Chomera cha tsache (Cytisus) chimayimiridwa ndi zitsamba kapena mitengo yowola kapena yobiriwira; ndi ya banja lankhondo. Nyumba yadzuwa imakonda kumera pamchenga kapena pamchenga wamchenga. Mwachilengedwe, mbewu ngati imeneyi imapezeka ku Western Asia, Europe ndi North America. Malinga ndi zomwe zachokera kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana, mtunduwu umagwirizanitsa mitundu 30-70. Dzinalo la sayansi la chomera chotere limachokera ku dzina la chisumbucho, pomwe lidayamba kupezeka. Wamaluwa amalima pafupifupi 15 mitundu ya tsache. Zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zokongoletsera, kapangidwe ka mawonekedwe, ndipo ngakhale chomera chotere chimagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbitsa mchenga.
Zolemba pa tsache
Broom ndi shrub kapena mtengo wotsika, kutalika kwake komwe kumasiyana masentimita 50 mpaka 300. Masamba omwe amapezeka pafupipafupi amatha kupindulitsa katatu kapena kutsitsidwa kukhala lobe limodzi. Pali mitundu yomwe masamba ake amapatsidwa stipule. Nthawi zina, pamwamba pa masamba ndi nthambi zimakutidwa ndi kupindika kwa imvi. M'malekezero a tsinde ndi mtundu wa maluwa kapena kutulutsa inflorescence, wopangidwa ndi maluwa a njenjete, nthawi zambiri oyera kapena achikasu, koma amathanso kukhala ansalu, ofiira apinki kapenanso awiri. Pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya chikhalidwe ichi imadziwika kuti ndi uchi. Zipatso ndi nyemba zazere zamitundu yambiri zomwe zimasokonekera pambuyo kucha. Zipatso zake ndi nthangala zowoneka bwino zokhala ndi mawonekedwe.
Kubzala kunja kwa tsache
Nthawi yobzala
Kubzala mbande za tsache panthaka zovunda kumachitika mchaka. Tsamba lazikhalidwe zotere liyenera kusankhidwa litayatsidwa bwino, komanso kutetezedwa ndi mphepo. Dothi loyenera liyenera kukhala acidic pang'ono (pH 6.5 mpaka 7.5), komanso yopepuka komanso yotsetsedwera bwino. Kuposa zonse, tsache limamera m'nthaka yamchenga. Mtengowu suyenera kubzalidwa pafupi ndi madzi omwe nsomba zimakhalamo, chifukwa mumakhala zinthu zapoizoni.
Konzani pasadakhale za kusakaniza kwa nthaka komwe kukufunika kudzaza dzenje, kuyenera kuphatikiza mchenga, malovu ndi humus (2: 1: 1). Mu dothi losakanizikirana ili, muyenera kuthira feteleza wathunthu wa mchere, mwachitsanzo, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito Kemiru-universal, pomwe magalamu 120 amatengedwa pa 1 mita imodzi ya chiwembu. Asanayambe, osakaniza ayenera kusakanikirana bwino.
Malamulo akumalo
Ngati mbande zingapo zibzalidwe, mtunda pakati pawo uzikhala wosachepera 0,3 mita. Kukula kwa dzenjelo kuyenera kukhala kangapo kuchuluka kwa mizu ya chomera, pamodzi ndi chotumphukira. Ngati disembarkation idapangidwa ndi dothi lolemera, ndiye kuti pansi pa dzenjelo ndikofunikira kuti pakhale dongo labwino, lomwe makulidwe ake ayenera kukhala pafupifupi 20cm. Mukabzala mmera mu dothi lamchenga, ngalandezo zikhale ndi makulidwe pafupifupi mainchesi 10.
Zomerazo ziyenera kuyikidwa pakati pa dzenjelo. Kenako malo aulere amaphimbidwa ndi zosakanikira zapansi panthaka. Ndikofunikira kudzaza dzenjelo pang'onopang'ono kwinaku mukupuntha nthaka. Mutabzala, khosi mizu ya mbeuyo liyenera kukhala lofanana ndi pamalowo. Mukadzala mmera, uyenera kuthiriridwa madzi ambiri. Ndipo madziwo atalowetsedwa m'nthaka, nthaka yake iyenera kuphimbidwa ndi dothi labwino, lomwe kukula kwake kuyenera kukhala kuyambira 30 mpaka 50 mm.
Kusamalira Munda
Kubzala mbewu za tsache m'munda wanu ndizosavuta mokwanira. Chomera choterocho chidzafunika kuthiriridwa, kudyetsedwa, kudulidwadulidwa, kuyimitsidwa ndi kuyikiriridwa pansi pa thunthu mozungulira munthawi yake, kuchotsa udzu ndikukonzekera nyengo yozizira. Tisaiwale za njira zopewera matenda kuchokera ku matenda ndi tizirombo.
Momwe mungamwere ndi kudyetsa
Kuthirira tchire ndikofunikira pambuyo pamtunda wa dothi pafupi ndi tsinde lomwe limatuluka. Kutsirira kuyenera kukhala kokwanira kokwanira. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti mbewu zosakanizidwa za bandeji, poyerekeza ndi mitundu, ndizofunikira kwambiri pak ulimi wothirira. Komabe, chomera chonsechi chimatha kukana chilala chifukwa cha izi, ngati mvula imagwa nthawi zonse mchilimwe, tchire limatha kuchita popanda kuthirira. Koma ngati nthawi yachilimwe ikakhala chilala chotalikilapo, ndiye kuti chomera chotere chidzafunika kuthiriridwa mwadongosolo. Kuyambira chiyambi cha Seputembala, kuthirira kuyenera kuchepetsedwa pang'onopang'ono. Dziwani kuti pachikhalidwe chotere ndikosayenera kuti mandimu apezeke m'madzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthirira, chifukwa chake ayenera kutetezedwa.
Mbewuyo ikathiriridwa kapena ikamagwa, pamtunda pa thunthu liyenera kumasulidwa bwino mpaka masentimita 8 mpaka 12, ndipo maudzu onse ayenera kutulutsidwa.
Tsache liyenera kudyetsedwa mwadongosolo. Chapakatikati, chomera chotere chimafunikira nayitrogeni, ndipo kuyambira koyambirira kwa theka lachiwiri la chilimwe - phosphorous ndi potaziyamu, izi ziyenera kukumbukiridwa posankha feteleza. Chapakatikati, muyenera kuthira yankho la urea pansi pa chitsamba (magalamu 30 pa chidebe 1 cha madzi), ndipo chomera chisanayambike, ayenera kudyetsedwa ndi yankho la 1 ndowa yamadzi, magalamu 60 a superphosphate ndi magalamu 30 a potaziyamu. Chovala chachitatu chapamwamba chidzafunika pokhapokha ngati tchire limakula pang'ono pang'ono. Kuti tichite izi, pamwamba pa thunthu lozungulira, ndikofunikira kugawa phulusa la nkhuni mu magalamu 300.
Thirani
Ngati ndi kotheka, chitsamba cha tsacheyo chitha kuikidwa kwina. Ndondomeko ndi ofanana ndikutera koyamba. Choyamba muyenera kukonzekera dzenje, mtengo womwe uyenera kukhala kangapo kuchuluka kwa mizu ya tsache. Pansi pa dzenje, muyenera kupanga donga labwino lokwanira. Tisanachotsere chitsamba panthaka, tifunika kukonzekera zosakaniza zathanzi lapansi, zomwe zitha kuphimba dzenjelo. Kuti muchite izi, nthaka iyenera kuphatikizidwa ndi feteleza. Chomera chomwe chafukusidwachi chimasunthidwa kumalo atsopano, ndipo pomwepo mizu, limodzi ndi mtanda wathunthu, zimayikidwa mu dzenje la maziko okonzedwa, kenako malo omasuka atakutidwa ndi zosakaniza za lapansi.
Kufalikira kwa tsache
Pofalitsa tsache, imagwiritsidwa ntchito njere ndi masamba (masamba odulira wobiriwira). Kutola mbewu kumachitika kuchokera ku nyemba zacha, ndipo amachita izi mu Ogasiti-Sepemba. Pofesa, dothi losakaniza limagwiritsidwa ntchito, lomwe limaphatikizapo peat ndi mchenga (1: 1), pomwe njere zimafunikira kuzama ndi masentimita 0.5-0.6. thanki yomwe ili ndi mbewu pamwamba iyenera kuphimbidwa ndi filimu. Imakonzedwanso m'malo otetezedwa komanso ofunda (19-21 madigiri), pomwe mbewu zimafunikira kupatsidwa mpweya wabwino ndi kuthirira (kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa). Kuyika mbande mumiphika umodzi, m'mimba mwake mpaka 70 mm, imachitika pakapangidwa mbale ziwiri kapena ziwiri izi. Pakadumphira madzi, zosakaniza dothi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zimaphatikizapo mchenga, dothi lamtunda ndi humus (1: 2: 1). Chapakatikati, malaya amawaika m'miphika yayikulu, mpaka 11 centimeter. Kenako zimakhina kuti mabatani azikongola kwambiri. Kuika mbande dothi lotseguka kumachitika mchaka chachitatu, pomwe tchire tating'ono tiyenera kutalika kwa 0,3 mpaka 0,55 m.
Zidula za tsachezo zimakololedwa m'chilimwe. Kuti muchite izi, mphukira zosachepera theka ziyenera kudulidwa kuchitsamba chachikulire, chilichonse chomwe chimayenera kukhala ndi mbale ziwiri kapena zitatu. Masamba amafupikitsidwa ndi ½ mbali, kenako amabzalidwa munthaka yopangidwa ndi mchenga ndi peat, pomwe chidebecho chimayenera kuphimbidwa kuchokera kumtunda ndi chipewa chowonekera. Kuti odulidwa azika mizu moyenera, amafunika kupereka kutentha kwa madigiri 18 mpaka 20, adzafunikanso mpweya wabwino komanso kupopera utsi kuchokera mfuti yolusa. Pambuyo pa masabata a 4-6, pamene zodula zimazika mizu, zimayenera kuziika m'miphika imodzi, m'mimba mwake kufika 80-90 mm. Kubzala panthaka ya mbewu zotere kumachitika pokhapokha zaka ziwiri.
Mutha kufalitsa chikhalidwe choterocho pogwiritsa ntchito zigawo. Kuti muchite izi, mu kasupe, muyenera kusankha nthambi zomwe zimakhala pansi. Iyenera kuyikidwa munkhokwe zopangidwira pansi pa chitsamba, kukhazikitsidwa ndikuphimbidwa ndi dothi. Nyengo yonseyo, zigawo ziyenera kuthiriridwa. Pa kudyetsa kholo chitsamba manyowa ndi masanjidwe. Nyengo isanayambike, ayenera kusungidwa mosamala, ndipo kasupe, odulidwa amawadula ndikubzala.
Zisanu
Pomwe tchire limamasuka, nthambi zake zimadulidwa kuti zikhale ndi masamba ofananira nawo, koma osayesa kukhudza gawo lodzala. Chakumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira, nthawi yozizira ikadzafika, tchire tating'ono tomwe tili ndi zaka zosakwana 3 tiyenera kuphimbidwa kuti tisunge nyengo yachisanu. Chowonadi ndi chakuti mbewu zokhwima zokha zomwe zimakhala ndi kutentha kwambiri kwa chisanu. Chitsamba chizikulungidwa ndi peat kapena dothi louma, pambuyo pake muyenera kukhwimitsa nthambi, zimalumikizidwa ndikugwada pansi pang'onopang'ono pamalowo, kenako ndikukhazikika. Ma bus amayenera kuponyedwa pamwamba ndi ma spruce paws, masamba owuma kapena wokutidwa ndi zinthu zopanda nsalu, pomwe mbali zake ziyenera kukanikizidwa kunthaka ndi njerwa kapena miyala. Wofesa wamkulu tsache safunika pogona nyengo yachisanu.
Matenda ndi tizirombo
Msuzi uli ndi kukana kwambiri tizirombo ndi matenda. Komabe, njenjete kapena njenjete zimakhazikika patchire. Mukangozindikira kuti mamole akhazikika pamalowo, ayenera kuthiridwa ndi yankho la Chlorophos. Kuti tichotsere njenjete, chitsamba tiyenera kuthira mankhwala ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Powdery hlobo ndi wakuda mawanga ndiowopsa kwambiri pa shrub. Ngati kufewetsa kumakhudzidwa ndi powdery mildew, ndiye kuti ma whitish ovala mawonekedwe pamtunda wa mphukira ndi masamba. Kumayambiriro kwa kasupe, mbewu yodwala iyenera kuthandizidwa ndi yankho la mkuwa wa sulfate (5%), chitani izi musanayambike kuyamwa. M'chilimwe, pofuna kupewa, zitsamba zimafafanizidwa ndi colloidal sulfure, Fundazole solution ndi madzi amkuwa amkuwa.
Pofuna kupewa kuwoneka kwakuda kumayambiriro kwa masika, tchire limapatsidwa mankhwala ndi chitsulo kapena chitsulo chamkuwa. M'chilimwe, Fundazole, Bordeaux osakaniza, mkuwa wa mkuwa, Captan kapena mankhwala ena aliwonse a fungicidal ofanananso angathandize kuthana ndi matendawa. Pakukonzekera tchire pamasamba, yankho liyenera kukonzekera mosamalitsa kutsatira malangizo okonzekera.
Mitundu ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tsache yokhala ndi zithunzi ndi mayina
Tsache ndilotchuka pakati pa alimi, koma pali mitundu yomwe imapezeka paminda yaminda nthawi zambiri.
Chigoba cha Korona (Cytisus scoparius)
Malo omwe mitunduyi imabadwira ndi Central ndi Southern Europe. Kutalika kwa chomera kuli pafupifupi masentimita 300. Pamaso pamitengo yopyapyala yobiriwira, pomwe akadali aang'ono, pali kupindika. Nthawi zonse masamba okhala ndi masamba ali ndi mawonekedwe atatu. Zidutswa za masamba ndizovunda, zonyezimira kapena zowala. Kumtunda kwa masamba, nthawi zambiri pamakhala tsamba limodzi. Maluwa osakhala achikasu achikasu amapanga awiriawiri kapena masamba osasamba, amaikidwa pamiyala, pomwe pamakhala zipatso. Chipatsocho ndi nyemba zazitali zopendekera zazitali ndi mbewu mkati mwake. Mtunduwu wakhala ulimidwa kwa nthawi yayitali. Pali mitundu yambiri yokongoletsera, koma itha kubzalidwa pokhapokha nyengo yofunda komanso nyengo yotentha:
- Burkwoodii - maluwa ofiira ofiira ali ndi malire achikasu;
- Killiney ofiira - Mtundu wa maluwa ndi ofiira kwambiri;
- Andreanus Splendens - chitsamba chokongoletsedwa ndi maluwa achikasu ndi ofiira.
Bedi Wokwawa (Cytisus decumbens)
Pansi pazachilengedwe, mtunduwu umamera kumwera kwa Europe, chomera chotere chimatsika m'nkhalango zowuma za m'mapiri a Dalmatia. Kutalika kwa chitsamba chotseguka kumenechi ndi pafupifupi mamita 0,2, ndipo mulifupi mwake amafikira 0,8 m. Pamaso pa mapesi obiriwira okhala ndi nthiti zisanu pali pubescence. Mphukira ndiosavuta kuzika mizu. Masamba obiriwira amdima amtundu wa oblong-lanceolate mawonekedwe, pansi pamtunda amakhala ndi pubescence. Kutalika kwake kumafika 20 mm. Kutalika kwa maluwa achikasu ndi pafupifupi mamilimita 15; amayikidwa m'timabowo timayererapo kamodzi kapena zidutswa zingapo. Walimidwa kuyambira 1775. Mtunduwu sugonjetsedwa ndi chisanu, koma tchire lozizira kwambiri limatha kuvutika.
Tsache loyambirira (Cytisus praecox)
Mtunduwu umasiyanitsidwa ndi kusazindikira kwake. Chitsamba chimakhala kutalika pafupifupi masentimita 150. Nthambi zanthete zopyapyala zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ake ndipo zimapangira korona wokongola. Masamba opendekera amtundu wobiriwira amafikira kutalika kwa 20 mm ndikukhala ndi mawonekedwe. Dongosolo lamizu ndilapamwamba. Chitsambacho chimakongoletsedwa ndi maluwa ambiri amtundu wachikasu wolemera, ndipo fungo lawo ndi lamphamvu kwambiri. Mtunduwu umagwirizana kwambiri ndi chisanu. Mitundu yotchuka kwambiri ndi:
- Oldgold. Maluwa amakongoletsedwa achikasu masamba asanatuluke.
- Ruby chifuwa. Kutalika kwa thengo kumafika pafupifupi masentimita 200. Masamba ake amakhala ndi mawonekedwe. Kunja kwamaluwa ndi Ruby, ndipo mkati mwake muli lilac-pinki.
Tsache lopsinjika (Cytisus aggregatus)
Mtundu wocheperawu umachokera ku Eastern Europe. Kutalika kwa tchire kuyambira pa 0,3 mpaka 0.5 m, ndipo m'mimba mwake kumafikira pafupifupi mamita 0.8. Maluwa ndi zipatso za mtunduwu zimayamba ali ndi zaka zitatu. Mitundu ya maluwa ndi achikasu achikasu. Chomera sichingagwire chisanu, koma nthawi zina pamakhala kuzizira kwa malekezero a zimayambira.
Tsache loyambira (Cytisus sessilifolius)
Mtunduwu umachokera ku Western Europe. Kutalika kwa tchire kuli pafupifupi ma sentimita 150, pa nthambi pali ma masamba atatu. Kutalika kwa maluwa achikasu achikasu ndi pafupifupi mamilimita 15; amapangika pamafupi ofunikira. Kutsutsana ndi chisanu kwa mitunduyi ndikotsika kwambiri, kumayambira pamwamba pa chipale chofewa. Ndiye chifukwa chake kuzizira kukabwera, mbewuyo iyenera kuphimbidwa.
Tsitsi lakuda (Cytisus nigricans = Lembotropis nigricans)
Mtunduwu umapezeka zachilengedwe ku Ukraine, Western Europe, Belarus ndi Europe ku Russia. Mayina amtunduwu ndi chifukwa chakuti pakauma masamba amapentedwa akuda. Kutalika kwa tchire kumatha kufika masentimita 100. Pamtunda pamitengo pali tsitsi lalifupi kwambiri. Kumalekezero a zimayambira ndi makutu ofukula, okhala ndi maluwa achikasu a golide 15-30. Nthawi yamaluwa, chitsamba chotere chimagwira ntchito kwambiri.
Zinger tsache (Cytisus zingerii)
Mitunduyo imapezeka kumapiri kumtunda kwa Dnieper m'nkhalango zosakanikirana. Kutalika kwa chitsamba kuli pafupifupi masentimita 100. Mapulogalamu achichepere amatakutidwa ndi utoto wamtundu wagolide, ndipo pamitunduyo pamakhala masamba obiriwira atatu. Mu tchire lomwe limayenda maluwa, maluwa achikasu amakula kuchokera kuzosefera, pomwe zimayambira zimafanana ndi makutu agolide. Pakadali pano, mtundu wamtengayu samadziwika kwambiri pakati pa wamaluwa.
Wamaluwa amakhalanso ndi duwa lotalika (kapena lalitali), maluwa otuluka (kapena duwa lachigawo, kapena duwa loyandama) ndi Cuse.
Omwe akuimira a Rakitnichek (Chamaecytisus) omwe amadziwika ndi dzinali amatchedwa broomweeds. Zomera zotere nthawi zambiri zimakongoletsa ziwembu za m'munda. Mwachitsanzo:
Russian tsache (Chamaecytisus ruthenicus = Cytisus ruthenicus)
Kutalika kwa zitsamba zowola ngati izi kumakhala pafupifupi 1.5 mita. Pamtambowo pali nthambi yabwino kwambiri. Zimayambira zimakutidwa ndi pubescence, yoyimiriridwa ndi mulu wa silky.Kuphatikizika kwa mapepala atatu kumaphatikizira timapepala ta lanceolate-elliptical mawonekedwe, amafika kutalika kwa 20 mm, ndipo pamwamba amakhala ndi kangaude. Kutsogolo kwa tsamba lamaluyo kumakhala kubiriwira, ndipo mbali yolakwika imakutidwa ndi wandiweyani pubescence. Kutalika kwa maluwa achikasu ndi pafupifupi mamilimita 30, mapangidwe awo amapezeka mumachimidwe amtundu wa masamba, ndipo amasonkhanitsidwa m'mizidutswa 3-5. Maluwa amakhala pafupifupi mwezi umodzi. Mtunduwu ndiwofatsa komanso kupewa chilala.
Tsache lofiirira (Chamaecytisus purpureus = Cytisus purpureus)
Mbewuyi idatsika kuchokera kumapiri akumwera ndi pakati Europe. Chitsamba chowiracho chimatalika mpaka mamitala 0,6. Nthambi zomwe zikukwera zimakhala korona wakufalikira. Chitsamba chimaphimba masamba ambiri ternary masamba; mawonekedwe a lobes ndiwosiyanasiyana. Mtunduwu ukukula msanga. Chomera chimazizira nthawi yachisanu, koma mchilimwe chimatha kupuma msanga. Mtunduwu uli ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yokongoletsa - Atropurpurea: chitsamba chophukira, chimakongoletsedwa ndi maluwa ofiira apinki. Mchesi wosakanizidwa, wotchedwa Golden Mvula, umadziwikanso kwambiri pakati pa olima: uli ndi dzina lachiwiri - tsache la Adamu. Mitundu yotchuka:
- Albus - mitunduyi idabadwa mu 1838, kutalika kwa chitsamba kuli pafupifupi 0,45 m, maluwa adayera oyera;
- Roseus - utoto wa maluwa pinki;
- Albocarnaeus - maluwa ndi pinki;
- Amzaticus - mtundu wa maluwawo ndi utoto;
- Elohantus - zitsulo zopachika zimakongoletsedwa ndi maluwa ofiira ofiira;
- Kugwira - mitundu iyi imakhala ndi maluwa awiri;
- Kukhumudwa - kutalika kwa mtundu wocheperako kotereku pafupifupi masentimita 20, zipatso ndi masamba a masamba ndizochepa kwambiri.
Regenburg tsache (Chamaecytisus ratisbonensis = Cytisus ratisbonensis)
Kuthengo, chomera chotere chimatha kukumana mu Dnieper besin. Kutalika kwa tchire lotseguka kotere kuli pafupifupi mamitala 0.3. Mapangidwe ake a masamba ndi apatatu. Zimayambira ndizakutidwa ndi pubescence, motero zimakhala ndi mtundu wa siliva. Mitundu ya maluwa ndi achikasu achikasu. Mtundu wamtundu wamtunduwu ndi wotchuka kwambiri - Biflorus: pamaso pa masamba achichepere pali kusindikiza kwa siliva. Zomera zoterezi nthawi yachisanu ndi chisanu ndizosagwira ndipo zimapezeka m'minda m'maderawa kuchokera ku Novosibirsk kupita kumsewu wapakati. Mtunduwu wakhala ulimidwa kuyambira 1800.
Mitundu yotchuka ndiyomwe ili monga: Roshal's broomweed, Podolsky, akugona, atali maliseche ndi Blotsky. Mitundu yomwe imadziwika ndi wamaluwa pansi pa dzina loti Golden Broom, sikuyimira banja la Chiponde. Chomera ichi ndi anagiroliforum kapena Anagiiformes, kapena mvula ya Golide, mtunduwu ndi wa mtundu wa Bobovnik.
