Tsopano ndi chiyambi kwenikweni kwa nthawi yophukira, mbewu yonseyo sinakololedwa ngakhale pamalopo. Koma mwina simukukhulupirira kuti pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti nthawi yokolola ikubwera, nthaka yomwe yatulutsidwa, pansi pa mabedi amtsogolo, ino ndi nthawi yoyamba kuphika. Ndipo izi sizinthu nthabwala konse ayi: muyenera kukonzekera dothi lino ayi, koma molondola, kuti musakhumudwe mukukolola chaka chamawa. Momwe mungakonzekere mabedi, momwe mungakumbire ndi kudzala feteleza molondola pansi pa ndiwo zamasamba zofala kwambiri pano, tikuuzeni lero.
Kukonzekera kwa mabatani m'munda.
Zikuwonekeratu kuti kupangidwa kwa pamwamba pamtunda, mapangidwe a mbewu, yomwe timakolola, kuwononga kapena kuisunga, zimabweretsa kuchotsedwa kwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana m'nthaka. Choyamba, ndi nayitrogeni, phosphorous komanso potaziyamu wodziwika bwino. Chifukwa chake, mutakolola ndikukonza mabedi a nyengo yatsopano, ndikofunikira kuti mudzaze zinthuzi m'dothi, ngakhale kuti silikuwoneka.
Nthawi yophukira ndi nthawi yabwino kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yambiri ya feteleza yomwe "idzafikire" m'nthawi yozizira, ndipo mbewu zofesedwa kapena zobzalidwa pamabedi omwe tidapanga zija zimayamba kuwononga mawonekedwe osafikira, osadikirira mpaka atatembenuka , kutaya nthawi yofunikira pa chitukuko chawo ndikupangitsa kuti tidikire nthawi yayitali kuti tikolole.
Mwachitsanzo, zachilengedwe ndi michere yosiyanasiyana: kwenikweni, mbewu zamasamba zilizonse zimazindikira ndikuzichita. Komabe, kuti mizu idziwe imodzi kapena chinthu china, iyenera kukhala yopezeka kale, yosungunuka, ndipo izi zimatenga nthawi. Ino ndi nthawi yeniyeni yo dzinja.
Zachidziwikire, posankha feteleza, muyenera kuganizira zinthu zingapo - ichi ndiye chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwechi, chomwe chidzapitirize kukula pamalo ano, ndi mtundu wa dothi (lolemera, lamchenga, chernozem, ndi zina) komanso nyengo yam'malo panthawi yomwe imapereka kuphatikiza nthaka.
Chifukwa chake, pali zifukwa zokwanira, timapitilira molunjika kumalamulo okonzekera mabedi munyengo yachilimwe nyengo yamawa.
Chifukwa chiyani kukonzekera mabedi pasadakhale?
Funso lotere limakonda kufunsidwa: Kupatula apo, pamakhala masika pomwe mungathe kupeza nthawi ndikukonzekera mabedi, ndikufesa mbewu, ndikubzala mbande. Inde, ndizowona, koma, choyambirira, si feteleza onse amene angakhale ndi nthawi yosinthira ku mawonekedwe opezeka kuzomera, monga tidanenera pamwambapa, ndipo chachiwiri, masika ndi nthawi yochepa kwambiri kotero kuti simungakhale ndi nthawi yochita chilichonse, zofunika. Kumbukirani mwambi wa ku Russia ndi mawu a m'modzi wa anthu wamba kuti: "Mu nthawi ya masika, kanizani chipewa chanu - sindingachikweze" (ndiye kuti ndi otanganidwa).
Pamwamba pa chilichonse, ngati tikonza mabedi nthawi yachisanu m'dzinja, taganizirani tokha kuchuluka kwa momwe tingasungire chisamaliro cha kasupe: zonse zomwe muyenera kuchita ndikumasula mabedi omalizidwa, kupanga mabowo kuti mubzale mbande kapena mizere kuti mubzale mbewu, ndikuyamba kuchita monga mwa nthawi zonse Njira zogwirizana ndi mbande kapena mbande, osathamangira kulikonse osachedwa.
Kukonzekera mabedi?
Choyamba, muyenera kuyeretsa malo a mabedi amtsogolo kuchokera ku namsongole ndi zinyalala za mbewu ndikuwotcha kunja kwa malowo, ngakhale ngati alibe zizindikiro za matenda, ndiye kuti ndizotheka kuziyika mulu wa manyowa, kenako ndikupanga feteleza pokumba dothi ndipo ngati kuli kofunikira, ndiye, limodzi ndi feteleza, onjezani choko kapena laimu kuti pH ibwezere.
Muyenera kuyeretsa namsongole mosamala monga momwe mungathere, maudzu onse amizere, udzu wa tirigu wokhala ndi mbali zina za mizu yake ndi ma dandelion ayenera kuchotsedwa (kutulutsidwa) m'mundamu m'njira zonse zomwe zingatheke, sayenera kukhalapo, ngakhale mutayesetsa chotani pa izi.
Dothi likakhala lopanda maudzu ndi zinyalala za mbewu, ndiye kuti lili bwino, lingapangidwe ndi zinthu zofunika pa chomera chilichonse - awa ndi nayitrogeni, phosphorous ndi potaziyamu. Popeza palibe chomwe chidzamera pamabedi awa nyengo ino, urea (20-25 g pa mita lalikulu), superphosphate (18-20 g pa mita lalikulu) ndi potaziyamu kloride (15-20 g pa mita lalikulu) akhoza kuwonjezeredwa. ) Pankhaniyi, potaziyamu mankhwala enaake sayenera kuchita mantha, popeza mpaka chlorine wamalimwe sangakhale wotetezedwa ndipo adzakhala wotetezeka kwa mbewu. Kuphatikiza apo, ndikofunikira kuyambitsa manyowa ovunda bwino pa 5-6 kg pa lalikulu mita, kapena humus (3-4 makilogalamu pa sikweya mita) ndi phulusa la nkhuni (ng'anjo kapena mwaye) pa 250-300 g pa sikweya mita imodzi.
Ngati dothi lamalo anu ndi lolemera komanso dongo, ndiye kuti muyenera kuwonjezera mchenga wamtsinje pa chidebe chilichonse, kuphatikizidwa ndi kompositi yofanana, izi zithandizira kukulira pansi kwa nthaka ndikuwonjezera chonde chake.
Dothi lamchenga silisunga chinyontho ndi michere, apa ndikofunikira kubweretsa ndowa pa mita imodzi ya mraba, komanso kompositi yoyesedwa bwino (makilogalamu 5-6 pa mita imodzi), tsamba la humus (3-4 kg pa lalikulu mita) ndi utuchi (chidebe) pa mita lalikulu). Samalani ndi utuchi - amatha kuthira dothi, choncho muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito imvi kwambiri, ndiye kuti utuchi wapamwamba kwambiri.
Dothi limakhala acidic, pomwe acid-base balance (pH) pansipa 6.0 liyenera kumangidwa kapena kumangidwa. Ngati acidity ndi yotsika kuposa 4.5, ndiye kuti mandimu azigwiritsidwa ntchito pa 200-250 g pa mita imodzi, ngati acidity ikuchokera 5.5 mpaka 4.6, ndiye choko: onjezani 250-300 g ya choko pa lalikulu mita.
Mwachilengedwe, feteleza, choko, ndi laimu - zonsezi mu nthawi yophukira pokonzekera mabedi amapangidwira kukumba, poyiyamba ndikuziwonjezera pamtunda ndikuyidzaza pambuyo pake pokumba fosholo kuti ikhale bayonet yonse.
Kodi kukumba ma bedi?
Nthawi zambiri, pali njira ziwiri zofunika kukumba dothi - iyi ndi njira yosakumba komanso njira yotayira. Tiyeni tiyambe ndi njira yokumba yobwezeretsera. Ndi njira yosataya, amayesa kukumba kuti dothi la dothi lambiri lisasweke ndipo lisatembenukire kwina. Cholinga chokumbira dothi ndikukulitsa kutetezedwa kwa microflora yopindulitsa yonse yotsika komanso yamtunda yamtunda. Zopota zamtunda siziphwanyidwanso.
Ndi njira yotayira, zipumphu za dothi zimatembenuka ndi kuwonongeka. Nthawi zambiri njira yachiwiriyo imagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza mabedi pakugwa. Chifukwa chake, timaphimba feteleza mu dothi, ndipo ndi choko kapena laimu, ngati kuli kofunikira, ndikutulutsa tizirombo tambiri ndi matenda pansi. Nthawi yomweyo, ndikosafunika kuthyola dothi, chifukwa dothi lomwenso limasungunuka kwambiri, lakuthira mankhwala kwambiri momwe lingathere. Koma ngati mungaganize zokakonzera bedi lodzaza ndi dothi lokhala ndi mbali zomata bwino ndipo musadandaule kuti mutha kuthyola masika mchaka, ndiye kuti ndibwino kuti mumalize bizinesi yokumbayo: kuthyola nsonga, dalitsani bedi la munda ndikukhazikitsa bedi masentimita angapo mukuthira dothi lina Zotsatira zake, dothi limayamba kutentha mwachangu kuposa pamalowo.
Kukonzekera mabedi mu kugwa.
Kukonzekera mabedi azomera zina
Chifukwa chake, tidakambirana momwe tingakonzekeretsere mundawo ambiri. Palibe chovuta pa izi: timayeretsa chiwembuchi, timapanga feteleza kuti tikugaye, timayesetsa kukumba bedi ndi kuchuluka kwa nthaka, motero kumafotokozera m'mbali mwa kama wamtsogolo, koma izi ndizambiri. Zikuwoneka kuti tikufunikiranso kunena momwe tingakonzekere bwino bwino bedi la mbewu yabwino, yomwe ili m'munda uliwonse, mabedi ammunda wawo amathanso kukonzekereratu.
Beet mabedi
Chifukwa chake, kuti beetroot iwononge bwino, muyenera kusankha malo oyatsa kwambiri pomwe dothi lake ndilopepuka komanso lopanda madzi. Zachidziwikire, bedi lakumapeto kwa yophukira liyenera kukonzedwa pamchenga loam ndi loam ndi acidity yandale. Pa dothi lolemera, mwachitsanzo, beets imakula bwino ngakhale nditakhala ndi chakudya chokwanira. Malo omwe amasungunuka, kuthirira, madzi amvula, ndipo, mwachidziwikire, dothi lokhalidwa ndi asidi osakanikirana kwa nthawi yayitali liyenera kupewedwa.
Zomwe zimayambitsa kwambiri beetroot ndi mbewu zomwe zimachoka pamalowo posachedwa - nkhaka, zukini, mbatata zoyambirira, mitundu yoyambirira ya tsabola wokoma ndi biringanya ndipo, kachiwiri, tomato woyamba. Osabzala beets patebulo pambuyo pa sipinachi, canola, kaloti, chard ndi kabichi.
Mu nthawi yophukira, pokonzekera dothi la beets, ndikofunikira kuwonjezera feteleza wachilengedwe, mwachitsanzo, kompositi kapena humus mu theka la chidebe chilichonse pa mita imodzi ya bedi lamtsogolo. Kuchokera pamanyowa am'mamineramu, ndizotheka kuwonjezera potaziyamu wa potaziyamu mu kuchuluka kwa 12-14 g pa lalikulu mita, komanso ammonium nitrate ndi superphosphate pa 22-25 g pa mita lalikulu.
Chokhacho chomwe sichikulimbikitsidwa kuti chiziwonjezeredwa m'nthaka pokonzekera mabedi, ngakhale nthawi yophukira, ndi manyowa atsopano, chifukwa pali kuthekera kwa kuchuluka kwa ma nitrate mu mbeu ya chaka chamawa.
Kenako, timakonza kama wokhala ndi dzungu ndi zukini
Muyenera kudziwa kuti mbewu zambiri zimakhala zopanda ulemu ndipo zimangoyankha mwazinthu zosiyanasiyana feteleza zomwe zili m'nthaka. Pansi pawo, mutha kupanga manyowa, koma owola bwino ndipo mulifupi ndi 3 - 4 makilogalamu pa lalikulu mita yamabedi, palibenso, chifukwa - kukumba.
Pankhani yosankha malo, dothi liyenera kukhala losalowerera, chifukwa chake, ngati asidi amadzala, ndiye kuti choko kapena laimu ziyenera kubweretsedwanso kukumba.
Zomwe zimayambitsa kwambiri dzungu ndi zukini ndi izi: mbatata, anyezi, kabichi, masamba ndi mizu, koma nkhaka, zukini ndi squash zimawerengedwa kuti ndi zoyipa kwambiri.
Samalani kwambiri ndi dothi, ngati dothi ndi dongo, monga momwe akukonzera mabediwo, theka ndowa ya humus ndi chidebe cha mchenga wamtsinje pa mita imodzi ya mita kukumba ziyenera kupangidwa pansi pa dzungu ndi zukini. Ponena za feteleza wa mchere, g 10 g ya superphosphate, 250 g wa phulusa ndi 15 g wa potaziyamu sodium ndiokwanira.
Pamadothi amchenga pomwe mukuganiza zakula zukini ndi dzungu, onjezani chidebe cha dongo ndi chidebe cha humus pa mita imodzi.
Mabatani a katsabola ndi zitsamba zina
Kuti mupeze zokolola zatsabola komanso zitsamba zina, muyenera kuthana ndi omwe akukonzerani. Zomwe zimayambitsa bwino zobiriwira zobiriwira ndi izi: kabichi, phwetekere ndi anyezi, ndipo zoyipa ndi masamba a zipatso, udzu winawake ndi kaloti.
Chotsatira, yesani m'dzinja kuti musankhe bedi labwino kwambiri logoneka, ndipo, makamaka, momwe mungatenthe. Moyenerera, dothi liyenera kupangidwa kukhala lachonde momwe mungathere ndikuyesera kuti chisanu chisakhalepo, ndikuthira nthambi za mitengo yambiri. Musaiwale kulabadira zam'tsogolo zamabedi amtsogolo, mbewu zobiriwira zimakula bwino panthaka ya acidic, chifukwa chake laimu ndi chalk kukumba, bola kuti acidity ndi yokwera, ndiyofunikira.
Kwa mbewu zobiriwira, kukonza mundawo kugwa sikovuta, kukumba sikuyenera kukhala kokulirapo, masentimita 22-23 okha. Onetsetsani kuti mukuwonjezera makilogalamu 2-3 a manyowa ozunguliridwa bwino pa mita imodzi ndi 15-20 g ya ammonium nitrate, 8-10 g ya potaziyamu sulfate ndi 10-12 g ya superphosphate m'dera lomwelo. Chapakatikati, chimangotsitsa bedi lomalizidwa, kupanga mapangidwe obzala, onetsetsani kuti mumamwe (malita 2-3 amadzi mita imodzi) ndikuumitsa pang'ono musanafesere kuti mbeu zisalowemo (masentimita angapo ozama ndikokwanira).
Kukonzekera mabedi a tomato
Tomato ndiomwe amatsogolera patsogolo: beets tebulo, nkhaka, anyezi, nyemba, kaloti, masamba osiyanasiyana, nandolo, chimanga ndi zukini, ndipo oyipa ndi mbatata, kabichi mochedwa, tsabola ndi biringanya.
Tidazindikira, tsopano tiyeni titenge chiwembu cha tomato, kufikira kuzizira. Nthaka yachonde imakhala yabwino kwambiri, ndikokwanira kukumba, ndipo ngati ndi acidic, ndiye kuti ndi acid (150-200 g pa mita imodzi), koma ndi feteleza, makamaka superphosphate, omwe tomato amawakonda, mutha kutenga nthawi yanu ndikungabalalitsa panthaka popanda kukumba. Mwa njira, tomato amachita nsanje kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa acidity komanso mlingo womwe tidawonetsa kuti sungagwire dothi losiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, ngati muli ndi dothi la mchenga kapena loam m'deralo, ndibwino kuwonjezera 250 g laimu pokumba, ndipo ngati pakati komanso loamu lolemera, ndiye 350 g laimu komanso kukumba.
Osamapangira mabedi okwera kwambiri a tomato, musaiwale kuti iwowo ndi mbewu zazitali, ndiye kuti 22-23 masentimita ndi okwanira ndipo pafupifupi mita mulifupi, simukufunanso zina.
Kukonzekera kwa dothi lakumunda.
Mabatani a nkhaka
Eya, nkhaka, chifukwa sizokayikitsa kuti mupeza tsamba lomwe nkhaka sizimera, koma tomato kapena kabichi basi. Zomwe zimayambitsa kwambiri nkhaka ndi izi: phwetekere, biringanya, mbatata, anyezi, nthochi, sipinachi, rhubarb, oyambirira ndi kolifulawa, beets, kaloti ndi amadyera, koma zoyipa kwambiri ndi nkhaka, squash, dzungu, squash, vwende ndi chivwende.
Zoyenera kuti m'dzinja, bedi lakumunda liyenera kupangidwa kuti likhala lopepuka, makamaka loamy kapena sandy loam. Ngati dothi ndi dothi lolemera zokha zilipo, ndiye kuti mubweretseni chidebe cha mchenga pamita imodzi ya mraba kuti akumbe. Mwa njira, nkhaka zimakula bwino panthaka yokhala acidic, ngati muli ndi izi, ndiye kuti simuyenera kuda nkhawa.
Mabedi a nkhaka ayenera kukumbidwa kuti azisungiramo fosholo zonse ndi makilogalamu 5-6 a manyowa ovunda bwino.
Zobisika za umuna zofunda m'dzinja
Mu nthawi yophukira, mutha kumanga bedi lofunda, choyamba muyenera kugwetsa pansi bokosi, nthawi zambiri limakhala lalitali mita ndi mikono iwiri, kuyika chosanjikiza pansi, mwina, zinyalala zilizonse, mwachitsanzo, nthambi zingapo, zidutswa zamatumba, stumps , nsonga za mbewu. Mutha kuwaza zonsezi ndi mchenga wamtsinje, utuchi, tchipisi, maudzu, mbatata zosenda ndi masamba ena, muyenera kuyikapo zinyalala za masamba pamwamba, humus ndi kuwaza phulusa. Zachidziwikire, dothi liyenera kukhala kuti dothi labwino lachonde (20-30 cm) likuterera pamwamba, momwe mbewu zamasamba zimamera nyengo yotsatira.
Mawu ochepa za mulching
Mafunso amadzuka, ngati kuli kofunikira mulch mabedi okonzekera kuyambira kugwa, yankho lidzakhala inde. Mwakutero, mulch, ngati amapangidwa kuchokera ku zigawo zachilengedwe (tsamba lomweli limapanikizidwa ndi nthambi za mitengo yazipatso), ndiye kuti silingakhudze machitidwe ofunikira a tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe mumunda womwe mwapanga. Chifukwa chake, nthawi yophukira, mutachotsa mulch, bedi limawoneka bwino. Chachikulu ndikuchotsa mulch mwachangu, kuti dothi liziwotha msanga.
