maluwa akutulutsa chikasu.
Kuti muchepetse kachilomboka, mutha kusiya mabokosi ang'onoang'ono amatabwa odzala ndi udzu wouma kapena matabwa.

Lacewing ndi mphutsi zake - Mikango yayitali

Malamba, pamodzi ndi mbalame zazikazi, ndi mdani wa nsabwe za m'masamba. M'minda yathu, mtundu wobiriwira kwambiri ndi maso achikaso. Kachilomboka kanadzipatsa dzina. Wachikulire amakhala ndi mapiko otalika kufika 3 cm. Tizilombo tofiyira tambiri timene timakhala ndi mapiko okhala ndi mitsempha yowoneka bwino ngati nyumba, ndikuyikulunga kumunsi kwa thupi lalitali.

Lacewing (Chrysopidae). © Conall

Yaikazi imayikira mazira 20 a mtundu wobiriwira pawokha kapena pagulu pa khungwa kapena masamba. Mphutsi zimaswa kuchokera ku mazira amakula malinga ndi nyengo ya masabata awiri. Kutalika kwawo ndi 7 mm basi, nsagwada ndizitali, zokoleza komanso zolowera. Mphutsi zimadya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, makamaka nsabwe za m'mimba. Munthu payekhapayekha amatha kuwononga ma aphid 500 pa nthawi ya chitukuko.

Pakatha masiku 18, mphutsi zimabisala pamalo otetezedwa, kudzipukutira ndikusintha kukhala cocoon yoyera. Pambuyo pa khomalo litasiya coco, m'badwo wotsatira umayamba. Mibadwo iwiri yokha imawonekera pachaka. Akuluakulu amadyetsa, ngati lamulo, pamame a uchi ndi mungu, nthawi zina osagwirizana ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono. Wakale wazovala zoluka mu nook, chifukwa nthawi zina zimapezeka m'malo okhala. Munthawi yachisanu, tizilombo timakhala ndi mtundu wachikaso kapena wa bulauni, koma nthawi yophukira imasinthanso kubiriwira.

Kutaya mazira. © Daniel Cohen

Mkango wakufa

Pamodzi ndi zodziwika ndi maso tili ndi mitundu pafupifupi 42 ya mikango yobisika, yomwe, ngati lamiyendo, ndimtundu wa retina weniweni. Mtundu umodzi wodziwika kwambiri umakhala ndi mapiko a bulangeti (otchedwa brown brown) pafupifupi masentimita 3. Anthu akuluakulu ndi mphutsi zimadyera nsabwe za m'masamba ndikuthandizira pakubadwa kwachilengedwe pakulimbana ndi tizilombo.

Kukhalanso m'munda:

Amakonda masamba omwe ali ndi maluwa ambiri.
Maso obiriwira amafunikira pobisalira nyengo yozizira ngati nyumba zazing'ono zamatabwa zopindika ndi udzu.

Mphutsi za lamba ndi mkango wakufa. © Gilles San Martin

Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa zingwe zopangira zida zotetezedwa kuzomera zachilengedwe m'malo otetezedwa ndikuyesedwa kwapeza zotsatira zabwino. Kuti izi zitheke, ndikofunikira kuyika mazira 20 a malalanje, omwe angagulidwe m'malo osungirako zachilengedwe amtundu uliwonse wa mita lalikulu.

Okwera

Okwera amakhala, monga majeremusi, pamakamu osiyanasiyana, omwe amatha kukhala tizilombo tambiri, kupatula akangaude. Kwa olima dimba, okwera ndizofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa amawononga mbozi za agulugufe, mphutsi za ntchentche ndi nsabwe za m'masamba. Maonekedwe a okwerawo amafanana ndi mavu ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala amdima kapena opindika. Mtengo wawo silofanana ndipo umachokera pansi pa 1 mm mpaka oposa 10 mm. Mwachitsanzo, kutchula kuyenera kukhala kwa mitundu iwiri ya okwera, yofunikira kwambiri. Mitundu yoyamba imafanana ndi mbozi za gulugufe wa kabichi, chachiwiri - pa nsabwe za m'masamba. Wokwerapo amayikira mazira pachinkhanira, mphutsi zake, mbozi kapena matupi awo mothandizidwa ndi kubangula kwapadera komwe kumabaya thupi la wozunzidwayo mwachangu. Mphutsi zamitundu yofananira ya hatchi zikumenyedwa dzira ndi kuyamwa "wolandayo".

Naedgik ndiwosasa mwaubweya wochokera ku banja la Braconidae (Braconidae). © David Mpira

Okwera amatha kubisala ngati mphutsi, chrysalis kapena wamkulu. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, wamkazi amayikira mazira pafupifupi 30 m'gombe la kabichi. Pazonse, amatha kuyikira mazira 200. Pambuyo pogwirira mphutsi m'tchire, chigamba chake chimasweka, ndikupanga mphutsi, zomwe pambuyo pake zimasandulika pupae.

Mitundu parasitizing pa nsabwe za m'masamba zimayikira mazira m'thupi la nsabwe za m'masamba. Mphutsi zomwe zimatuluka dzira limayamwa mavuwo mkatikati, motero zimadyetsa, ndipo zimagundika m'khola lambiri lodyera. Pambuyo povunda, wokwera amasiya coco kudzera pabowo laling'ono mu chipolopolo cha aphid. Pafupifupi 200 nsabwe zonse zimavutika mzimayi aliyense. Kukula kwa kachilombo, kuyambira dzira mpaka gawo la ana, kumatenga pafupifupi masiku 10, kotero mibadwo ingapo imatha kuwonekera pachaka. Nsomba zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi okwera zimakhala ndi mtundu wamkuwa wamtengo wapatali ndi thunthu la cylindrical.

Mphaka yemwe ali ndi mazira okwera. © itchydogimages

Kukhalanso m'munda:

Ndikofunikira kukonza nyengo yozizira mu udzu wautali kapena mizu pansi pa chitsamba, etc.
Wokwerapo amakonda kukhazikika m'mazomera ambulera (katsabola, korona, lovage, car car, bump, etc.)

Wotchera khutu wamba

Mtengo wamba, wokhala m'gulu la mapiko a mapiko, umadziwika kwambiri kwa olima ndi osamalira mundawo. Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 3.5-5 mm, mapiko akutsogolo ndi olimba, mapiko a kumbuyo ndi ogwidwa. Palinso mitundu yopanda mapiko. Zida zake zomwe zimakhala kumbuyo kwa thupi ndizodabwitsa. Sewu imasaka makamaka nthawi yamadzulo komanso usiku, ndipo masana imabisala muming'alu yopapatiza.

Mwa kufafaniza tizilombo todwalitsa, monga dahlias, makutuwo amatha kuwononga mbewu zazing'ono za dahlia.

Makutu wamba, European khutu, kapena Mafunso Chongani (Forficula auricularia). © Francesco

Mu nthawi yophukira ndi nthawi yophukira, yaikazi imakhazikitsa mazira pafupifupi 100 mumbewu, yomwe imadzikoka yokha, kuwateteza ndikusamalira ana ake - choyamba za mazira, ndipo pambuyo pake za mphutsi. Masamba opitilira mitengo m'misasa - mu makungwa a mitengo, ming'alu, m'nthaka, miphika yamaluwa yodzaza ndi zokutira zabwino kapena zinthu zina, monga maliseche.

Kukhalanso m'munda:

Monga malo okhala mungagwiritse ntchito miphika yamaluwa yodzazidwa ndi shavings zamatanda, moss kapena udzu. Miphika yotere imabzalidwa pakati pa masamba kapena yopachikidwa pamitengo.
Kwa nyengo yozizira, miphika iyenera kutsukidwa ndikuthiridwanso mu kasupe.
Kukumba mozungulira mitengo ikuluikulu kumathandizira kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizigwira bwino ntchito. Nthawi zambiri mitengo yamakutu imabisala nthawi yozizira pansi pa mitengo, masamba ake.

Nsikidzi zakugona

Chingwe cholusa ndi cha gulu la zophimba. Mitundu yake yosiyanasiyana ili ndi zakudya zina. Kwa ena, uwu ndi msuzi wa mbewu inayake, kwa ena, tizilombo. Wosamalira dera amakhala ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi chomaliza, chomwe mwa zina chimawononga nsabwe za m'masamba. Izi zikuphatikiza ndi nsikidzi zofowoka komanso zonama, zomwe mitundu ina imadya kwambiri akangaude.

Tizilombo ta maluwa tating'onoting'ono tating'ono 3-4 mm kutalika. Kwa nthawi 1, wamkazi amaikira mazira 8, makamaka m'mphepete mwa masamba. Kwa chaka chimodzi, nsikidzi zimaswana mibadwo iwiri, ndipo m'malo okhala ndi nyengo yotentha ngakhale 3. Zinyama zomwe zimadyetsedwa nthawi yozizira zimakula. Mitundu ikuluikulu ya nsikidzi zam'maluwa imadyetsanso ma midges.

Kukhalanso m'munda:

Palibe zofunika zapadera ndi malingaliro, kupatula kupatula kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oteteza chomera.

Kodi kukopa tizilombo kumunda?

Ngati titenga tizilombo tosiyanasiyana kwinakwake ndikuwamasula m'mundamo, zotsatira zake zimakhala zakanthawi kochepa chabe. Ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizizika m'mundamo. Kuti muchite izi, pangani nthawi yabwino kwa iwo. Choyamba, izi ndi chakudya komanso malo okhala ndi kubereka tizirombo tothandiza.

Kuti ziberekane komanso kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya tizilombo tothandiza, kuphatikizapo carnivorous (entomophages), ndikofunikira kuganizira zomwe zapangidwe:

tizilombo touluka timakopeka ndi maluwa akuthengo, osati tizirombo (phytophages);
Tizilombo tambiri timene timagwiritsidwa ntchito kuswana ndikuwononga mitundu ya "wolandila" mwachitsanzo tizilombo komwe adazikulira.

Chifukwa chake, tizilombo tothandiza timakopeka ndi dimba ndi maluwa otulutsa maluwa (namsongole wamaluwa), osati tizirombo.

Kupezeka kwake m'mundamo ndi kapinga, m'minda yamaluwa achilengedwe, ngakhale ochepa, amalola tizilomboti kuti tizitha kudya zakudya zina m'njira yobala. Kuphatikiza apo, tizilombo tina tamadwala timatha kubereka bwino pophatikiza chakudya ndi timadzi tating'ono kapena tating'ono tating'ono. Chifukwa chake, kukhalapo kwa namsongole wamaluwa, ngakhale m'minda yomwe mbewu zaulimi zimabzalidwa, pamlingo wotsika pazachuma, kumawonjezera mphamvu ya tizilombo todyedwa ndipo kumayesedwa koyenera.

Payenera kukhala tizirombo tosiyanasiyana m'mundamo kuti tizilombo tambiri tizitha kupulumuka.

Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tokha timayang'ana "mbuye" wawo mwachitsanzo tizilombo nthawi iliyonse. Chifukwa chake, m'mundamu nthawi zonse mumayenera kukhala tizirombo tina tosiyanasiyana, komabe izi zimamveka modabwitsa! Nthawi zambiri mbewu zimabzalidwa muminga mozungulira mundawo momwe tizirombo timamera ndipo tizilombo tomwe timakhalamo timapulumuka. Pokhapokha pokhapokha pokhapokha pokhapokha patha kupewa kufalikira kwa tizilombo. Tizilombo tina tambiri tambiri timene timayang'ana chidwi chimodzi kapena mtundu wina wa tizilombo tikangokwera, ndiye kuti nthawi zambiri zimachedwa.

Chifukwa chake, pakuwongolera pokhazikika kwa kuchuluka kwa tizirombo, mitundu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tizilombo ndiyofunikira. Ndipo kukulitsa zachilengedwe ndikufalitsa tizilombo tachilengedwe, mbewu zawo za nectaronose ziyenera kufesedwa.Awa, monga lamulo, asteraceae ndi maluwa ovutikira, maluwa ang'onoang'ono ambiri omwe amayimira magwero ambiri a timadzi tokoma ndipo palimodzi amapanga malo omwe tizirombo zofunika, kuphatikizapo njuchi, ndi agulugufe timakhala.

Zomera zokopa tizilombo tothandiza

Pakati pazomera zokopa tizilombo - oteteza m'munda, zotsatirazi ziyenera kudziwika:

Tansy. Imakopa ma ladybugs, nsikidzi zaukatswiri, mavu aang'ono oyimitsa, ntchofu ndi ntchentche makamaka chifukwa cha phindu lake la chakudya. Mwachitsanzo, ma aphid Tansy, amadya chakudya chomera ndipo nthawi zambiri amadziunjikira m'mphepete mwa masamba ake a serrate.
Ubwino wa kusokonekera ndikuti kulowetsa kwa tansy kumapangitsa kuti chikumbu cha mbatata cha Colorado chisafike. Ndikadangowonjezera ndekha, zitsamba zochulukirapo zochokera ku tansy ndizabwino kugwiritsa ntchito pamacomputer. Mu kompositi yotere, mphutsi za chimbalangondo ndi chikumbu sichitha.
Decoctions masamba ndi maluwa tansy muli mavitamini ambiri osiyanasiyana, zinthu zofunika, kusintha kukoma kwa kvass, mtanda, kupanikizana kuchokera kumaluwa.
Batani Belly. Chomera chosatha chowoneka ngati mavu ndi ntchentche. Nthawi yamaluwa, imakutidwa ndi maluwa ambiri achikaso.
Ndimu Marigolds. Kopa mavu ang'onoang'ono ndi akangaude. Mbande zimabzalidwa m'nthaka nthawi yoti chisanu chatha.
Chitowe. Zimakopa nsikidzi zachinyengo, akangaude, mavu ochepa, majeremusi ndi zingwe nthawi yamaluwa. Mbewu zake zonunkhira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphika komanso kukonza marinade.
Katsabola wakunyinyirika. Zimakopa ma buabu, kafadala, mavu ang'onoang'ono ndi akangaude.
Buckwheat. Ndi chida chothandiza kupanga dothi lomwe limakulitsa zomwe zili ndi organic mukamanunkhiza.
Chomera cha uchi. Chimakopa osati njuchi zokha zokha, komanso ntchentche, agulugufe, kachikumbu kakang'ono, nsikidzi.
Kuyankhula Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga tiyi wotsitsimula komanso ngati kununkhira. Utoto umakopa ntchentche ndi akangaude.

Mitundu yambiri ya nyemba imatha kukopa tizilombo topindulitsa, mwachitsanzo, kapeti yokhala ndi kapezi, clover yokweza, vetch. Amapereka tizilombo topindulitsa chakudya chokhazikika komanso chinyezi, amalemeretsa nthaka ndi nayitrogeni.

Kuti muwonetsetse kupezeka kwa maluwa omwe amakopa tizirombo tothandiza nyengo yonseyo, muyenera kuyamba kuyambitsa ndi omwe amatulutsa kale, monga buckwheat, omwe adzasinthidwa ndi katsabola wonunkhira bwino. Nthawi yomweyo muyenera kubzala marigolds, calendula, kuti adayamba kuphuka pakati chilimwe. Muyenera kukula ngati tansy, clover ndi navel, yemwe amatulutsa nthawi yayitali chaka ndi chaka.

Ntchito yogwiritsira ntchito tizilombo opindulitsa sikuti muziwonongeratu tizirombo, koma kuwongolera kuchuluka kwawo.

Mukamapangira zinthu zomwe zimagwirizanitsa malo abwino kuti tizilombo tambiri tizikongoletsa komanso kukongoletsa, ndizotheka kukwanitsa malire pakati pa kuchuluka kwa tizilombo zovulaza komanso zopindulitsa.

Tikuyembekezera upangiri wanu ndi ndemanga!