Zomwe pansi panthaka yakuda zili ndi mbiri yayitali, koma sayansi yatsimikizira, ndipo mchitidwewu watsimikizira kuti m'malo mwa dongosololi m'zaka zaposachedwa, kapena zaka makumi angapo, njira yopitilira patsogolo idagwira ntchito yake - sod-humus, pamene dothi la m'mundamo lifesedwa ndi udzu osatha osakumbidwa kwa zaka zambiri. Dongosolo limagwiritsidwanso ntchito kumayiko ena (USA, Canada, Germany, England, Holland, ndi zina). Koma zambiri pambuyo pake.
Tiyeni tiwone mwatsatanetsatane dongosolo lanthete lakuda. Choyamba, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomwe palibe njira yothirira minda, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mvula pachaka kumakhala kovuta kupitirira 600-700 mm.
© ndrwfgg
Pakadali pano, dongosololi lili ndi zovuta zambiri. Amakhala makamaka chifukwa choti pokumba dothi, wosamalira mundawo amawononga kwambiri mizu ya mtengowo, kenako umakulanso. Kuphatikiza apo, ndikumasulidwa mobwerezabwereza kuthamanga kwamadzi kapena kuthirira kwa mitengo, nthaka imataya mawonekedwe ake oyambirira, imatembenuka kuchokera kumapangidwe oyambira mpaka ufa ndikulepheretsa kuyenderera kwa mizu kupita kumizu ya mtengowo. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwamphamvu zolakwika za dongosololi.
Kuti abwezeretse dothi loyambirira, wosamalira mundawo azilowa feteleza kamodzi kwa zaka 3-4 Ndipo pamapeto pake, kubwezeretsa kwadongosolo ndikuwopseza kuzizira kwa mizu ya mtengo m'zaka zomwe mvula imagwa pang'ono kapena kusapezeka kwathunthu kwachisanu. Izi ndizodziwika kwambiri kudera lathu la Dnepropetrovsk, komwe kumatchedwa "chisanu kuzizira" nthawi zambiri kumachitika - chisanu chosazizira ndi kutentha kochepa mpaka mpaka 25-30 °. Malimweka opanda chipale chofewa komanso chipale chofewa nthawi zambiri amatha kuwononga mitengo yazipatso, makamaka nthawi zina pomwe wolimayo sanachite ulimi wothirira madzi mu kugwa. Zina zochepa zoyipa za mdierekezi wakuda zitha kuperekedwa, koma izi ndizokwanira kwa wokonda munda wamaluwa.
Tsopano tiyeni tiwone dongosolo la sod-humus. Ndikulimbikitsidwa ndi sayansi kuti mugwiritse ntchito komwe kuli mvula yoposa 600 - 700 mm kapena ngati nkotheka kuthirira mbewu kapena kuthirira dothi m'mundamo. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazofunikira.
© jspatchwork
Dongosolo la sod-humus palokha silatsopano. Monga momwe kutsimikizira kwatsimikizirira, ndikopita patsogolo. Tiyeni tilingalirepo zaubwino wake pamsika wakuda.
Choyamba, chifukwa cha dothi lokhala pansi pa sod, chinyezi chimapitilira kwanthawi yayitali madzi atatha kuthirira kapena kugwa. Kuphatikiza apo, dothi lomwe linali m'mundamu silikuyenera kukumbidwa kwa zaka zambiri, lomwe, limathandizira kukonzanso mundawo. Mizu ya mtengowo siowonongeka, chifukwa nthaka ikasungidwa pansi nthunzi wakuda, kapangidwe kake ndikwabwino, kamene kamakhala ndi phindu pazomera; mtundu wa zipatso - kukoma kwawo, shuga, kusunga bwino - ndizofunikira. Izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi kafukufuku wazaka zambiri, mwachitsanzo, asayansi aku Kabardino-Balkarian poyesa malo ndi Uman Agricultural Institute. Mabakiteriya m'nthaka okhala ndi sodding ndiokulirapo kuposa momwe amakhala ndi nthunzi yakuda. Khungwa la mitengo limatha kugonjetsedwa ndi matenda ndi tizilombo toononga (makamaka tsamba la masamba, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhudza mpaka 69-85% ya zipatso ku Ukraine).
Chifukwa chake, zabwino za sod-humus dongosolo la kukonza nthaka mu minda poyerekeza ndi nthunzi yakuda ndiyambiri.
Njira ziwiri zakukonza dothi pogwiritsa ntchito sod-humus ndizodziwika bwino.. Woyamba - dothi la m'mundamo likafesedwa ndi udzu wokhazikika, nthawi zambiri limalungika (nthawi 8-12 nthawi yachilimwe) ndikusiyidwa. Mwanjira imeneyi, wolima minda wakale wa Moscow, M.I. Matsan, adasunga dothi lake m'munda wake kwazaka zambiri. Adatseka dimba lake ndi maluwa abwino, makoko, buluu (osakaniza zitsamba izi) ndikutchetchera udzu, ndikusiyira udzu womata. Udzu wobedwira wachinyamata udawola mwachangu ndipo mitengo idalandira "gawo" la feteleza wachilengedwe. Kuphatikiza apo, a M.I. Matsan sanachotse masamba pansi pa mitengo. Koma masamba amakhala ndi nitrogen pafupifupi 0,84%, 0,57% phosphorous, pafupifupi 0,3% potaziyamu ndi zinthu zina: zinc, cobalt, manganese, etc. Ndipo sizosadabwitsa kuti dimba sililandira feteleza wachilengedwe komanso michere ( kupatula nitrogen), zidabweretsa zokolola.
Monga zotsatira za kusanthula komwe kunachitika ku Science Science Zone Institute of Horticulture ya Non-Black Earth Band kunawonetsa, kupezeka kwa matalala ndi udzu womwewo kumakulitsa chonde m'nthaka.
© Aroobix12
Koma musatseke maso anu ndikuwona zovuta za njirayi. Kuti muchepetse udzu nthawi zonse mpaka kutalika kwa 10-12 cm, ndikofunikira kuti pakhale woweta, chifukwa ndizosatheka kutchetchera pamanja ndi scythe kapena chikwakwa chokhala ndi udzu wotere: udzu wamfupi umaterera kuchokera pansi pa udzu. Wobzala udzu kale "samatenga udzu" wokhala ndi 20 cm. Inde, ndipo udzuwo umawola mosiyana ndi wachinyamatayo, kotero kuti alimiwo amakakamizidwa kuti achotse udzuwo m'manja kuti akhome, ndipo patatha chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri chibwerereni m'mundamo ngati feteleza wopera pambuyo pakuwola. Komanso ntchito yovuta.
Koma osati zokhazo. Ngati udzu utha, umafunikira chinyezi chochulukirapo ka77, mizu yake, kulowa pansi mwakuya (pafupifupi momwe mulifupi mulitali msipu wa udzu), "idyani" feteleza wachilengedwe ndi mchere womwe umayikidwa m'nthaka. Ndiye kuti, wolima dimba yemwe walola udzu wokulirapo udzu, komanso limodzi ndi wakuda, azithira feteleza panthaka iliyonse zaka 3-4. Chifukwa chake, chofunikira pakukonza dothi motere ndikumamatira kwakatundu kakang'ono - pafupifupi sabata lililonse, ndipo si aliyense angagwire nawo ntchito.
Mavuto omwewo adayambira wolima dimba N.P. Sysoev. Iye ndiwowonongeka mu Great Patriotic War, ndipo kukumba dothi, ndikutcheka ndizosatheka. Choyamba, adatseka mizu ya thunthu ndi zokutira ndipo adalephera. Ichi ndichifukwa chake mokhulupirika adalandira upangiri wa wasayansi N.K. Kovalenko kuti abzale mundawo ndi mphukira kapena munda wa "zokwawa". Zaka 12 zidapita, ndipo panthawiyi sanakumbe dothi m'mundamo wake ndi 600 m2, sanatchetere msipamo. Samatsuka masamba omwe agwa. Chaka chilichonse amakula zipatso zambiri za maapulo ndi mapeyala. Mitengo ya Apple ndi mapeyala sikhala ndi nkhanambo. Mtundu wa chipatso ndi wabwino. Akuluakulu, okhala ndi utoto wowala. Masamba alinso akuluakulu, zobiriwira zakuda.
© Richard Webb
Kusanthula dothi m'munda wake, lochitidwa ndi labotale yotsitsa zonal, kunawonetsa kuti nthaka ndi masamba amtengowo ali ndi zochuluka zokwanira zofunikira ndi mbewu.
Nanga ndi mtundu wanji wa sod-humus nthaka yokonza m'mundawo uli bwino - njira yomwe a M. I. Matsan adagwiritsa, kapena yomwe N. P. Sysoev adagwiritsa ntchito? Ndikhulupirira kuti zonse zili bwino ndipo zonse ziwiri zitha kukhala zolimbikitsidwa kuti azilima. Palibe kukayikira, komabe, kuti kukonzanso dothi m'munda wa N.P. Sysoev kumafuna ndalama zotsika kwambiri.
G. Osadchiy, woyimira masayansi a zaulimi.
Zida zogwiritsidwa ntchito:
- G. Osadchiy, woyimira masayansi a zaulimi.
