Nyanja yakumwa - idzachotsa bwino

Masiku ano, pafupifupi m'munda uliwonse mungapeze chitsamba chamatsenga kapena kamtengo kakang'ono, komwe anthu amati: "Nyanja yakumwa idzachotsa chilichonse." Mawuwo, zikuwoneka kuti, amagwirizana ndi chakuti nyanja yamchere monga chomera, yomwe imadziwika kuyambira nthawi ya madokotala akale achi Greek, imagwira bwino kwambiri matenda ambiri odziwika bwino.

Buckthorn Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) ochokera kwa abale oyamwa (Elaeagnaceae) masinthidwe achilengedwe (waxwort, mtengo wagolide, ivortern, dereza, scythe, minga yoyera, shirganak, silivafish), okhala ndi mawonekedwe a mbewu izi ndi mawonekedwe a masamba. Mukutanthauzira kwa Chilatini kuchokera ku Chi Greek kumatanthauza kuwala kwa kavalo, kutanthauza kuti masamba owoneka ngati nyanja amawonjezedwa ndi chakudya cha akavalo amapatsa khungu lawo ma sheen ochulukirapo. Sea buckthorn ndi chomera chakale. Zochizira zomwe madokotala akale achi Greek komanso asayansi adalemba zokhudza kuchiritsa kwake.

Buckthorn buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides). © Mike Campbell

Malo ogawika nyanja

Nyanja ya nyanja yamchere imakhala yofalikira kumayiko onse padziko lapansi, pomwe nyengo ndi nyengo yake zili yabwino. Ku Russian Federation imapezeka kulikonse kuthengo m'dera lonse la gawo la ku Europe, ku Western ndi Eastern Siberia, kumpoto kwa Caucasus, ku Altai. Madzi am'madzi am'madzi ambiri amapezeka m'madzi osefukira, m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi madzi ena ambiri. Kubzala ma buckthorn, amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala ndi zakudya, ku Siberia kumakhala mahekitala 7,000. Malo ake okomoka amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulimbitsa malo otsetsereka komanso nthaka yamtunda yam'madzi.

Kufotokozera kwa buckthorn

M'madera a Russian Federation, nyanja ya sea buckthorn imagawidwa makamaka, ndipo obereketsa adabzala mitundu yambiri yomwe zipatso zake zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamafakitale azachipatala ndi chakudya.

Nyanja yamadzi yam'madzi ndi chitsamba chochulukirapo cha 1-5 m, chomwe chili ndi masamba osatha. Mwambiri, pamwamba-pansi mphukira amapanga korona wozungulira kapena wowala, wopangidwa ndi mphukira za mibadwo yosiyana. Ang'onoang'ono amaphimbidwa ndi tsitsi la silvery. Ndi m'badwo, mphukira imakutidwa ndi makungwa a mithunzi yosiyanasiyana: kuchokera mumdima wakuda mpaka wakuda. Mphukira zazifupi zimakhala ndi mizere yambiri yayitali.

Mizu yamadzi am'mbali mwa nyanja imakhala ndi nthambi za zisa za 1-2-3, zopezeka dothi 40-50 cm. Pamphepete, amakhala ndi mizu ya ulusi, amagwira ntchito yawo yayikulu. Tizilombo timene timapanga ma bacteria tomwe timapanga ma nitrogen.

Buckthorn buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides). © Volkmar Knoch

Masamba a sea buckthorn ndi lanceolate osavuta, malo omwe ali ndi mphukira ndi enanso. Masamba ophimbidwa ndi utoto wa silvery, womwe umabisa mithunzi yawo yayikulu yobiriwira. Chifukwa cha kufupika, mbewu yonse imasiyanitsidwa ndi mitengo yobiriwira siliva ndipo imawoneka yabwino kuphatikiza ndi zobiriwira zobiriwira. Zomera zam'nyanja zimakhala m'gulu la zomera zopangidwa ndi mungu ndipo zimafunikira ma pollinators amuna kuti apange mbewu. Maluwa achikazi amatengedwa mu nkhwangwa zaminga ndi nthambi zazifupi, kuziwamangirira mbali zonse. Maluwa amphongo amfupi a spikelet inflorescence. Popewa, mtengo umodzi ndi wokwanira mamilimita 50-100. m lalikulu. Maluwa amatulutsa maluwa mu Epulo ndi Meyi. Kuyambira kubzala koyamba kubereka zaka 2-4. Zipatso zimapsa mu Ogasiti-Sepemba. Mitundu yopanda mafupa imakhala yosanja, yomwe imathandizira kukolola.

Zipatso za sea buckthorn, mithunzi yonse kuchokera wachikasu mpaka lalanje ndi ofiira, amawoneka okongola kwambiri. Drupe (drupe wabodza) imakutidwa pamwamba ndi peyala yowutsa mudyo ndi fungo lofooka la chinanazi. Mbewu yazipatso ndi yosalala, yosalala, nthawi zina yakuda, yonyezimira.

Zosiyanasiyana zamitundu yam'nyanja

Makampani akuweta aku Russia adabzala mitundu yopitilira 60 motengera msinga. Amadziwika ndi kukana chisanu, zipatso zokulirapo komanso kusapezeka kwa minga, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zipatso zikhale zosavuta. Mitundu yamtundu wa sea buckthorn imangokhala nyengo yamaderawo ndipo imagawidwa kukhala mitundu ya Urals ndi Siberia, dera lapakati ndi dera la Moscow, momveka bwino komanso mosagwirizana.

Zosiyanasiyana madera a Siberia ndi Urals

Altai, Giant, Inya, Wokondedwa, Nugget, Chuy, etc.

Zosiyanasiyana madera a dera lapakati komanso dera la Moscow

Elizabeth, Golden Cob, Orange, Lomonosov, Fragrant, Panteleevskaya, Moskvichka, Red-carmine, Moscow Kukongola, etc.

Apangidwira kulima mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya Pearl yachikazi, Augustine, Openwork, Jam, Abundant, Opambana komanso amuna Gnome ndi Alei.

Mwa kukhwima, mitundu imagawidwa kumayambiriro, pakati, mochedwa. Mbande nthawi zonse zimatsagana ndi mafotokozedwe achidule, omwe amawonetsa mawonekedwe ake, kuphatikizapo mtundu (koyambirira, pakati, mochedwa). Pogula, ndikofunikira kusankha mitundu yosinthidwa chifukwa cha dera, lomwe limalumikizidwa ndi nthawi yochepa kwambiri yopumira, m'malo osazolowereka mitundu, mbande sizingokhala.

Buckthorn buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides). © Tikki_75

Kapangidwe kazinthu zam'madzi zam'nyanja

Akatswiri a sayansi omwe akuphunzira momwe mbeu zosiyanasiyana za nyama zimapangidwira akuti: kukhala athanzi, kutchuthi cha chilimwe ndikokwanira kukhala ndi mitundu itatu ya zitsamba - sea buckthorn, dogwood ndi irga, onse omwe ziwalo zake ndi mankhwala (mizu, mphukira, makungwa, masamba, maluwa, zipatso).

Chikhalidwe cha multivitamin, zipatso zomwe zimakhala ndi mavitamini a B. Kuchuluka kwa mavitamini "C", "E", "K", proitamin "A", mpaka 6% dzuwa, mpaka 2.5% organic acid, quercetin. Chiphuphu ndi mbewu zimakhala ndi mafuta ochulukirapo 9 ndi 12%, motero. Kuchokera pazofufuza, zipatso ndi masamba zimakhala ndi boron, potaziyamu, chitsulo, manganese, zinc, mkuwa, calcium. Mitundu ina ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo idapezeka pakuphatikizidwa kwa zipatso ndi masamba. Masamba ndi makungwa a buckthorn am'nyanja ali ndi zipatso zambiri zam'madzi za hippofaine. Mu kutumphuka kuli mitundu yosiyanasiyana 10 yamafuta ndi mafuta (mpaka 3%) osiyana m'mapangidwe amafuta azipatso.

Zothandiza zimachitika ndi nyanja yamchere

Dokotala wamkulu wa pharmacopoeia amagwiritsa ntchito mafuta amchere a zipatso panyumba pochiza zilonda zamkhungu (chifuwa chachikulu cha khungu, zilonda zam'mimba, zilonda, zilonda), nasopharynx (tonillitis, sinusitis, rhinitis), mu matenda a gynecology (Olazol, Hypozol, Oblekol). matenda am'mimba thirakiti, ndi hypovitaminosis ndi matenda ena.

Kulowetsedwa kwa masamba a buckthorn masamba kumathandiza ndi kudzimbidwa, rheumatism ndi gout.

Mowa womwe umakhala ndi khungwa la sea buckthorn umagwiritsidwa ntchito pakuwonjezera minyewa. Ili ndi radioprotective zotsatira.

Njira zina zamankhwala zimakhudza pafupifupi njira zonse za anthu. Kunyumba, amakonza mafuta am'madzi a nyanja, ma decoctions, infusions, mafuta, omwe amatengedwa ngati othandizira mkati ndi kunja.

Sea buckthorn amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwatsopano. Timadziti, ma compotes, ma jamu, zakumwa zoledzera, ndi zina zotere.

Buckthorn buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides). © Maja Dumat

Kukula kwa Buckthorn

Nyanja yamaluwa wam'madzi ndiyosagonjetsedwa ndi chisanu, chikhalidwe cha zithunzi, chosakhazikika pazachilengedwe. Crohn imatha kulekerera chisanu mpaka -30 ... -40 ° C, ndipo mizu mpaka -25 ° C. Ngati nyengo za kuphatikiza kutentha (ndi kunja kunja) zapangidwa m'nthaka ndi chivundikiro chachikulu cha chipale chofewa, mizu yamadzi am'madzi ayamba kufota. Zomera zimadwala ndipo zitha kufa. Chifukwa chake, kumadera ozizira kwambiri a chipinda chapakati, komwe thaw sichachilendo, amachepetsa matalala, ndikuitaya kutali ndi thunthu. Njira imeneyi imathandizira ngakhale kutentha komanso kupewa kukalamba.

Kusankhidwa kwa tsamba

Mizu yamadzi am'madzi am'mphepete mwa nyanja ndiyapamwamba komanso mopendekera kuposa korona. Chikhalidwe sichimakonda kuyandikana kwa mbeu zina komanso kulima pafupipafupi. Chifukwa chake, kwa iye, amasankha malo omwe adzakhala ndi malo abwino owerengera komanso kuyatsa mozungulira. Zosafunikira zoyambirira zam'madzi zamtundu wa nyanja: apurikoti, wokoma chitumbuwa, maula, miyala yoyala, apulo, peyala, makangaza, sitiroberi, rasipiberi. Kubzala zinthu kumugula bwino kwambiri ku nazale munthawi ya zaka zitatu zakubadwa zokula bwino. Sea buckthorn muzaka zowuma amafunika kuthirira. Ndikofunikira kubzala mbewu kumadera okhala ndi madzi oyimilira okwanira 1-2 metres kuchokera padziko lapansi, chifukwa salola madzi kusayenda.

Buckthorn buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides). © Tom DeCoste

Kukonzekera kwa dothi

Nthaka zabwino kwambiri zam'madzi am'nyanja ndizachonde, madzi ndi kupuma, osagwirizana nawo. Ngati dothi ndi lolemera, ndiye musanadzale konzekerani maenje akuluakulu okonzekeretsa, omwe amakonzedwa ndi dothi lokonzekera bwino. Dothi lokumbidwa pamwamba 1: 1 kapena 1: 2 limasakanikirana ndi humus kapena humus ndi kuwonjezera kwa mchenga. 50-60 g ya superphosphate ndi 40-50 g yamchere wa potaziyamu amawonjezeredwa ku dzenje lililonse lomenyera. Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito nitroammophoska pamlingo wa 60-80 g pa dzenje lililonse. Feteleza ndi dothi liyenera kusakanikirana bwino. Kutengera mtundu wa dothi lomwe likugwirizana, kuchuluka ndi kuchuluka kwa feteleza akhoza kukhala osiyanasiyana.

Malamulo abwino mmera ndi kubzala

Kwa banja limodzi, mbewu zazikazi 2-3-4 ndi 1 wamphongo (pollinator) ndizokwanira. Ngati mbewu zachimuna zili m'malo oyandikana, ndiye kuti simungagule mbewu zachimuna.

Mukamasankha mbande yoti mubzale, muyenera kulabadira:

mmera uzikhala ndi mizu iwiri ya pachifuwa ya 15-20 masentimita, wokutira ndi mizu yopukutira,
thunthu mpaka 40-50 masentimita okwera ndi mphukira zammbali zingapo,
khungwa lotuwa, losalala, lopanda kupindika, khungwa la bulauni limawonetsa kuzizira kwa mmera mu masika; ndizowopsa kugula mbande zotere.

Maola ochepa asanabzalidwe, mmera umayikidwa mumtsuko ndi madzi, muzu umawonjezeredwa. Mutha kutsitsa mizu ya mmera musanadzalemo mu dongo.

Maenje obzala amapezeka pambuyo pa 1.5-2.0 m.Mbewu zobzalidwa kasupe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zizitha kusintha momwe zinthu zikukula, kuti zikhale ndi mizu yabwino. Kubzala dzenje la 50x50x60 cm, kumatha kukhala kokulirapo ngati dothi likufunikira kuwonjezera ma humus ambiri, peat, mchenga ndi zosakaniza zina kuti zinthu zikhale bwino. Lime kuteteza dothi acidified amapangidwa m'dzinja. Kusakaniza kwa dothi kumalowetsedwa mu dzenje lobzala, ndikupanga tubercle pakati. Pompo, mizu ya mmera imawongoka ndikuphimbidwa ndi nthaka yotsalira. Amapanga dothi, pang'onopang'ono amathira ndowa za 1.5-2.0 zamadzi, mulch ndi mulch yaying'ono (peat, humus, shavings). Mukabzala, khosi la mizu limayikidwa munthaka ndi masentimita 5-7. Njira imeneyi imathandizira kuti mizu yowonjezereka ipangidwe. Kuti thunthu silimakakamizidwa ndi mphepo, limamangirizidwa kuchithandizo kudzera mwa asanu ndi atatuwo ndi tepi kapena twine.

Buckthorn buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides). © arjuna_zbycho

Kusamalira nyanja

Chapakatikati, asanaphuke ndi mutakolola, mwaukhondo umakonzedwa. Chotsani nthambi zouma, zodwala, zosweka, zomwe zikukula. Amatsuka mabala, kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kuchiritsa shrub / mtengo ndi yankho la 1-2% la Bordeaux fluid.

Panthawi yamaluwa am'madzi, muyenera kugwedeza chomera cham'mimba kuti mungu usathe. Ngati palibe fanizo lamphongo pafupi, dulani nthambi za chomera chachimuna ndikugwedezeka pakati korona wachikazi.

Ndi isanayambike nyengo yofunda, ngati nyengo yozizira sinakhale chipale chofewa komanso masika inali yopanda kanthu, ndiye kuti (Meyi-koyambirira kwa June) nyanja yamchere imathirira. Kupanda kutero, kuthirira kungakhazikitsidwe tsiku lina.

M'chilimwe, kuthirira kumabwerezedwa, koma pamlingo woyenera popanda kusuntha kwamadzi. Pa tsiku lachiwiri, dothi limamasulidwa pang'ono (osati lakuya masentimita 5) ndikuwumbika. Ngati tamasula, mizu yamadzi am'nyanja iwonongeka, shrub / mtengo umayamba kupanga mizu yolimba kapena kukhazikika kwa mizu.

M'nyengo yotentha, nyanja yamchenga imathiriridwa ndikofunikira, ndikumata pansi ndi masentimita 30 mpaka 40. Udzuwo umakhala wofika masentimita 5, womwe ungakuthandizeni kuti dothi lisanyowe popanda kusunthika mosafunikira. Kubzala mulch nthawi yophukira kukuthandizira ngati feteleza wina.

Manyowa nyanja yamadziwekonse kawiri pachaka, komanso panthaka yamafuta pachaka. Chapakatikati amabweretsa ndowa pansi pa mulching (1: 6), ndipo kugwa ndowa 0,5 za humus / kompositi ndi feteleza wa phosphorous-potaziyamu, 120-200 g ndi 100-120 g pa chitsamba chilichonse kapena mtengo. Mutha kusintha njira yodyetsera: gwiritsani ntchito masika njira yothetsera ndowe za mbalame (1: 8) kapena manyowa a ng'ombe (1: 6), kusinthana ndi nitrophos kapena feteleza wina wamafuta. Pakati pa chilimwe kapena mutakolola, mutha kudyetsa phulusa louma kuti kuthirira kapena kulowetsedwa. Ndikotheka mchaka kuti muchepetse kuyambitsidwa kwa ammonium nitrate (25-30 g pa chitsamba / mtengo) ndi mayankho a organic.

Kupanga zipatso zazikulupo komanso zodzaza, zipatso zam'madzi zimayamwa masamba kapena kumayambiriro kwa kukula kwa thumba losunga mazira amathandizidwa ndi yankho la kufufuza zinthu, effon, humate pamlingo wa supuni 1 pa ndowa.

Nthawi yakula, ndikofunikira kukonza dothi popanda udzu ndi mphukira zoyambira.

Pofika kugwa, pansi pa nthambi zonyamula katundu za sea buckthorn, zogwirizira ziyenera kuyikiridwa.

Nyanja yakumwa

Buckthorn amatha kupangidwa ndi chitsamba kapena mtengo.

Pakapangidwa tchire, mbande zam'madzi za bahari zimadulidwa pang'ono 15 cm cm. Chaka chotsatira, mphukira zomwe zidakulitsidwa kwambiri 3-5 zimasankhidwa kuchokera muzu wowombera muzu ndipo ena onse amachotsedwa. Chitsamba chimasinthidwa kukhala mphukira 8-9. Kenako kupatulira ndikusinthanso kumayamba, kuchotsa nthambi 1 pachaka.

Ngati mbewa yolumikizidwa munyanja ikalumikizidwa, ndiye kuti kumapeto kwa chaka chamawa kudula mphukira yach 4-5. M'chilimwe, amathandizira, kuchokera pomwe nthambi zinzake 3-5 zikuluzikulu zimasankhidwa kuchokera ku masamba ochepa ndi kukula kwofananira. Zina zimachotsedwera mphete. Nthambi zakumanzere zimachepetsa pang'ono ... Kudulira koyambirira kumeneku kwa nyanja yam'madzi kumayambitsa kukula kwa chaka chimodzi, pomwe mbewu idzapangidwa chaka chamawa ndikudulira. Mphukira zonse zokhazikika komanso zopindika zimachotsedwa.

Kuyambira kuyambira wazaka 5-6, nthawi yophukira nthawi yophukira, kukonzanso kwa chitsamba cham'madzi kumachitika, ndikudula pansi limodzi ndi nthambi zakale ndikapangika pang'ono.

Panthawi yakuwunika kwa nyanja yotchinga (mkati mwa nyengo yokulira), nthambi zonse zomwe sizinapange chiwonjezeko chaka chino zadulidwa. Nthambi zotere zimatha ndi tchire la masamba ndikumauma kumapeto kwa nyengo ya kukula. Koma amachotsa zina mwa micherezo pamtengowo.

Kupanga chitsamba cham'madzi mwanjira ya mtengo, mmera umadula masamba atatu. Chotsatira chotsatira, kutsina pamwamba masentimita 2-4. Kwa zaka zitatu musanaphuke, kapena kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira, thunthu lamtsogolo limatsukidwa mpaka kutalika kwa 40-50 masentimita kuchokera kumphepete zam'mbali. Magawo amayeretsedwa. M'tsogolomu, nthambi za mafupa a 1-2 za kukula kwakukulu ndi kuwonjezeka kwa chaka chimodzi zimapangidwa. Mabala a buckthorn panyanja amachiritsa pang'onopang'ono, kotero mapangidwe ake amatha zaka 2-4. Palibe nthambi zoposa 2-3 zomwe zimadulidwa kukhala mphete pachaka. Mwanjira ya mtengo, ndizothandiza kwambiri kupanga chomera chachimuna, ndipo chachikazi ndichomwe chimasiya mawonekedwe ngati chitsamba.

Kufalikira kwa nyanja yamchere

Sea buckthorn amadziwitsidwa ndi mbewu ndi vegetatively. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti nthawi yofalitsa mbewu, zizindikiro za mitundu ya amayi siziperekedwa kwa mbewu. Chifukwa chake, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito kuthekera kwa kufalitsa zipatso, komwe kumachitika pogawa tchire, kukula kwa mizu, kugawana, kudula, kulumikiza.

Kubwezeretsanso pogawa tchire, kudulira ndi kudula kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kunyumba nthawi zambiri. Njira yakuchitira mitundu iyi ya kubereka imafanana ndi zitsamba zina (ma currants).

Matenda ndi tizirombo ta sea buckthorn

Zomera zazikulu za buckthorn sizimakhudzidwa ndi matenda ndi tizirombo. Ali aang'ono komanso zowonongeka za epiphytotic ku zikhalidwe zina zomwe zili ndi matenda ofanana ndi tizirombo, sea buckthorn imadwalanso.

Mwa matenda, nthawi zambiri sea buckthorn amakhudzidwa ndi matenda a fungus: mbande zakuda, mbande zazing'ono, endomycosis, imvi ndi bulauni zowola zipatso za buckthorn, khansa yakuda nthambi zazikulu, zipatso za stegmina (nkhanu), mphukira zazing'ono, masamba, ndi zina zambiri.Ndi chisamaliro choyenera, mbewu za sea buckthorn ndizosagwirizana ndi matenda. Kuchokera ku matenda ndi bwino kuchita kupopera mbewu mankhwalawo ndi zinthu zachilengedwe mwina poyambira ndipo mutakolola ndi 1% Bordeaux madzi, komanso nthawi yakula - ndizofanana ndi zinthu zachilengedwe. Otsatirawa a biologics amalimbana bwino ndi mafangasi, ma bacteria ndi ma virus: trichodermin, phytosporin-M, mycosan, alirin-B, bactofit, etc.

Mwa tizirombo, nsabwe zobiriwira za kunyanja zobiriwira, tizilombo tokhala ngati ma comma, nthata zokhala ngati ma sea-buckthorn, njoka zam'madzi zopatsa chidwi, njenjete zamtchire, zodulira zamtundu wamtambo ndizofala. Monga matenda, kusamalira tizilombo kumachitika bwino kwambiri ndi mankhwala achilengedwe a phytoverm, actofit, mycoafidin, metarizin, nemabact, verticillin, bicol, biotlin, dendrobacillin, lepidocide, etc.

Kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe sikumavulaza anthu, nyama, mbalame komanso tizilombo tothandiza. Zokonzekera izi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mpaka nthawi yokolola. Kugwiritsa ntchito, kumwa ndi kuchepetsedwa, pafupipafupi komanso nthawi ya kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa zikuwonetsedwa pazotsatirazi. Ndiosavuta kukonzekera zosakanikirana zamatanki kuchokera kwa iwo, chifukwa mankhwalawa ndi amodzi pawokha. Musanakonzekere kusakaniza tanki, ndikofunikira kuyang'ana kukonzekera kwake.